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In recent years, high-stiffness, high-strength, and lightweight composite materials have gainedrecognition as a significant cutting edge technology with a potential to generate efficient power, reinvent the high-efficiency transportation sector, offer new carriages for storage and transportation ofreduced carbon fuels, and enhance renewable energy production. Presently, the structural components manufactured from polymeric materials in conjunction with various fibrous materials provide a cost-efficient solution for almost every industrial sector. A polymeric composite material is a multi-phase structure in which reinforcing fibers are integrated with a polymeric matrix material, resulting in a synergy of mechanical characteristics that cannot be realized from either of the components alone. This book familiarizes the readers with fibers and polymeric matrix materials, which are the constituents of a typical polymer composite. It is believed that this book can serve as a greatly valuable reference for a varied range of readers, including scientists, engineers, policymakers, and professors. This book is also useful for teachers and students from different backgrounds including textile engineering, materials science, fiber science and technology, mechanical engineering, nanotechnology, chemical engineering, medical sciences, and environmental science.

In this book, definitions of key terms related to biotechnology have been explained breifly. Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with related scientific fields.

The book provides brief explanation to the key terms that are related and have been used in Geography. Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earths surface and the human societies spread across it.

The total aquaculture production has expanded tremendously and contributes to the worlds supply of fish for human consumption in an expanding significant way. In Intensive aquaculture, the fish are quite dependent on the feed artificially provided, and the water need to be replaced or replenished at very high rates so that it can maintain the amounts of oxygen to be enough and to also remove the waste. A variety of important institutional and technological requirements depend on the ability to operate a sustainable and economic viable aquaculture. The United Nations estimates that roughly 32 of worldwide fish numbers are overexploited, depleted or recuperating and must be urgently restored. Fish farming is welcomed as a strategy to prevent overfishing. This book presents some advantages and disadvantages of intensive aquaculture, in addition to provide data and the currently situation of this type of cultivation.

The aquaculture sector has a lot to add towards achieving the SDGs, especially SDG 14 which involves conserving and economically utilizing the seas, oceans and marine rsources for sustainability. Aquaculture keeps on showing the huge success in providing food, sustenance and work. This book shows the significant challenges ahead in spite of the advancement made on various fronts. For instance, there is developing proof that when fisheries are appropriately overseen, stocks are reliably above target levels, offering validity to the fishery stakeholders and governments all throughout the planet. Notwithstanding, the book likewise shows that the victories accomplished in certain nations have not been adequate to invert the global pattern of overfished stocks, demonstrating that in places where fishery boards arent set up, or are insufficient, the fish stocks become poor and weakened. This calls for new components to help in the viable execution of strategy and the guidelines for sustainable fisheries and environments, as there is no lone answer for guaranteeing fisheries stock throughout the planet.

This book provides a breif introduction to maize production. This book also tends to explain the significance of tropical mariculture. It addresses various environmental impacts of mariculture, along with the economic as well as social impacts. It also outlines various methodologies related to mariculture, farming technologies, and various mariculture species as well. In addition to this, it emphasizes the sunstainability, regulations, and future of mariculture.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses of medical and veterinary importance that infect mammals and birds, causing respiratory or enteric diseases. The book draws attention to the lessons accumulated from the large number of studies of the pathogenesis of animals and birds coronaviruses and their vaccines, particularly the bovine, feline, and avian coronaviruses. The lessons drawn from the studies will have an immense influence on how the human coronaviruses pathogenesis and vaccine development will proceed. In addition, the extensive efforts to designate suitable animal models to study the lately emerged human coronaviruses are one of the invaluable contributions carried out by veterinarian scientists.

Many functions have been attributed to soil, with some even suggesting soil is important all sectors of production. In this book we build a case for the importance of soil in agricultural production. For the soil to remain as productive and important for agricultural production, it is vital that we maintain certain characteristics of soil. The maintenance of the characteristics requires a proper understanding of soil rather than a passive application of soil management practices. This book gives the audience an understanding of the soil, some soil degrading processes, and management practices that maintain soil health. The book also ways to prevent, manage and rejuvenate soils degraded physically, biologically and or chemically. Due to the misuse of especially inorganic/mineral fertilizer, the book take time to explain and guide the audience on the process that lead to recommending use of fertilizers. The book also explains some soil problems, their effects and some of the environmentally friendly techniques to tackle this soil problems. Proper soil health management is key, for economic, social, health and environmental benefits, therefore this book takes a wholistic approach to guide the audience on soil health management.

In many communities in the world, the population lives on agriculture. Smallholder agriculture covers 75 of agricultural production, most of which are rain-fed agriculture. This number indicates that the impact of population explosion in rural areas is prompting communities to adopt unsustainable farming practices, like burning of tropical rain forests to grow crops, planting on steep slopes, entering fragile marginal ecosystems, and overgrazing and over cropping. This volume estimates that one-sixth of the globes land area (nearly 2 billion hectares) has been degraded due to overgrazing and negative farming practices. Water supply for agricultural purposes is becoming scarcer, and there is almost no land reserve that can be used to expand the agricultural base. Come 2025, nearly 3 billion people in 48 countries shall be affected by severe water shortages throughout the year or some months. The volume recommends suitable and site-specific technologies to reverse poverty and food insecurity issues. Some of the chapters mentioned include: chapter 1: philosophies of restoration agriculture on small farms, chapter 2: soil food web and chapter 3: conservation farming among others. Both scientific and indigenous knowledge available to the community should effectively facilitate this process, and farmers must actively participate in designing, implementation and evaluation of these technologies.

Energy is the effort for doing work, nothing can be done without energy, and there are many forms of energy. Energy and its consumption is the core of modern life, energy is never destroyed nor created from nothing. It is just transferred from one form to another, doing work in the process. Degree of energy usefulness to us is determined by its form and type. In agriculture energy is important for production its type and source is extremely important for production and transportation of that production, heat in the form of solar energy is vital for plant growth and maturity because its the type that plant needs, while other types that can be electricity or fossil energy needed for water pumping for irrigation. Energy has always been the driving force of development, sustainability in energy availability is critical for the continuity of production and life. The book highlights the current trends in modern energy consumption and future needs of energy in Agriculture.

Mountains represents one fifth of the worlds land area, also about one tenth of the worlds population lives there, mountains are not just for spending some nice time and lovely vacation with mother nature. Mountains can produce a large variety of crops that are not available from the plains. There are two main general challenges facing mountain agriculture that includes: Market accessibility, which is not exclusive to selling the products but also sourcing the inputs as well, as they are usually far from the community clusters. Labor availability, mountain agriculture is a family based agriculture as no one will go far to a mountain and get up it to find work, in the same time mountain agriculture faces out-migration to cities and community clusters for high education and better jobs. Mountain agriculture has big economic development potential and its contribution to food security can be easily increased by increasing its efficiency and maintaining its biodiversity, this book is addressing the real potential of mountain farming.

In a more modern sense, Virology has acquired a broader significance as it encompasses the study of ecology, evolution of viruses, interaction among viruses and other microorganisms, and the ability of viruses to deliver their own and heterologous genetic information into cells. There are many books on the subject of Virology but updated information is not incorporated in the edition. This book has covered a range of syllabus and the student is an easy way to go through this book content. This book would serve not only for undergraduate but postgraduate students of biotechnology and also research scholar of various universities.

Biodynamic farming is a pioneering farming technique invented by Dr. Rudolph Steiner in the 1920s. It was created to deal with the emerging problems of soil erosion during that time. This volume provides a full range of activities covered by biodynamic agriculture. Some of the chapters mentioned include chapter 1: principles and practices of biodynamic agriculture, chapter 2: history of biodynamic agriculture, chapter 3: the difference between organic and biodynamic agriculture, chapter 4: biodynamic compost preparation, chapter 5: biodynamics in weed, pest and disease control, chapter 6: benefits of biodynamic farming, chapter 7: biological farming practices and, chapter 8: the main problems faced by small biodynamic farmers among others. The volume describes biodynamic agriculture as a comprehensive, ethical, and natural way of dealing with food shortages. This process does not include the use synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, but chooses to use something extraordinary: organic preparations. These consist of absolutely natural compounds found within the farm itself. The volume suggests that the application of these preparations should follow a strict schedule to merge the planting season, lunar calendar and astrological cycle. The volume defines sustainability and evaluates sustainable biodynamic agriculture as it relates to the description. It investigates the effect of organic manure on soil quality, and assesses whether biodynamic agriculture is feasible as a sustainable farming practice.

DNA is touted as containing the blueprint of life. Therefore, changes in the blueprint will have an impact on the living organism. While this has been proven to be usually true, it has also been established that heritable changes in gene function can occur even if the DNA remains unchanged. Epigenetics-Beyond Genetics introduces the field of epigenetics that aims to understand the mechanisms, outside the DNA sequence, that influence gene function and regulation and the various factors that affect these mechanisms. It provides an in-depth look at how two of the epigenetic mechanisms, namely DNA methylation and histone modification, are at work, especially in the human or mammalian milieu.

According to the WHO Fact Sheet (January 2020), the numbers of people globally depressed are more than 264 million people! The sheet goes on to describe that depression is "e;a common illness"e;. In the recent COVID-19 epidemic, studies have shown that the prevalence of depressive disorder was around four times than what was reported in the second quarter of 2019 showing how depression has affected our lives due to a pandemic. This book comes at a time when the world is on the path to recovering from the aftermath of a viral epidemic: healing at physical, emotional, financial, social, and mental aspects. We present to you new insights to handling depression: pointers that can be kept in mind while discussing with a healthcare provider during the design of the treatment modules for ones self or relative/friend.

The fertilizers can play an important role in managing soil fertility. This book presents the concept of fertilizers and their utility in crops. This book provides an impetus towards learning crop science that can be of fertilizers. The concept of the preparation of fertilizers and their use in the crop systems is illustrated. This book can help all science students who are interested in fixing their careers for agriculture research and development. This can also serve as a handbook for researchers and other academic communities.

It is essential to produce climate system models that can bring about an accurate representation of the climate forecast. The concept of global warming has become a local phrase for every region and its effects are obvious on the farming communities. The models generated can be used to project the current situations and can help us predict or forecast the potential perils in the future. In this book, the sensor applications are explained with respect to the agricultural sectors. Remote sensing and GIS are considered as important tools in mapping agricultural fields and their associated factors. The mapping of crops with several space-borne platforms and airborne platforms is explained. This book can be used as a handbook for engineers, scientists and research scholars along with undergraduates and postgraduates in science and technology.

Remote sensing has always played a vital role in the better understanding of the ecosystem. It has developed into an exploratory tool vital to natural science. This volume introduces topics such as climate, hydrology and the Earths biosphere, which constitute a solid part of remote sensing and inspection. In addition, remote sensing encourages us to understand the ecosystem and its numerous cycles in vast spatial and transitory ranges. This is an important part of land surface survey, particularly in the managing of land and aquatic resources and the identification of ecological changes. The volume mentions that remote sensing technology has greatly improved our capacity to monitor and supervise natural resources, particularly in the fields of agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems. However, despite the considerable progress made in recent times, there are still various fields that have not yet fully realized the benefits of remote sensing, which is an area of ongoing research. Some of the topics captured in this volume include; chapter 1: remote sensing, chapter 2: the use of GIS to map and assess ecosystem services, chapter 3: satellite-based remote sensing for measuring the earths natural capital and ecosystem services, chapter 4: remote sensing in forest ecology and management, chapter 5: agricultural sensors and their advantages, and chapter 6: use of remote sensing in irrigation monitoring and management among others.

Atomic genetic strategy in fisheries is to use acquired, distinct and stable markers to distinguish genotypes among fish populations or species. This strategies can provide data on the level of genetic variability and circulation based on mating design, life history, stock size, movement and climate. This volume mentions several atomic devices and strategies that have been used on fisheries to solve different problems for research, and improve the fish production. It is very important to research about the molecular genetics in fisheries, to the production continues to growth. Also, severeal strategies that have been used in aquaculture production chain are already showing the importance of genetic knowledge to improve the yield in a sustainable manner. This volume summarizes the progress and some applications of molecular technology in a wide range of options in fisheries.

The statistics of health issues coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic that is devastating mankind across several spheres raise concerns about our health and wellbeing. This brings in the field of medical biotechnology or red biotechnology that is aimed at employing biotechnology to address diseases and malignancies. This book summarizes the aspects of vaccination with a chapter dedicated to the status of research of vaccination for COVID-19. The book also includes the latest approaches such as bispecific antibodies, their promise and their current status. Another interesting field is regenerative medicine that looks at restoring lost or damaged functions employing stem cells, growth factors, tissue regeneration and bioprinting of organs.

Derived from the Sanskrit word meaning to join ("yuj"), yoga looks at merging the consciousness of an individual with that of the universal consciousness. The sincere practice of yoga takes one to this final layer where one feels bliss leading to mind-body-breath union and health. Current research is highlighting the benefits of yoga in a host of conditions. This ranges from handling stress, depression, anxiety to overcoming trauma and addressing the management of a slew of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, irritable bowel syndrome, multiple sclerosis, etc. This book is Part 1 of Yoga: research insights where the benefits offered by this approach are outlined using research articles. It starts off with a chapter on handling COVID-19 that is followed by how yoga helps manage diabetes and how yoga is useful for other conditions such as chronic fatigue, HIV and inflammation.

The rivers are considered as playing a very important role in hydrological cycle. The river is resulting from joining number of streams created by overland as well as hill land flow. The reservoirs are constructed across the rivers as a storage projects or run of river projects. The reservoir engineering has presented specific desire to withstand the powers brought about by the river streams during heavy precipitation. The staggering flood circumstances are being deflected because of dams and related supplies thereof. The role of information technology in early warning systems has specific importance in early river flood warning, monitoring, mitigation and management. The flood alleviation and checking strategies alongside the job of the local area based NGOs and public specialists was stressed. For sustainable development of any region, efficient and proper utilization of available water resources has crucial importance. Reservoir storage capacity greatly affected by the amount of sediment deposition in the reservoir over time. The storage capacity of the any irrigation project and in turn its operational efficiency is enhanced by efficient sediment management. Sustainable ecosystem management is essential to overcome several obstacles in the judicious management of natural resources to satisfy the demand from different sectors. Reservoir engineering and water resource engineering have given us an amazing information base to realize the constructions worked across the different river basins. Recent advanced technologies such as remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). Artificial Intelligence can be utilized in mapping, planning and management of water resources. With the efficient management of the natural resources, it is also important to control the pollution of natural resources. The rivers or other natural resources are mainly polluted by the presence of different variety of algae, excess amount of nitrogen, phosphorus molecules in the water bodies. There are various food chains, which are present in the aquatic environment, that are destroyed by the polluted water bodies. This is enough to disturb the ecological balance. We can utilize a few planning methods in researching the real states of the nearby water bodies. It is significant to realize the toxin load at all the sections of the stream. Therefore, it is necessary investigate and control the water pollution in the natural water bodies like, rivers, reservoirs, ponds for better ecological balance.

The present book is a collection of comprehensive information on technological advancements that have been developed by bridging the fermentation technology and cytology. It exhibits details concerning the various laboratory and industrial applications of plant, mammalian & microbial cell systems to process and formulate advanced bio-products such as enzymes, beverages, single cell proteins, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. Advanced fermentation and cell technology offers practical insights and references for microbiologists, bio-engineers and researchers to delve deeper into industry-oriented techniques and applications involving biological systems to upgrade contemporary practices of formulating bio-based industrial products.

The current alarming rate of decline of earth's natural resources, particularly of the reserves of rock phosphate and fossil fuel, is of great concern for the future of agriculture, particularly in developing countries. Not surprisingly, sustainable crop production remains a major global challenge and has drawn increasing attention among policy makers, business, and the scientific community. The agricultural use of land for crop production leads to the continuous extraction of soil nutrients. In the absence of adequate nutrient replenishment, a subsequent decrease of soil nutrient availability may occur, exerting a negative effect on yield. This book deals with strategies to overcome low nutrient availability in soils mainly rely on the use of fertilizers and crop breeding.

Farm Mechanization has been identified as one of the factors that can promote the achievement of food security among both developed and developing countries. However, with the current trend of sustainable agriculture that promote conservation agriculture (CA) some of the farm machineries are highly discouraged while others act as complements or substitutes to CA. This book elaborates on some of the factors to consider in the use and utilization of a farm machine. This book walks the audience on the different farming tasks, the objective of the task and the best machinery to use to achieve this task while at the same time considering cost and environmental sustainability. The book also identifies the different issues such as Environment, Gender, Economic, Policy and Institutional issues that are related to agricultural mechanization. The understanding of these issues helps stakeholders to design policies and products that are tailored to the needs of farmers. By helping the users of the book understand the effect of farm machinery use, this book can be used to guide proper adoption of farm machinery.

The physical properties of food include several factors such as mass transfer, heat transfer, and unit operations that are part and parcel of the engineering principles influencing the state of food. This book deals with some aspects of the physical properties of food. The book aims to impart a basic understanding among the students who wish to know the physical properties of foods and other factors underlying it. This book can help both undergraduates and other students who would like to take up courses in food processing technology.

There is prestige in a well-manicured landscape. Apart from the prestige well established and maintained lawns act as green spaces that have societal, economic, health and economic benefits. This book guides the audience on some creative ideas of lawns, the grass and grass alternatives to use, and machinery to use in lawn establishment and maintenance. The book also describes in detail how and when to establish a healthy lawn. The book also goes further and explains how to establish artificial lawn. This book also acts as guide in maintenance of newly established lawns, old lawns, and artificial lawns. The book gives the audience a list common lawn pest, diseases, and weeds and how to identify and treat or prevent them biologically, chemically, and culturally. A poorly managed or established turf or lawn presents a big risk as compared to advantages. Therefore, a good plan is very critical before establishing both artificial or natural lawn.

The book "Analytical Techniques for Food Biopreservation" is a detailed handbook about the various food-preservation techniques that are based on the use of antimicrobial compounds and natural metabolites for the preservation of various food products. It reflects on various innovations in the use of biopreservation techniques in the food industry that have proven to be environmentally friendly as compared to the conventional techniques and produce food that has an extend shelf life, as well as better sensory and nutritional content.

Most countries have a variety of climates and soils to grow horticultural crops, providing sufficient opportunities for the expansion of the fruit sector, however the biggest challenge presently is to produce enough fruits to meet the needs of the growing population. This volume discusses the technologies applied for effective use of resources in order to obtain higher yield per investment unit with high-quality yields in a short time. In today's open economy era; in the domestic and international markets, quality fruit products are becoming more and more necessary to remain competitive. This is only possible through the deployment of high-tech applications and precision farming methods. Fruits are important to people and also play a crucial role in religious customs, mythology and artwork. They are not just delicious, but also contain many nutrients vital for human health. Fruit production needs a lot of scientific knowledge and basic understanding to be successful. The volume compiles various topics in fruit production technology, such as layout and planting, different cultural customs, development and reproductive traits of fruit crops, and infertility. Some of the topics discussed include chapter 1: introduction to fruit crop production, chapter 2: classification of fruits, chapter 3: importance of fruit production, and chapter 4: planting systems and transplanting of fruit trees among others. The volume is useful to growers, nursery keepers, farmers, teachers, researchers, extension workers, and anyone who wants to be familiar with fruit farming technology.