Bøker utgitt av Elsevier - Health Sciences Division

In this issue, guest editors bring their considerable expertise to this important topic. Provides in-depth reviews on the latest updates in the field, providing actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Orthopedic Clinics, guest editors from the Campbell Clinic bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Technological Advances. In a technology-driven world, cutting-edge advancements in orthopedic surgery such as the ROSA knee system, 3D-CT, mixed reality devices, and augmented reality devices help patients and surgeons alike. In this issue, top experts bring you fully up to date with today's technological functions and limitations, all while considering patient safety and optimal outcomes. Contains 12 practice-oriented topics including remote patient monitoring following total joint arthroplasty; artificial intelligence in orthopaedics; technological advances in managing bone defects; emerging technologies in shoulder arthroplasty: navigation, mixed reality, and preoperative planning; spine navigation; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on technological advances in orthopedic surgery, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Clinics in Plastic Surgery, guest editor Dr. Neil Tanna brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Breast Reconstruction. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as modern approaches to oncoplastic surgical treatment; modern approaches to implant-based breast reconstruction; pre-pectoral breast reconstruction; breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma; operative efficiency; and more. Contains 18 relevant, practice-oriented topics including preoperative assessment of the breast reconstruction patient; revision of implant-based breast reconstruction; modern approaches to abdominal flap-based breast reconstruction; the hybrid breast reconstruction; robotic breast surgery and robotic breast reconstruction; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on breast reconstruction, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Critical Care Clinics, guest editors Drs. Lauren R. Sorce and Joy D. Howell bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Pediatric Critical Care. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as point-of-care ultrasound for pediatric critical care providers; transfusion strategies in the 21st century; global pediatric critical care; workforce diversity; and more. Contains 13 relevant, practice-oriented topics including pediatric redeployment: unique challenges created by COVID-19; ECMO then and now; PCCM in 21st century and beyond; pediatric critical care outcomes; cardiac output monitoring; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on pediatric critical care, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Neuromodulation Techniques for the Spine, a volume in the Atlas of Interventional Pain Management series, is a concise, practical guide that provides clinicians with detailed, step-by-step guidance on how to perform spinal nerve stimulation procedures for patients with chronic pain. This comprehensive, easy-to-follow guide offers expert coverage of how to deliver safe, accurate, and cost-effective pain relief to patients using all clinically useful imaging modalities, including ultrasound-guided techniques and fluoroscopy. With high-quality images and clear, authoritative guidance throughout, it shows exactly how to evaluate the causes of pain, identify the most promising stimulation technique, locate the site with precision, and deliver effective relief. Offers a comprehensive overview of the latest techniques used in spinal neuromodulation.  Features clinically relevant anatomic drawings and radiologic images that provide step-by-step instruction on techniques.  Provides clear guidance on the risks and benefits, as well as indications and contraindications, for each procedure.  Covers key topics such as Spinal Cord Stimulation (percutaneous and paddle lead placements); Dorsal Root Ganglion; Dorsal Root Ganglion Implants; and Intrathecal Pump (implants, refills).   Includes easy-to-follow, templated content on patient selection, preoperative prep, and post-operative care.  Contains full-color line drawings, photographs, and ultrasound images that provide you with a firm grasp of the anatomy and equipment involved with each procedure.  Highlights potential pitfalls for each technique and offers clinical pearls on how to avoid them.  An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

Remote Sensing of Soils: Mapping, Monitoring and Measurement covers the basic, theoretical and scientific concepts of multidisciplinary subjects, including sections that relate to soil sciences, remote sensing, geoinformatics, geomatics, civil and water resource engineering, geography, agriculture, disaster management and the earth and environmental sciences. The book consists of defined elements to help guide the reader, including an abstract, introductions, a literature review, methodology, results and discussions, findings, recommendations and conclusions. Each chapter includes theoretical information that is illustrated with flow charts, tables, figures, diagrams and other related illustrations. Site-specific research and case studies are described throughout with geographical and demographical data, current scientific issues, impacts, solutions and societal benefits, thus providing readers from multi-disciplinary backgrounds the tools they need to successful map, analyze and monitor soils.

Biochar for Environmental Remediation: Principles, Applications, and Prospects synthesizes state-of-the-art knowledge on biochar-based systems for environmental remediation. This book examines a wide variety of biochar applications for the remediation of inorganic, organic, microbial, and emerging contaminants in various environmental media, including drinking water, industrial wastewater, urban stormwater, industrial and indoor air pollution, and contaminated lands and soils. An increasing body of evidence shows that biochars have potential applications in environmental remediation of contaminants in soils, aqueous systems, and air pollution control. This book uses a systematic approach, covering biochar preparation, properties and characteristics, removal mechanisms, industrial applications, regeneration and disposal of spent biochar, life cycle analysis, and environmental and human health risks. Researchers, engineers, and graduate students will find this to be a valuable reference for understanding opportunities for the use of biochar in environmental remediation as it fills the gaps in existing literature and offers a clear roadmap to guide future research.

In this issue of Clinics in Perinatology, guest editors Drs. Nathalie Maitre and Andrea F. Duncan bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Neurological and Developmental Outcomes of High-Risk Neonates. Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of death among children under five years of age, and three-quarters of these deaths could be prevented with current, cost-effective interventions. In this issue, top experts provide neonatologists and perinatologists with the clinical information they need to improve outcomes in high-risk newborns. Contains 15 practice-oriented topics including neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome; healthcare disparities in high-risk neonates; autism spectrum and high-risk infant phenotypes; NICU transition to home interventions; telehealth and other innovations in NICU follow up; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on neurological and developmental outcomes of high-risk neonates, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Anesthesiology Clinics, guest editors Drs. Athanasios Chalkias, Mary Jarzebowski, and Kathryn Rosenblatt bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Current Topics in Critical Care for the Anesthesiologist. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as perioperative management of the acute stroke patient; traumatic brain injury: intraoperative management and ICU multimodality monitoring; update on mechanical circulatory devices; management of intraoperative cardiac arrest; intraoperative ventilator management of the critically ill patient; and more. Contains 16 relevant, practice-oriented topics including transfusion thresholds across surgical specialties; delirium prevention and management in frail surgical patients; perioperative fluid management and volume assessment; coagulopathy and emergent reversal of anticoagulation; impact of ICU nutrition on the microbiome and patient outcomes; massive trauma; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on current topics in critical care for the anesthesiologist, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Clinics in Chest Medicine, guest editors Drs. Luis Angel and Stephanie M. Levine bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Lung Transplantation. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as difficult decisions to transplant patients who are older, frail, underweight and obese; organ donation and variability in conversion to lung transplantation; conventional and novel approaches to immunosuppression; acute rejection and chronic allograft dysfunction; and more. Contains 14 relevant, practice-oriented topics including COVID-19 and lung transplantation; the lung transplant candidate: indications, timing and selection criteria; bilateral lung transplantation vs. single lung transplant: complications, quality of life, and survival; critical care management of the lung transplant recipient; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on lung transplantation, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, guest editors Drs. Deborah R. Simkin and L. Eugene Arnold bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Complementary and Integrative Medicine Part 1: Disorders. This is the first of a two-part issue, which discusses complementary and integrative treatments to be considered for specific psychiatric disorders such as ADHD, sleep disorders, psychosis, TBI, iron deficiency, autism, and more. Contains 13 practice-oriented topics including anxiety, substance abuse, PTSD, obesity, eating disorders, and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on complementary and integrative medicine, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Sleep Medicine Clinics, guest editor Dr. Joshua Hyong-Jin Cho brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Adjunct Interventions to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Insomnia. Top experts in the field cover key adjunct treatments to CBT-I such as paradoxical intention; circadian rhythm regulation; behavioral activation; exercise; intensive sleep retraining; mindfulness; acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT); and many more. Contains 14 relevant, practice-oriented topics covering key adjunct treatments to CBT-I, including biofeedback; stimulant medications; hypnotic medications; wearable devices; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on adjunct interventions to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, guest editor Dr. Catherine Stika brings her considerable expertise to the topic of Drugs in Pregnancy. The use of medications during pregnancy can be difficult to manage because not only is research lagging in this area, but typically drugs are not studied for use in pregnant women. In this issue, key experts provide a state-of-the-art review on clinical pharmacology in pregnancy, with a look at commonly prescribed medications as well as over-the-counter medications. Contains 17 practice-oriented topics including obstetrical pharmacology; over-the-counter medications in pregnancy; antibiotic use in pregnancy; opioids in pregnancy; mood disorder medications in pregnancy; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on drugs in pregnancy, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, guest editor Dr. Bruce Grahn brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Ophthalmology in Small Animal Care. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as corneal pigmentation in small animals; eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in cats; canine episcleritis and granulomatous scleritis; canine blepharitis and eyelid neoplasia; and more. Contains 10 relevant, practice-oriented topics including feline glaucoma; current applications of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in veterinary ophthalmology; diagnosis and classification of glaucoma in dogs; the ocular examination; congenital and anterior segment dysgenesis-associated glaucoma in small animals; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on ophthalmology in small animal care, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Foot and Ankle Clinics, guest editor Dr. Don Anderson brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Applied Translational Research in Foot and Ankle Surgery. Applied translational research is designed to ensure the highest possible chance of success, and in this issue, top experts in foot and ankle surgery help you produce more meaningful, applicable results that take both safety and efficacy into consideration. Contains 14 practice-oriented topics including utilizing novel in-clinic assessments to identify aberrant foot biomechanics; foot and ankle alignment and biomechanical implications; patient-specific FE analysis of foot and ankle biomechanics; biomechanics of chronic ankle instability; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on applied translational research in foot and ankle surgery, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Enhance your care with the standardized measurement of nursing interventions! Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), 7th Edition standardizes the terminology and criteria needed to measure and evaluate outcomes in all care settings and with all patient populations. A total of 612 research-based nursing outcome labels - including 82?that are NEW to this edition - provide clinically useful language to help you deliver treatment and document outcomes. Specific indicators are included to make it easier to evaluate and rate the patient in relation to outcome achievement. Written by an expert team of authors led by Sue Moorhead, this book is also ideal for healthcare administrators seeking to improve billing, recordkeeping, and cost containment. 612 research-based nursing outcome labels provide standardized terminology for individual, family, or community outcomes. Overview of the use of NOC within the nursing process introduces the importance of measuring outcomes of nursing care, and describes linkages with other classifications. Outcomes structured with a label name include code, definition, set of indicators with codes, five-point Likert measurement scales, publication facts lines, and selected references. Core outcomes are provided for an expanded list of nursing specialties. Linkages between NOC knowledge-focused outcomes and NOC behavioral outcomes focused on the concept or condition are examined. NEW! 82 new outcomes are added to the Classification, allowing you to better define patient outcomes that are responsive to nursing care. NEW! 402 existing outcomes are reviewed or revised based on research-based outcomes. NEW! A new section focused on resources supports research, implementation, and educational strategies. NEW! Revised taxonomic structure includes two new classes and expanded family and community outcomes.

Offering a step-by-step, practical approach to this expanding area of dermatology, Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology: Hair Restoration enables you to master the up-to-date hair restoration techniques that produce the superior results your patients expect. Focusing on non-invasive treatment of diffuse, non-scarring hair loss, including androgenetic alopecia, this unique title, edited by expert clinicians Drs. Murad Alam and Jeffrey S. Dover, thoroughly covers the latest treatment options-all abundantly illustrated and evidence based. A video library demonstrating techniques helps you successfully incorporate  today's most effective procedures into your practice. Provides current, authoritative guidance on popular treatments including topical and systemic therapies, stem cell-based therapies, platelet-rich plasma, genomic therapies, microblading, nutritional supplements, energy-based treatments, emerging treatments, and hair transplant.  Considers ethnic differences in hair.  Contains up-to-date sections on evaluation of hair loss, minimizing and concealing hair loss, medical treatments for hair loss, procedural treatments for hair loss, and emerging therapies for hair loss.  Features high-quality images and a video library demonstrating scalp micropigmentation, scar correction procedure, female pattern hair loss, scalp photography for patients with alopecia, and more..  Includes procedural how-to's, step-by-step advice on proper techniques, case studies, contraindications and managing complications, and pearls and pitfalls-all in a consistently templated, quick reference format. An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

**Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Physical Therapy**Gain the skills you need to accurately measure joint range of motion and muscle length! Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing, 4th Edition provides a comprehensive guide to the techniques and devices used in measuring range of motion for the joints of the spine and extremities. Clear, step-by-step instructions show how to make reliable measurements with instruments such as the goniometer, inclinometer, tape measure, and even smartphone apps. Written by noted educators Nancy Berryman Reese and William D. Bandy for physical therapy and occupational therapy students, this manual includes a fully searchable eBook version with each print purchase. Guidelines to range of motion and muscle length testing cover techniques including goniometric measurement as well as measurements using inclinometers, tape measures, and smartphone apps. More than 600 full-color photos and drawings demonstrate various techniques, anatomy, and landmarks for each joint. Anatomical landmarks provide a fast visual reference showing exactly where to place measuring devices. Clear template for techniques allows you to quickly and easily identify the information you need. Chapters on length testing make it easy to locate information on measuring each of the upper and lower extremities as well as the head, neck, and trunk. NEW! Instructions for use of smartphone apps provide another option for measuring range of motion. NEW! Revised content and updated references provide the current information you need to be an effective practitioner. NEW! eBook version is included with print purchase. The eBook includes more than 100 videos demonstrating the ROM and muscle length testing techniques discussed in the print book, and allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

Joe Muscolino''s The Muscular System Manual: The Skeletal Muscles of the Human Body, 4th Edition is an atlas of the muscles of the human body. This approachable, yet detailed, musculoskeletal anatomy manual provides both beginner and advanced students with a thorough understanding of skeletal muscles in a compartmentalized, customizable layout. Each muscle spread shows the individual muscle drawn over a photo of the human body, with an arrow to indicate the line of pull of the muscle, and explains: the muscle name, the origin of that name, Greek and Latin derivations, pronunciation, attachments, actions, eccentric contraction function, isometric contraction function, innervation to two levels of detail with predominant levels in bold, and arterial supply to two levels of detail. This new edition also features robust Evolve resources, an updated art program, and new chapter review and critical thinking questions that encourage you to apply what you have learned to prepare for practice.

In this issue of Immunology and Allergy Clinics, guest editor Jill A. Poole brings her considerable expertise to the topic of Environmental Issues and Allergy. Provides in-depth reviews on the latest updates in Environmental Issues and Allergy, providing actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field; Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Medical Clinics, guest editor Daniel M. Goodenberger brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Pulmonary Diseases. Provides in-depth reviews on the latest updates in Pulmonary Diseases, providing actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field; Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews.

Advances in Psychiatry reviews the year's most important findings and updates within the field in order to provide clinicians with the current clinical information they need to improve patient outcomes. A distinguished editorial board, led by Deepak Prabhakar, identifies key areas of major progress and controversy and invites preeminent specialists to contribute original articles devoted to these topics. These insightful overviews in psychiatry inform and enhance clinical practice by bringing concepts to a clinical level and exploring their everyday impact on patient care. Provides in-depth, clinical reviews in psychiatry, providing actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information in the field under the leadership of an experienced editorial team. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, guest editors Auras R. Atreya and Calambur Narasimhan bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation. Provides in-depth reviews on the latest updates in Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation, providing actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field; Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, guest editor Dr. Thomas (Quin) Throckmorton brings his considerable expertise to Shoulder Rehabilitation. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as shoulder impingement syndrome; non-operative treatment of rotator cuff tears; post-operative rehabilitation following rotator cuff repair; non-operative treatment of the biceps-labral complex; post-operative rehabilitation after SLAP repair; and more. Contains 12 relevant, practice-oriented topics including post-operative rehabilitation after surgery for shoulder instability; scapular dyskinesis; adhesive capsulitis; post-operative rehabilitation after shoulder arthroplasty; muscular re-training and rehabilitation after tendon transfer surgery in the shoulder; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on shoulder rehabilitation, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

In this issue of Urologic Clinics of North America, guest editor Dr. Adam Feldman brings his considerable expertise to the topic of Biomarkers in Urology. The use of biomarkers in clinical practice can range from screening, to refined detection in an at-risk population, to risk stratification following diagnosis, to prognostication following therapy. A better understanding of tumor biology and genetic heterogeneity will lead clinicians to adopt clinical paradigms that utilize sequences of biomarker assessments. In this issue, key experts help you remain at the forefront of the care of urologic malignancies by providing a timely update on emerging biomarkers in urology. Contains 15 practice-oriented topics including biomarkers in pediatric urology; unleashing the urinary microbiome in benign urologic disease; biomarkers for detection and assessment of clinically significant prostate cancer; biomarkers in testicular cancer: classic tumor markers and beyond; and more.  Provides in-depth clinical reviews on biomarkers in urology, offering actionable insights for clinical practice.  Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

The multidisciplinary sub-specialty of Urgent Medical Care plays an increasingly important role in meeting the growing demands on the NHS. This is the first and only book in the UK specifically designed for clinicians preparing for urgent care postgraduate qualifications. Notes in Urgent Care brings together guidance, research and relevant clinical material in an easily accessible format. It addresses both management (operational and organisational) and clinical areas including emergency, time-critical conditions and symptom-related presentations. Written by Dr Martin McGrath, a General Practitioner, Honorary Professor, urgent care clinician and clinical director of one of the country's largest primary care networks, this book will be useful for all clinicians working in urgent, unscheduled, remote and rural environments. Suitable as a study aid for the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh's Diploma in Urgent Medical Care Clinical information condensed into a concise, easily accessible and relevant format Urgent conditions broken down by specialty Useful tips for working in urgent medical care systems, using technology, risk management and human factors

Offering a global, multidisciplinary perspective on this life-threatening medical emergency, The Sepsis Codex provides a concise yet comprehensive look at a complex topic. Nearly 20% of global deaths are attributed to sepsis annually, nearly half of which are in children under the age of five, with low-resource settings being disproportionately affected. A "one size fits all? approach is not sufficient to meet individual patients' needs, instead requiring a therapeutic approach that considers different ages, predisposing factors, genetic traits, and more. This cutting-edge resource brings you up to date with recent medical advances in this challenging area. Covers pathophysiology, early detection, biomarkers and diagnosis, therapies, controversies, future research, the use of AI, professional organizations and public health in sepsis. Includes chapters on sepsis in special populations such as in pregnant women, transplanted patients, and children. Consolidates today's available information on this timely topic into a single, convenient resource.

Petty's Principles of Musculoskeletal Treatment and Management provides an up-to-date, evidence-based and person-centred guide to musculoskeletal practice. Edited by leading experts Kieran Barnard and Dionne Ryder, with contributions by highly regarded physiotherapists from across the UK, it provides a comprehensive overview of the principles underpinning physiotherapy for musculoskeletal conditions. It covers basic principles for treating muscles, nerves and joints, as well as anatomy and physiology, clinical reasoning and rehabilitation skills. This book is a companion to Petty's Musculoskeletal Examination and Assessment, and together both volumes cover everything students need to know to examine, assess and treat patients. Packed with reflective exercises, illustrations and case studies to bring learning to life Written with students in mind - easy to follow and understand Drawings and photographs to visually enhance descriptions in the text New chapters on serious pathology, vascular presentations and advancing clinical practice Expanded content on patient management Chapter summary podcasts New learning outcomes and reflective exercises throughout