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Contained here in this volume are two of the most influential works of philosophy ever written, Descartes' "Discourse on Method" and "Meditations on First Philosophy." First published in 1637, "Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking for Truth in the Sciences," as it is more fully known, is a foundational work of modern philosophy which is noted for being one of the first to apply the scientific method to the discipline. Descartes approaches the subject of skepticism in philosophy by throwing away all preconceived notions of reality and building up from a base of truths he found to be incontrovertible. It is from this work that we find one of Descartes' most famous quotations "I think, therefore I am." This phrase alone probably best exemplifies what Descartes believed to be an incontrovertible truth. First published in 1641, "Meditations on First Philosophy" follows upon his earlier work by applying his method to a philosophical examination of the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. While the philosophical conclusions arrived at by Descartes' work have met with criticism, his profound influence ultimately lies with his insistence on questioning everything. This edition is printed on premium acid-free paper, follows the translation of Elizabeth S. Haldane, and includes an introduction by A. D. Lindsay.

"The Kreutzer Sonata and Other Stories" collects six of Tolstoy's finest short stories into one edition. In "How Much Land Does a Man Need?", Tolstoy explores this very question through the story of a peasant with an increasing appetite for land-an appetite which becomes his ruin. "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", one of Tolstoy's short masterpieces, tells of the early death of a high-court judge in 19th century Russian. "Family Happiness" explores the female identity within changing romantic relationships. Narrated in first person by the protagonist Masha, the tale is a skilled and engrossing story of a woman's difficult position in a shifting society. "The Kreutzer Sonata" is an intense tale of love, marriage, sex, and jealousy. Initially banned by the Russian censors, the novella has inspired many films, theater productions, and paintings. In "The Devil", Evgeni Irtenev struggles with a new inheritance riddled with debts when sudden romance and lust threaten to turn his world upside down. Lastly, "Father Sergius" tells of a young aristocrat who, upon discovery of his fiancé's infidelity, retreats into the life of a monastic Orthodox Christian, though this radically new life proves to be difficult. This representative collection of short stories exhibits why Leo Tolstoy is considered one of the world's most renowned authors. This edition is printed on premium acid-free paper.

"On Liberty and Other Essays" brings together the most important works of philosopher and political economist John Stuart Mill. In "On Liberty" Mill eloquently ponders the question of where the line should be drawn between the freedom of individuals and the authority of the state. As he puts it, "The struggle between liberty and authority is the most conspicuous feature in the portions of history with which we are earliest familiar..." Second in this volume, "Utilitarianism" is the classic exposition of the Utilitarian philosophy, the basic principle of which is that one's actions should be guided towards outcomes that create the greatest good for the greatest numbers of people. In "Considerations on Representative Government," Mill makes his arguments for the representative form of government as the ideal one. Lastly, "The Subjection of Women" is an essay co-written with his wife, Harriet Taylor Mill, arguing in favor of equality between the sexes. Arguably one of the most important political thinkers of the modern era, John Stuart's Mill's influence on Western civilization cannot be overstated. This representative selection collects together the principal works from which that reputation is garnered. This edition is printed on premium acid-free paper and includes an introduction by A. D. Lindsay.

Originally serialized in "Bentley's Miscellany" between February 1837 and April 1839, "Oliver Twist," is Charles Dickens's second novel, the classic story of the struggles of a young orphan in 19th century England. When his mother dies in childbirth, Oliver Twist finds himself in a situation of dire poverty. At the time, those who could not afford to provide for themselves were often forced into servitude under the harsh Poor Laws of 19th century England. At the age of nine, Oliver is set to work picking and weaving oakum at the workhouse where he lives. The circumstances of Oliver's life are brutal, with meager food, clothing, and shelter, he finds himself in an unenviable position. "Oliver Twist," is an early example of social criticism, in which Dickens effectively draws attention to the political issues of child labor and the struggles of the poor. Drawing upon his own experiences as an impoverished youth, Dickens brought to light the struggles of the lower classes in a way that continues to resonate with audiences until this day. This edition includes an introduction by Edwin Percy Whipple and is printed on premium acid-free paper.

Guy de Maupassant, one of the 19th century's most admired French writers, is considered to be one of the fathers of the modern short story. Maupassant's stories are characterized by their wealth of style, clever plotting and effortless resolutions. Many of his stories are set during the Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s, describing the futility of war and the innocent civilians who, caught in the conflict, emerge from catastrophe and change. "Bel Ami", written at the height of Maupassant's career, is his second novel, published in 1885. The story chronicles Georges Duroy's corrupt rise to power. Georges, a down-and-out journalist, comes from a humble background yet concocts a spectacular rise to the top of Parisian society, most of which he achieves by manipulating a series of powerful, intelligent ,and wealthy mistresses. "Bel Ami" is not only a vivid portrait of a glamorously crooked and long-vanished Paris, but also a strikingly modern depiction of the destructiveness of unconstrained ambition, sex, and power. This edition is printed on premium acid-free paper.