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Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, or Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch, was the noted Arabic scholar Ibn Khallikan's most well-known and respected work. The author worked on the tome from 1256 to 1274, compiling names, genealogies, and histories of prominent or conspicuous men in the Islamic world.The final work was translated into English by William MacGuckin de Slane and is longer than 2,700 pages. It has been quoted by many Arabic rhetoricians and grammarians in other works, as it is considered one of the most important records of Arabic history ever written. Here, separated into four volumes, the Biographical Dictionary is an essential work for any student of Muslim culture and literature.Volume III includes: A detailed index of all biographies; notes from the translator for each biography; and genealogies of hundreds of Muslim figures, including The Katib Imad Ad-Din Al-Ispahani, Abu Bakr Al-Khowarezmi, Mukhlis Ad-Dawla Mukallad, and Nasr Al-Khubzaruzzi.IBN KHALLIKAN (1211-1282) was a thirteenth century Arabic scholar who studied in Damascus, Mosul and Aleppo, specializing in the fields of language, theology, and law, including jurisprudence. He became a well-respected judge in Cairo, eventually becoming a chief judge in Damascus in 1261. Khallikan wrote several books, but his most well known was Deaths of Eminent Men and History of the Sons of the Epoch, often referred to as the "Biographical Dictionary," which took him almost 20 years to complete. Khallikan retired from his position as judge just before his death in 1282. He was one of the most well-known historians and theologians in Egypt.

Presented here for the first time in one volume are the three founding documents of the United States and another that altered and divided the Union for a brief moment in history.¿ Declaration of Independence: Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, this may be the most famous angry letter in history. Written by Thomas Jefferson and addressed to King George III of England, it lays out the grievances of the king's 13 colonies in North America, and announces that those colonies were now free of English rule. By 1783, after a long, bloody, and expensive war, that freedom became a reality.¿ Articles of Confederation: Soon after independence from England was declared, the Second Continental Congress instituted this first organizing document of the new United States, which was ratified in March 1781. A compromise between those delegates who wanted a strong central government and those who demanded that the states be sovereign, its shortcomings became obvious during the war--such as the fact that the central government had no power to collect taxes or even to enforce requests for funds from the states, which led to a perpetually underfunded revolution against England.¿ United States Constitution: This document replaced the Articles of Confederation on June 21, 1788. One of the most influential works of political philosophy and practicality ever written, it is the oldest national constitution still in use today, and continues to inspire freedom-loving peoples around the world. Its three-pronged system of government--balancing power among legislative, judicial, and executive branches--was groundbreaking. But it failed to address one issue, slavery, that would come to a head a century later.¿ Constitution of the Confederate States: This 1861 document organized the new nation created by the seceding slave states. While quite similar in many ways to the U.S. Constitution, it includes more references to God and religion and more emphasis on state sovereignty, offers specific clauses that seek to limit the influence of big business on politics, and codifies the right to own "negro slaves."Together, these four documents offer a firsthand perspective on the political history of the United States.

Edited by A. Pearce Higgins in 1909, The Hague Peace Conferences is a compilation of the conventions, agreements, and peace laws formulated and agreed upon during major world conventions, used to regulate warfare and peace treaties. The text contains agreements from The Geneva Convention, the Declaration of Paris, and the two Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. The text is written in both French and English.ALEXANDER PEARCE HIGGINS (1863-1935) was a British lawyer who began practicing law in 1908. In addition to editing The Hague Peace Conferences, he also wrote several books on international law and its relation to wars and treatises.

On the Origins of Money is a discussion of the history of money and currency, from its crudest form as cowrie shells, animal pelts, and salt in early societies to the coin and paper money we use today. Rather than focusing on the type or shape of the money, author and economist Carl Menger looks at the reasons behind monetary exchange and why money is so valuable (or where it gets its inherent value). His argument centers on the "e;saleableness"e; of the goods or commodities being sold-in other words, the more "e;saleable"e; (or valuable or in demand) an item is, the more money it is worth. Hence, money gets its value from the objects it pays for. This short work is an insightful look into the history and value of money for any student or professional economist.

Baedeker's Egypt is the 17th century traveler's quintessential guide to Egypt. Rich in detail of the sights, history, and culture of the country, even travelers today would be impressed with the advice Baedeker gives and the background he supplies. With information on hotels, public safety, cafés, geology and climate, and ancient through modern history, in addition to chapters on specific regions, one vacationing in Egypt today might enjoy using the old-fashioned guide for advice in their travels (though probably should skip the hotel recommendations).KARL BAEDEKER (1801-1859) was a German publisher who had been born as the son of a print-maker in Prussia. His publishing company, Baedeker, set the gold standard for travel and guidebooks of his time. Influenced by the style of English publisher John Murray (who had published Romantic greats like Jane Austen, Charles Darwin, Lord Byron, and Sir Aurthur Conan Doyle, among others), his books became known for their accuracy and detail, which not only included price and transportation information, but also starred ratings for tourist attractions.

The Mummy, A Handbook of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology is linguist and Orientalist E.A. Wallis Budge's detailed overview of Egyptian funeral practices and beliefs. Included is a history of Egypt, as well as the translation of common hieroglyphs, to augment readers' understanding of Egyptian culture. He describes in detail the wrapping and burying of mummies, the attendants to the tombs and the dead, drawings and hieroglyphs found on tomb walls, coffins and sarcophagi, treasures buried with the dead, and scarabs, among other things. This book is a beautiful complement to The Book of the Dead, which describes the Egyptian afterlife and the motivations for detailed and drawn-out burials. This edition is the revised and enlarged edition, originally published in 1925.SIR ERNEST ALFRED THOMPSON WALLIS BUDGE (1857-1934) was born in Bodmin, Cornwall in the UK and discovered an interest in languages at a very early age. Budge spent all his free time learning and discovering Semitic languages, including Assyrian, Syriac, and Hebrew. Eventually, through a close contact, he was able to acquire a job working with Egyptian and Iraqi artifacts at the British Museum. Budge excavated and deciphered numerous cuneiform and hieroglyphic documents, contributing vastly to the museum's collection. Eventually, he became the Keeper of his department, specializing in Egyptology. Budge wrote many books during his lifetime, most specializing in Egyptian life, religion, and language.