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This publication examines Europe¿s strong dependency on importing essential minerals and metals for their industries and if a strategic European Union Sovereign Wealth Fund (EUSWF) is a possible solution for investing directly in producing countries in order to maximize the security of supply. This would be advanced measures for the ¿Raw Materials Initiative¿ (RMI) which has been launched by the European Commission in 2008 to react to the future development of minerals and metals which faced a scarcity based on natural limitation and increasing prices. Both are driven by a global shift from western economies to eastern economies based on booming economies and their high demand to satisfy the growth. The publication states that countries with a state capitalism have direct access to these relevant minerals and metals neither through their state-owned enterprises in their own economies nor through strategic foreign direct investments (FDI) in these elements by Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) or state-owned enterprises, too. The results of the survey show that these economies are going to have or already have an advantage attributable to this behaviour and that the European Union (EU) missed this opportunity decades ago. Moreover does this way of political behaviour not coincide with the idea of a capitalist economic system, which is based on a free and fair trade. Finally, the EU seems to cooperate in this issue less than they should or might be able to. Indications were found related to the Europe 2020 strategy that the EU could overcome this weakness.

Outdoor group housing is increasingly recognized as an appropriate housing system for horses. However, ambient temperatures in Central Europe can range from -25°C in winter to +35°C in summer, thus exposing animals to extreme environmental conditions. Simultaneously, food quantity and quality may vary substantially with seasons. Whether domesticated horses can adapt to these harsh conditions, like their wild ancestor the Przewalski horse, has been in debate, because domestication represents a manipulation of the natural selection process. Little information is available on the behaviour of domestic horses under such conditions. Therefore, this dissertation analysed physiological and behavioural adaptation strategies of a robust domesticated horse breed, the Shetland pony, under semi-extensive housing conditions. The main focus was on changes in metabolic rate, water metabolism, locomotor activity, lying time and several blood parameters over the course of a year.Die Gruppenhaltung von Pferden unter Außenklimabedingungen wird zunehmend als tiergerechte Haltungsform angesehen. Allerdings sind die Pferde dabei starken klimatischen Schwankungen ausgesetzt, da die Umgebungstemperaturen in Zentraleuropa von -25°C im Winter bis +35 °C im Sommer reichen können. Gleichzeitig kann die Futterqualität und -quantität erheblich innerhalb des Jahres schwanken. Da die Domestikation eine Manipulation der natürlichen Selektion darstellt, ist es fraglich, ob sich domestizierte Pferde, wie ihre wilden Verwandten, die Przewalski Pferde, an solch raue Umweltbedingungen anpassen können. Bisher gibt es wenige Informationen über das Verhalten domestizierter Pferde unter solchen Haltungsbedingungen. Ziel dieser Dissertation war folglich die Analyse von Verhaltensänderungen und physiologischer Adaptationen einer domestizierten, robusten Pferderasse, dem Shetland Pony, unter semi-extensiven Haltungsbedingungen. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf Änderungen der Stoffwechselaktivität, des Wasserumsatzes, der Bewegungsaktivität und der Liegedauer sowie unterschiedlicher Blutparameter im Jahresverlauf.

The rush of marketing expenditures in the Internet has made effectiveness andefficiency increasingly relevant. In particular, online firms offering free contentneed to provide powerful marketing tools to advertisers to support their ownbusiness models. Behavioral targeting enables websites to selectively displayadvertisements to consumers according to their surfing profiles, makingadvertisements more relevant, and thereby increasing advertising revenues fromwebsites. Consequently, it is often seen as a savior by online firms struggling tofinance their free content. However, targeting can raise privacy concerns, leadingto negative consumer reactions. Furthermore, there is increasing regulatorypressure for websites to inform surfers about targeting practices and provide themwith opt-in or opt-out functions. Proactively addressing those challenges tosustain revenues from targeted advertising is highly important¿in particular foradvertising-supported websites¿and requires systematic research. Such research,though, has to account for the fact that the profiling of consumers to increaseadvertising revenues raises ethical questions, especially because targeting oftenoccurs without consumers¿ knowledge.This doctoral dissertation studies consumer privacy concerns with regard to onlinetargeting practices. Specifically, it investigates how privacy concerns affectconsumers¿ perceptions of targeted advertisements. Furthermore, building onsocial exchange theory, fairness norms, and previous research on consumerprivacy concerns in related areas, such as direct mail and e-commerce, I developtangible, managerial operational mechanisms to increase consumers¿ acceptanceof targeting and improve consumers¿ perceptions of targeted advertisements. Inorder to ensure that these mechanisms are in line with principles of businessethics, I derive normative requirements for these mechanisms from integrativesocial contracts theory.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Oberflächendiffusion und Strukturbildung an Oberflächen, speziell im Fall Silber auf Silizium. Unterschiedliche Methoden werden kombiniert um Si(001) und Si(111) Oberflächen als auch dazwischen liegende Orientierungen zu untersuchen. niedrigenergetische Elektronenmikroskopie (LEEM) und photoemissions Elektronenmikroskopie (PEEM) wurden verwendet um die Wachstumsdynamik und den Einfluss von Oberflächendiffusion auf die Strukturbildung an Oberflächen unter Ultrahochvakuum (UHV) Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Es wurden ein- und multi-kristalline Ag Inseln und selbstorganisierte Ag Drähte auf unterschiedlichen Si Oberflächen untersucht. Hierfür wurde Ag bei hohen Temperaturen auf Oberflächen aufgebracht, wobei die meisten Untersuchungen in-situ erfolgten. Die Struktur der Ag Inseln und Drähte und deren Orientierung zum Substrat wurde hauptsächlich mit niederenergetischer Elektronenbeugung an kleinen Bereichen (µ-LEED), hochauflösender niederenergetischer Elektronenbeugung (SPA-LEED) und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM) untersucht. Für die SEM Untersuchungen wurden die präparierten Proben aus dem UHV entnommen um sie in ein SEM zu transferieren und eine statistisch bessere Aussagekraft zu erreichen.Ag(001) und Ag(111) Inseln wurden bei Temperaturen von bis zu 700°C gewachsen. Mit steigender Wachstumstemperatur verändert sich die überwiegende Form der Inseln von hexagonal zu dreieckig. Die relative Drehung zum Substrat wurde Untersucht und mit einem modifizierten gitter-koinzidenz Modell (CSL) verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt eine ausgesprochen gute Übereinstimmung der experimentellen Daten mit der Theorie, bei der praktisch alle Drehwinkel erklärt werden.

Producing high quality optical systems at reasonable cost is a challenge andsolutions enabling cost-efficient production in small to medium quantities needto be developed in order for Germany to stay competitive on the global market.Both, performance and cost are largely influenced by manufacturing andassembly tolerances and frequently compensation such as alignment is requiredto achieve the demanded performance.This dissertation systematically develops combinatorial assembly as acompensation strategy which does not require iterations and as such is suitablefor automated production of small series. A pool of components andsubassemblies, necessary for the assembly of a series of systems, ischaracterized prior to the assembly and measurement results are stored in adatabase. Then, optimal component combinations are found during a modelbasedselection process.The application of combinatorial assembly to optical systems requires a delicatechoice of parameters for characterization, modules and tolerances beforecomponents are manufactured. Predicting the as-built performance ofcombinatorially assembled systems with high accuracy is therefore necessaryand a dedicated tolerance analysis concept based on Monte Carlo analyses isproposed. The concept is universally applicable to problems that can bemodelled with ray-tracing and is implemented using a combination of raytracingsoftware, logic calculator and database. This makes it possible toaccurately analyze the impact of tolerances, production volume and additionaluncertainties on the performance of combinatorially assembled optical systems.For optimal compensation, tolerance distributions should match each other in aspecific way and it is illustrated that this can be difficult to realize for some lensdesigns due to manufacturing limits. In order to reduce this restriction, designstrategies increasing combinatorial compensation are derived. Adapting theoptical design from the outset to suit combinatorial assembly can shifttolerance sensitivities from one component to another. Compensation can beenhanced and the influence of uncharacterized parameters reduced. In usingcombinatorial assembly in conjunction with desensitization, systems with highernominal performance yet reduced tolerance demands can be build. This is anentirely new approach and a first step towards a more integrated developmentof optical systems.

The study ¿Business Aviation Study Switzerland 2022¿ examines the impact, benefits and trends of Business Aviation with a specific emphasis on the Swiss market. Outlining the economic impact by focusing on the national and regional Swiss Business Aviation airports and their related stakeholder benefits, the study highlights Business Aviation as an integral part and backbone of the highly efficient Swiss aviation system. In 2021, Switzerland recorded close to 100,000 Business Aviation aircraft movements ¿ exceeding the level of 2019. In light of the COVID-19 related crisis of scheduled airline traffic, Business Aviation has proven resilient temporarily increasing its share in total aircraft movements to 27 %. Thus, Business Aviation remains a reliable and irreplaceable partner securing Switzerland¿s connectivity, particularly in times of crisis. Looking to the future, Business Aviation opens up the opportunity to act as an innovation driver and technological pioneer paving the way for sustainable aviation in the long term.

Chemical reactions between ions and neutral gas are very important in the interstellar medium, since they usually have much lower barriers than neutral-neutral reactions. Thus, they are more likely to take place at low temperatures. In this work, the endothermic reactions of CH2D+, H2D+, and N+ with H2 have been investigated in a temperature variable 22-pole ion trap. Under the chosen conditions inside the trap the chemical processes are comparable to those in typical astrophysical environments.At low temperatures, the reactions mentioned above depend very sensitively on the translational and internal energies of the reaction partners. This dependence can be utilized to gain information on the energy levels or the population of the internal states. Based on this sensitivity, two different types of investigations were performed in this work. High resolution spectra of CH2D+ were obtained, resulting in improved predictions for pure rotational transitions. First steps were made towards a detailed understanding of the processes in laser induced reactions, often leading to non-Gaussian line profiles. In addition, the influence of internal states on ion-molecule reactions allowed to determine the purity of para hydrogen samples and yielded insight into the reaction kinetics of the system N+ + H2.

Die Entwicklung von innovativen Lösungen durch Freiwillige in Online Communities ¿ sogenannten ¿Open Collaberative Innovation¿ (OCI) Communities ¿ hat beachtliche Aufmerksamkeit durch die Wissenschaftsgemeinde erfahren. Ein Grund dafür ist, dass viele dieser Communities extrem erfolgreich sind, wie die Beispiele von Wikipedia oder unzähligen Open Source Communities zur Softwareentwicklung zeigen. Eine der Kernfragen bei der Erforschung dieses Phänomens ist die Problematik der Governance in solchen Communities. Governance umfasst die Mechanismen zur Koordination der Arbeit und zur Sicherung des Austausches zwischen verschiedenen Akteuren. Zusätzlich versuchen immer mehr Firmen die Vorteile von OCI Communities zu nutzen, indem sie entweder eigene Communities gründen oder mit bestehenden interagieren. Diese Entwicklung hat direkte Auswirkung auf die Frage der Governance, da sich der Fokus von einer reinen Selbststeuerung der Community hin zu einer externen Steuerung durch die Firma verschiebt. Die folgende Arbeit untersucht dieses Problem, indem die die Auswirkung von zwei verschiedenen Governance Ausprägungen (exogen vs. endogen) in einer Innovations-Community gegenüber gestellt wird. Dies wird mittels eines Experiments erörtert. Communities of volunteers creating innovative outcomes, so called open collaborative innovation (OCI) communities, have received considerably scholarly attention. Attention, because such communities have shown extremely successful as the outstanding examples of Wikipedia and numerous open source communities producing software confirm. When investigating OCI communities¿ one key question is governance, that is, the way the community coordinates work and safeguards their interactions. Recently, a growing number of firms have started to make use of OCI communities, either by sponsoring or interacting with them. The emergence of firms shifts the focus from self-governance of volunteers to external, firm initiated, governance of communities.The following book examines this issue, by contrasting two modes of governance (exogenous vs. endogenous governance) within a community. The question is investigated through an experimental approach.

Transitional Justice is increasingly consolidating as a legal framework directed at providing an answer as to how to deal with the serious violations of human rights committed during a warlike conflict or a dictatorship. In order to achieve this goal, transitional justice resorts to measures which must have the victim¿s rights as a limit. The victim¿s perspective is emphasized in the context of transitional justice due to the special characteristics of physical and psychological harm that they suffered during the constitutional break. Thus, victims¿ rights constitute a schema of reference for determining the admissibility of a political measure enacted during the transition or the re-thinking of traditional legal institutions. It is precisely in this context that the statute of limitations must be questioned with regards to the criminal prosecution of core crimes.

This collection of descriptions and analyses from scholars from Central Asia, Xinjiang, Kashmir, and Siberia gives first a general overview about the geopolitics, economics, and politics of the Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgizstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) plus a details description of their foreign policy towards their neighborhood, the region, and the further abroad (Russia, India, China). This is complemented by studies on the relations between Central Asia on the one side and China, India, and Russia on the other hand. Secondly, the history, problems, and pers-pectives of the Central Asian regionalization and trans-regional (SCO, OSCE) process is discussed and evaluated. Third, problems such as Islamism in Central Asia are studied.The book is not only a coherent handbook on Central Asia but presents the views of the academic generation of the newly independent Central Asian countries. It gives a comprehensive overview about foreign policies and Central Asian relations with the big neighbors China, Russia, and India as well as a differentiated discussion on the regionalization process.

A system theory of the mind? It sounds like cybernetics, chaos theory, autopoiesis, or the theory of mind (TOM). This monograph, however, aims to break new ground. Leafing through this book, one notices formulae and unusual characters which seem to join forces and walk across the pages like centipedes. This book is more than challenging for readers who do not come into contact with mathematics regularly. And this is how the author believes he can explain what nobody has thus far been able to explain ¿ how can the mind be understood and how can its state variables be calculated? He draws on quantum physics, a field that is oft en not understood even by its own practitioners. How can such a book expect to reach readers and how can the views included here expect to find adherents? Even scientists who devote themselves to research on the mind are likely to eschew the imaginary and complex numbers, Fourier transformations and quaternions presented here in favour of more established and conventional approaches. Once one has started reading, it soon becomes apparent that it might not be wise ¿ or even possible ¿ to ignore the ideas presented here for long. Prof. Dr. Gerald Wolf (from the foreword) A very interesting book. Explaining mental processes with mathematic formulae seems to be adventurous. However, it is a promising approach! Prof. Dr. Pauen, Humboldt-University Berlin.

Recently, the synthesis of neutral and cationic group(VI) imido/oxo alkylidene N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes that tolerate protic functional groups and aldehydes was reported. Unprecedented turnover numbers of up to 1.2 million were found for their silica-supported representatives. Some group(VI) alkylidene NHC complexes even display stability towards moisture and air. Coordination of the NHC to tungsten imido bistriflate precursor complexes, however, can lead to undesired side reactions. This work consequently aimed at the development of novel, more efficient routes to neutral and cationic tungsten imido/oxo alkylidene NHC complexes. In addition, some molybdenum imido alkylidene NHC complexes were targeted. Thereby, the scope of synthetically accessible complexes was broadened and, subsequently, their reactivity in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was probed. Those complexes were used as thermally latent initiators for the ROMP of dicyclopentadiene. Precise determination of the onset temperature of polymerization was achieved via monitoring with differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, the selectivity of novel complexes was tested for the formation of stereoregular polymers through ROMP of enantiomerically pure norbornene derivatives, which allowed for the synthesis of up to 98% trans-isotactic or cis-syndiotactic polymers depending on the steric demand of the imido and the alkoxide ligand.

This thesis discusses potential pathways and driving forces for lipid transport through crystalline fat suspensions such as chocolate. Observation of macroscopic migration indicated that structure plays a major role. Microtomography images of chocolates confirmed the presence of voids, which might act as preferred pathway. Small angle X-ray scattering manifested that lipids migrate through pores in the short-term and the fat phase in the long-term. Migration rates were approximated with a model based on viscous flow driven by capillary pressure. More information on material properties is needed to verify that model.Diese Arbeit diskutiert potentielle Wege und Ursachen für den Transport von Lipiden durch Fettsuspensionen wie Schokolade. Makroskopische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Struktur den Transport stark beeinflusst. Mikrotomografieaufnahmen und Kleinwinkelstreuung bestätigten ein Vorhandensein von Hohlräumen in Schokolade und deren Komponenten, die bevorzugte Wege für den Lipidtransport sein könnten. Migrationsgeschwindigkeiten wurden mit einem Modell basierend auf der Darcy und Lucas-Washburn-Gleichung berechnet. Genaue Kenntnisse zu den Materialeigenschaften sind essenziell, um dieses Modell zu bestätigen.

Semidefinite Optimization has attracted the attention of many researchers over the last twenty years. It has nowadays a huge variety of applications in such different fields as Control, Structural Design, Statistics, or in the relaxation of hard combinatorial problems. In this thesis, we focus on the practical tractability of large-scale semidefinite optimization problems. From a theoretical point of view, these problems can be solved by polynomial-time Interior-Point methods approximately. The complexity estimate of Interior-Point methods grows logarithmically in the inverse of the solution accuracy, but with the order 3.5 in both the matrix size and the number of constraints. The later property prohibits the resolution of large-scale problems in practice.In this thesis, we present new approaches based on advanced First-Order methods such as Smoothing Techniques and Mirror-Prox algorithms for solving structured large-scale semidefinite optimization problems up to a moderate accuracy. These methods require a very specific problem format. However, generic semidefinite optimization problems do not comply with these requirements. In a preliminary step, we recast slightly structured semidefinite optimization problems in an alternative form to which these methods are applicable, namely as matrix saddle-point problems. The final methods have a complexity result that depends linearly in both the number of constraints and the inverse of the target accuracy.Smoothing Techniques constitute a two-stage procedure: we derive a smooth approximation of the objective function at first and apply an optimal First-Order method to the adapted problem afterwards. We present a refined version of this optimal First-Order method in this thesis. The worst-case complexity result for this modified scheme is of the same order as for the original method. However, numerical results show that this alternative scheme needs much less iterations than its original counterpart to find an approximate solution in practice. Using this refined version of the optimal First-Order method in Smoothing Techniques, we are able to solve randomly generated matrix saddle-point problems involving a hundred matrices of size 12¿800 x 12¿800 up to an absolute accuracy of 0.0012 in about four hours.Smoothing Techniques and Mirror-Prox methods require the computation of one or two matrix exponentials at every iteration when applied to the matrix saddle-point problems obtained from the above transformation step. Using standard techniques, the efficiency estimate for the exponentiation of a symmetric matrix grows cubically in the size of the matrix. Clearly, this operation limits the class of problems that can be solved by Smoothing Techniques and Mirror-Prox methods in practice. We present a randomized Mirror-Prox method where we replace the exact matrix exponential by a stochastic approximation. This randomized method outperforms all its competitors with respect to the theoretical complexity estimate on a significant class of large-scale matrix saddle-point problems. Furthermore, we show numerical results where the randomized method needs only about 58% of the CPU time of the deterministic counterpart for solving approximately randomly generated matrix saddle-point problems with a hundred matrices of size 800 × 800.As a side result of this thesis, we show that the Hedge algorithm ¿ a method that is heavily used in Theoretical Computer Science ¿ can be interpreted as a Dual Averaging scheme. The embedding of the Hedge algorithm in the framework of Dual Averaging schemes allows us to derive three new versions of this algorithm. The efficiency guarantees of these modified Hedge algorithms are at least as good as, sometimes even better than, the complexity estimates of the original method. We present numerical experiments where the refined methods significantly outperform their vanilla counterpart.

Bochum University of Applied Sciences has identified the central transformation topics ofsustainability and digitalisation as a key goal and anchored them in its strategy. In severalstudy programmes, students are already being prepared and qualified as future expertsfor their tasks as agents of change in the transformation process. The importance of digitalisation for solving future sustainabilitychallenges is clearly becoming the dominant factor. In its report Our Common Digital Future,the Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU) emphasises that digitalisation mustbe designed in such a way that it can serve as a lever and support for the Great Transformationtowards sustainability and can be synchronised with it.In this context, technological approaches and use cases from the areas of blockchain anddecentralized finance are prominently discussed in the public debate and are still controversialwith regard to their contribution to sustainable development.

Climate change has become one of the most significant challenges humanity faces. Asgreenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, not only will natural disasters strike considerablymore frequently and severely, but whole swaths of land will become uninhabitableand infertile as farmland. It is apparent that long-term approaches like reaching net-zerowith new technologies are important, but so are short-term measures to avoid tippingpoints and passing points of no return. The transport sector accounts for nearly a quarter(23%) of energy related-emissions, and 40-60% of these transport-related emissionsstem from commuting and business traveling. One short-term approach to lower transportemissions is ridesharing: When two or more commuters team up, significant emissionscan be saved. As a result, business trip ridesharing (BTRS), the sharing of individualvehicles for commuting and business trips among employees, has gained increased attentionfrom organizations and academia alike. BTRS shares similar adoption challengeslike ridesharing and shared-mobility overall: From individuals' prevalence to solving thematching and allocation problem of shared resources. This thesis investigates the role that Green Information Systems (Green IS) can play tosupport BTRS adoption.

Conservation of biodiversity including plant genetic resources are fundamental for the future life on Earth. To safe-guard crop wild relatives, locally adapted landraces and varieties, ex situ genebanks were established at the beginning of the 20th century; primarily to store seeds. However, as any other material on Earth, seeds age and lose viability when stored for prolonged periods. The main factors determining deterioration processes are the genotype, the environmental conditions during seed development and the storage conditions including relative humidity, temperature, gas composition and pressure. To understand physiological, biochemical and genetic changes during seed deterioration in genetic resources of wheat, barley and oilseed rape, fundamental processes of germination, dormancy and seed viability loss are discussed in this book based on 13 scientific publications. Here, the loss of seed viability was investigated depending on seed moisture contents (MCs) between 5 % and >25 , storage temperatures between 0°C and 45°C and a modified atmosphere with increased O2 concentration (75) or increased atmospheric pressure (18 MPa). Although, the response to the different conditions varied among species, overall, elevating seed MCs and storage temperatures led to a gradual change of biochemical mechanisms during seed deterioration. Under dry seed storage conditions, glutathione (GSH) and tocochromanols functioned as low-molecular-weight antioxidants and were degraded. Lipids were oxidised or hydrolysed, the pH decreased, whereas organic radicals accumulated over time and correlated negatively with seed viability. At high seed MCs (>13 %) and storage temperatures (>40 °C), membrane damages, changes of pH or organic radicals were absent. Furthermore, GSH and GSSG depleted whereas tocochromanols remained stable or increased. Therefore, seeds stored under high MCs and temperatures were exposed to a different environment than seeds exposed to lower MCs and temperatures where water activity and deterioration rate were reduced and the cytoplasm was assumed to be glassy. As a consequence, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) varied between ageing treatments; thus to understand genetic mechanisms of seeds deterioration in seedbanks, studies must be carried out on dry-stored seeds. Overall, our plant genetic resources are safely preserved in genebanks. However, to avoid genetic drift and to prolong the life of the seed, the conditions for pre-storage and storage should be further optimised and improved for each individual species.

Sustainable Water Management is essential for the social, economic, and environmental growth of developing countries. Many of those had very high population growth rates in the last century, resulted in fast urbanization and strengthened by heavy migration from rural areas to the cities either of big or small size. Water supply of good quality and adequate quantity, especially in countries with semi-arid regions, and appropriate sewerage systems and treatment of wastewaters impaired severe constraints for the population. Nevertheless, many alternatives for wastewater treatment were developed with the participation of universities and research institutions as well as by practitioners. Substantial efforts have been directed towards the search of good alternatives for domestic sewage treatment in metropolitan regions and small cities in developing countries in order to comply with their particular economic and environmental conditions. The use of conventional treatment technologies as well as advanced alternatives for treatment and post-treatment of wastewater, issues of plant scales in centralized and decentralized systems, and possible reuse of the effluents were aimed to present on this workshop and to discuss theoretical and practical aspects.The main objectives of the workshop were (i) to share experiences, knowledge, and research between different partners; (ii) to discuss major problems and challenges in the field of wastewater treatment and reuse in Metropolitan Regions and Small Cities in Developing Countries; (iii) to present suitable treatment technologies for domestic wastewater for the removal of recalcitrant substances and micro-pollutants from domestic sewage and industrial effluents; and (iv) likeliness of reuse of treated wastewater in urban areas, in the industry, and in agriculture. Individual topics dealt with were (v) alternatives for domestic sewage treatment in metropolitan regions and small cities; (vi) anaerobic processes for the treatment of domestic sewage and industrial wastewaters; (vii) stabilization ponds; (viii) aerobic granular sludge; (ix) post-treatment processes; (x) centralized and decentralized systems; and (xi) water reuse.

This research presents a method for efficiently and reproducibly comparing diverse battery thermal management concepts in an early stage of development to assist in battery system design. The basis of this method is a hardware-based thermal simulation model of a prismatic Lithium-Ion battery, called the Smart Battery Cell (SBC). By eliminating the active chemistry, enhanced reproducibility of the experimental boundary conditions and increased efficiency of the experimental trials are realized. Additionally, safety risks associated with Lithium-Ion cells are eliminated, making the use of the SBC possible with thermal management systems in an early state of developed and without costly safety infrastructure. The integration of thermocouples leaves the thermal contact surface undisturbed, allowing the SBC to be integrated into diverse thermal management systems.

The tablets of Easter Island that are known under the name of Rongorongo, are still regarded as undeciphered, since their reading by the natives Metoro and Ure Veiko seem to be unintelligible and it cannot be decided, to which tablet they may refer. But when the subject or category of a tablet has been recognized, the names of the signs, as they are called by the native readers or chanters become meaningful too, and if contradictions occur, they can be removed by the investigation of the structure of the signs. The subject can be deduced from the contents of the tablet and the partly known oral tradition of the island. It is always based on the religion of the tribal community, into which the youths are admitted by initiation as it is known from other tribes and cultures.To become acquainted with the tradition it is necessary to learn the language of Easter Island known as Rapanui nowadays, whereas the Island is called Rapa Nui. Its original words and its grammar has only been preserved in the inscriptions of the tablets. Besides, one should be free from cultural prejudice know as eurocentrism, otherwise it will be impossible to understand the inner world of the natives.

This thesis presents the generic rules for permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with tooth coil winding arrangement. The generic rules concentrates on minimized cogging torque and torque ripple. The geometries considered in this thesis are two different tooth coil winding arrangements and three different rotor types to formulate the design rules. The occurrence of parasitic torque in the PMSM is classified from the origin of harmonic sources. The cogging torque and torque ripple are derived analytically using the stator current sheet distribution, the rotor field distribution and the permeance functions. The detailed torque analysis are performed in Finite Element Method (FEM) for different slot opening and magnet pole coverage.The 2D harmonics analysis approach is used to predict the sources of the harmonics. The torque is reconstructed from the selected harmonics combinations and are compared with the pulsating torque obtained directly from the FEM. The harmonic sources of pulsating torque are also validated with prototype for a geometry. The investigations on pulsating torque are extended to other operating points such as field weakening and half load condition.Finally, the generic design rules are suggested for PMSM with tooth coil winding arrangement. In addition, simplified design rules to have quick design approach and design guidelines from manufacturing point of view are suggested.

Haiku® is an open source, light, fast and user-friendly operating system thatis inspired by the ¿Multimedia Operating System¿ BeOS¿. At the momentHaiku is still under development and the latest release was Alpha 2 which ismeant to be used only for testing. Unlike many other open source operatingsystems, such as Linux or FreeBSD, Haiku sets the focus on personal computingand the graphic user interface (GUI) is not just an ¿Add-On¿ or ¿additionalwindows management system¿, but it is an essential part of the kernel.This thesis analyses Haiku, especially regarding the ease of use, the GUIand the multimedia capabilities, by giving an introduction to Haiku, an overviewof the history and features of BeOS and a lot of general and technicalinformation about the architecture, the easy of use, the GUI and some otheraspects of operating systems in general respectively in the special case ofHaiku. In order to recognize the main fields of application of Haiku and theexpectations of the users regarding the further development of Haiku, theHaiku community has been analysed by doing an online survey that wasanswered by more than one thousand persons.

Mit dieser sequentiellen Querschnittsstudie wurde die Verbindung zwischen der vorhandenenGemüsevielfalt (¿Produktion¿) und der Nahrungsvielfalt von Frauen (¿Konsum¿) in drei verschiedenenDistrikten im ländlichen Tansania untersucht. Des Weiteren wurde die Beziehung zwischen demErnährungszustand der Teilnehmerinnen und deren Anbau- und Ernährungsvielfalt erforscht.Die Studie wurde während drei verschiedener Jahreszeiten innerhalb eines Jahres (2006/2007) in 18Dörfern der drei Distrikte in Nordost- und Zentraltansania mit insgesamt 252 Frauen durchgeführt. DieErhebung beinhaltete ein Einzelinterview über Gemüseanbau, Nahrungsmittelkonsum (u.a. ein 24-Stunden-Recall und ein 7-Tage-Recall bzgl. Gemüse) und Ernährungswissen, sowie die Messung von Body MassIndex (BMI), Hämoglobin (Hb) für den Eisenstatus und verschiedene Faktoren für den Vitamin A Status.Neben der Untersuchung von einzelnen Nährstoffen, Nahrungsmittelgruppen und Gesundheitsproblemenwurde auch ein ganzheitlicher Ansatz verfolgt, um Nahrungsvielfalt sowie Ernährungsmuster und derenVerbindung zu Ernährungsstatus und Gemüseproduktion von Frauen zu prüfen. Beziehungen zwischenverschiedenen Variablen wurden sowohl durch bivariate Korrelationen als auch durch multipleRegressionen getestet. Werte für die Vielfalt an gegessenen Nahrungsmittelgruppen (DDS) sowieeinzelnen Nahrungsmitteln (FVS) wurden errechnet und Ernährungsmuster wurden durchHauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA) und Clusteranalyse gebildet.Hinsichtlich der Verbindung zwischen ¿Produktion¿ und ¿Konsum¿ konnte eine eindeutige Beziehungzwischen der produzierten und konsumierten Gemüsevielfalt gefunden werden. Diese Beziehung war nichtvorhanden für produzierte und konsumierte Gemüsequantität, außer während einzelner Jahreszeiten. Dieverzehrte Gemüsemenge wurde eher beeinflusst durch die Jahreszeit, den Zukauf von vor allem'exotischen' Gemüse neben dem Selbstgezogenen, sowie Wissen, Einstellungen und Vorlieben der Frauenbezüglich Gemüsekonsum. Durch die Ernährungsmusterbildung konnten keine direkten Assoziationenzwischen Gemüsevielfalt im Anbau und Gemüsekonsum gefunden werden. Dennoch konnte für dieStudienpopulation in Tansania aufgezeigt werden, dass die Ernährung (noch) durch die lokale Produktionbeeinflusst wurde und dass deshalb Ernährungsfragen immer auch die aktuelle Lebensmittelproduktion miteinbeziehen und umgekehrt.Die Beziehungen, die zwischen ¿Konsum¿ und Gesundheit gefunden wurden, zeigten, dass Adipositassogar in ländlichen, armen und unterentwickelten Regionen Tansanias vermehrt vorkommt. Außerdemkonnte dargelegt werden, dass eine hohe Vielfalt in der Ernährung nicht an sich eine Garantie für einegesunde Ernährung ist, sondern dass die Nahrungsmittelart und Nahrungsmittelgruppen selbst, die zudieser hohen Vielfalt beitragen, entscheidend sind. Eine direkte Verbindung zwischen ¿Produktion¿ undGesundheit konnte nur teilweise aufgezeigt werden. Anscheinend war der Fokus auf Gemüseproduktionnicht ausreichend, sondern die gesamte Nahrungsmittelproduktion hätte in Betracht gezogen werdenmüssenWeitere Empfehlungen für zukünftige Forschung beinhalten, u.a., den Einfluss von Anbau und Konsum vonexotischen Gemüse und exotischen Lebensmitteln allgemein auf den Ernährungs- und Gesundheitszustandzu untersuchen; den Wert für die Vielfalt an gegessenen Nahrungsmittelgruppen (DDS) als einErhebungsinstrument für Nahrungsvielfalt und -qualität zu verbessern; einen Ernährungsleitfaden fürTansania zu erarbeiten, möglichst gebietsweise; die ¿nutrition transition¿ in Tansania vor allem in denländlichen Regionen zu untersuchen mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Ernährungswissen, Einstellungen, Vorlieben(z.B. Geschmack) und Verhalten.

Modern high-power broad area (BA) diode lasers are important building blocks for the materials processing industry, combining high optical output power with high conversion efficiency. However, their use in direct diode systems, e.g. for sheet metal cutting, is limited due to a poor lateral (slow-axis) beam quality, which is inversely proportional to the beam parameter product (BPP).The main objective of this work was therefore on root cause analy-sis of the factors influencing the diode lasers' increase in lateral BPP. Hence, a series of diagnostic experiments was conducted, each aiming at a specific potential influence in order to assess its importance. The list of considered effects includes thermal lens shape, epitaxial layer design, lateral carrier profile, process-induced index guiding via dry etched trenches, filamentation, and mechanical strain. Analysis revealed that epitaxial layer structure and chip geometry have considerable impact on thermal lens bowing, which directly correlates with the rate of BPP increase with rising junction temperature. In addition, the suppression of lateral carrier accumulation with deep proton implantation at the BA emitter edges led to a 33% decrease of that deterioration rate. The application of index guiding trenches yielded stabilized near-field dimensions as function of current, but also increased the BPP considerably. Filamentation and mechanical strain were found to have only marginal influence.In addition, this work assesses techniques that aim at reducing the BPP via a reduction of the number of active lateral modes. As a result of a near-field-width selective loss mechanism, diode lasers with an excellent linear radiance of 4.4 W/mm.mrad were fabricated.