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Perfect for hands-on reference, Gray's Clinical Photographic Dissector of the Human Body, 3rd Edition, is a practical resource in the anatomy lab, on surgical rotations, during clerkship and residency, and beyond! This fully revised third edition uses a unique, step-by-step presentation of full-color cadaveric photographs to orient you more quickly in the anatomy lab, and points out the clinical relevance of each structure and every dissection. Each photograph depicts clearly labeled anatomical structures, including muscles, bones, nerves, blood vessels, and organs-making this one-of-a-kind resource ideal for preparing for laboratory sessions and as a useful reference during dissections. Contains nearly 1,100 full-color photographs for comparison to the cadavers you study, helping you become more proficient and confident in your understanding of the intricacies of the human body. Guides you through each dissection step by step, using a unique, real-world photographic presentation. Helps you easily relate anatomical structures to clinical conditions and procedures. Features new videos of human cadaveric dissection for each chapter. Depicts the pertinent anatomy for more than 30 common clinical procedures such as prosthetic hip replacements, intravenous catheters, lumbar puncture, and knee aspiration, including where to make the relevant incisions. Includes more high-quality schematic drawings throughout to aid in understandingReflects the same level of accuracy and thoroughness that have made Gray's Anatomy the defining reference in this complex area, thanks to an expert author team-all leading authorities in the world of clinical anatomy. Contains corresponding Gray's illustrations to add clarity to key anatomical structures. An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text and figures, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud. Evolve Instructor site with a downloadable image and test bank is available to instructors through their Elsevier sales rep or via request at https://evolve.elsevier.com.

In this issue of Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics, guest editors Drs. Samuel M. Lam and Lisa E. Ishii bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Male Facial Rejuvenation. Top experts cover key topics such as direct neck lift for men; facial implants; male Asian blepharoplasty and Asian facial surgery; male browlift and blepharoplasty; male fat grafting; injectables for men; and more. Contains 13 relevant, practice-oriented topics including facelift for men; ethnic facial surgery for men; male rhinoplasty; facial hair transplant; minimally invasive male facial rejuvenation; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on male facial rejuvenation, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Brody¿s Human Pharmacology is a well-established and much-loved textbook that guides students of medicine, pharmacology and other health professions through pharmacology from both basic and clinical perspectives. What can be a very difficult and complex topic is divided into easily digestible chapters, each of which is clearly structured from a therapeutic overview to mechanisms of action, relationships to clinical responses, pharmacokinetics, pharmacovigilance, new developments, and clinical relevance for all health professionals. Contains all the essential aspects of pharmacology ¿ suitable for exam preparation Full color illustrations explain important processes and color-coded boxes enhance understanding Therapeutic overviews, clinical problems and trade names ¿ everything you need to know Self-assessment questions and further reading to reinforce learning Current developments for each class of drugs and how information relates to students in the healthcare professions bring learning to life Updated content throughout Pharmacodynamics chapter revised to include discussions of positive and negative allosteric modulators, as well as biased agonism Pharmacogenetics chapter considers genetic variations and their relationship to drug responses Section on cancer drugs revised to reflect major advances New chapter on immunological and cell-based therapies

Cancer Biomarkers and Oncoviruses explores the molecular mechanisms of viral oncogenesis, signaling pathways, and therapeutic options, including vaccines. Additionally, it covers the future of cancer therapy related to oncoviruses, making it an invaluable resource for health professionals, scientists, researchers, and students who aim to expand their knowledge in this vital field. Cancer biomarkers play a crucial role in modern oncology, offering valuable insights into the presence and progression of cancer. These biomarkers, including those associated with oncoviruses, assist in various clinical applications such as cancer risk assessment, early detection, accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring response to therapy.Understanding the molecular biology and pathogenesis of oncoviruses is essential for developing effective cancer treatments and preventive measures.

Waste-derived Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Applications, and Sustainability embarks on an illuminating exploration at the intersection of waste management and nanotechnology. Delving deep into the realm of nanoparticle synthesis, this comprehensive volume meticulously examines various waste sources, ranging from industrial residues to electronic waste, uncovering their potential for sustainable innovation. Through detailed discussions on synthesis methodologies and characterization techniques, each chapter offers insights into the intricate processes involved in transforming waste materials into functional nanoparticles. Beyond synthesis, the book ventures into the diverse applications of waste-derived nanoparticles, offering transformative solutions to pressing environmental challenges. From revolutionizing wastewater treatment to combating air pollution and advancing energy technologies, these applications hold promise for a greener future. With a forward-looking perspective, this book envisions a shift toward a circular economy, where waste materials are not only repurposed but also contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally conscious world. This book serves as a beacon, guiding us toward a future where waste becomes a valuable resource in our quest for a cleaner and healthier planet.

Trustworthy AI in Medical Imaging brings together scientific researchers, medical experts, and industry partners working in the field of trustworthiness, bridging the gap between AI research and concrete medical applications and making it a learning resource for undergraduates, masters students, and researchers in AI for medical imaging applications.The book will help readers acquire the basic notions of AI trustworthiness and understand its concrete application in medical imaging, identify pain points and solutions to enhance trustworthiness in medical imaging applications, understand current limitations and perspectives of trustworthy AI in medical imaging, and identify novel research directions.Although the problem of trustworthiness in AI is actively researched in different disciplines, the adoption and implementation of trustworthy AI principles in real-world scenarios is still at its infancy. This is particularly true in medical imaging where guidelines and standards for trustworthiness are critical for the successful deployment in clinical practice. After setting out the technical and clinical challenges of AI trustworthiness, the book gives a concise overview of the basic concepts before presenting state-of-the-art methods for solving these challenges.

Water Pollution Calculations: Quantifying Pollutant Formation, Transport, Transformation, Fate and Risks provides a comprehensive collection of relevant, real-world water pollution calculations. The book's author explains, in detail, how to measure and assess risks to human populations and ecosystems exposed to water pollutants. The text covers water pollution from a multivariate, systems approach, bringing in hydrogeological, climatological, meteorological processes, health and ecological impacts, and water and wastewater treatment and prevention.After first reviewing the physics, chemistry, and biology of water pollution, the author explores both groundwater and surface waters. This is followed by an in-depth look at water quality indicators, measurements, models, and water engineering. Groundwater remediation, risk assessment, and green engineering round out the text with forward-thinking ideas towards sustainability. This invaluable reference offers a practical tool for those needing a precise and applicable understanding of different types of water pollution calculations.

The Afrotropical Streams and Rivers: Structure, Ecological Processes and Management is a comprehensive guide that provides assessment of major rivers and tributaries in Africa. Unlike other books available, the editors present a thorough study of geomorphological, hydrological, biological, and ecological processes incorporating a range of plant and animal communities, while considering implications of human communities that depend upon them. This book, edited by a diverse cohort of researchers and/or scholars, is intended as an educational and practical guide for graduate students, researchers and scientists who focus on the biodiversity, conservation and management/policy issues of the African river systems.

Artificial Intelligence for a More Sustainable Oil and Gas Industry and the Energy Transition: Case Studies and Code Examples presents a package for academic researchers and industries working on water resources and carbon capture and storage. This book contains fundamental knowledge on artificial intelligence related to oil and gas sustainability and the industry’s pivot to support the energy transition and provides practical applications through case studies and coding flowcharts, addressing gaps and questions raised by academic and industrial partners, including energy engineers, geologists, and environmental scientists. This timely publication provides fundamental and extensive information on advanced AI applications geared to support sustainability and the energy transition for the oil and gas industry.

Green Chemistry: A Path to Sustainable Development provides updated information and knowledge on green chemistry, analyzes greener solutions for environmental sustainability, and includes principles and practices, metrics, green chemical technologies, and real-world applications. Chapters explore interdisciplinary approaches to green chemistry, as well as value added through by-products, conversion of waste to value added products, remodeling from a conventional approach to a greener approach, and the challenges, opportunities, and future scope of green chemistry. Finally, this book discusses green methodologies, processes, and new chemical development.

Applications in Microwave Processing: Expanding the Scope beyond Cooking, Benefits and Risks provides a comprehensive guide on the principles and recent interest in microwave technology, along with its cross-disciplinary applications. Divided into two sections, the first one discusses the foundation of the principle, emerging applications, and recent interest in microwave technology. The second section explores the cross-discipline applications of microwave technology in different fields, which include bioactive extraction, clinical thermo-therapy, polymer processing, catalytic pyrolysis, thermal sterilization, biopharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment, drying process, mineral processing, and in biological process.Overall, this title discusses the drawback of microwave assisted technology, scalability concerns and outlook. Edited by a team of experts in the field, this book is a great asset for all researchers, Industrial expert, Biotechnologist and all interested in optimal management and usage of microwaves.

Industrial Decarbonization and the Energy Transition: Innovative Solutions for a Carbon-Free, Sustainable, and Clean Environment provides detailed information on a range of cutting-edge solutions, supporting decarbonization, clean energy production, and energy transition. Sectors covered include chemical and photochemical, cement and concrete, class, pulp and paper, steel and iron-making, fertilizer, clay, methanol, refineries, sugar, and thermal power plants. Technology, regulations, climate impact, and finance are considered for each sector, and throughout the book, emphasis is placed on the industry perspective and expertise, with thorough techno-economic analysis and in-depth discussion of other key considerations such as scale-up, cost reductions, waste, and future possibilities.This book is of interest to engineers, R&D, and other professionals involved in energy transition and decarbonization of industrial processes and plants across a range of industrial sectors, as well as academic researchers, scientists, and advanced students in energy transition, renewable energy, engineering, decarbonization, and sustainability.

Genetics and Epigenetics of Genitourinary Diseases aims to provide a comprehensive collection of data on genetics and epigenetics in almost all genitourinary diseases for researchers, clinicians, and graduate students. This book discusses several genetic and epigenetic changes like DNA methylation, mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms, DNA rearrangements, chromosomal remodeling, microsatellite instability, and chromosomal instability (CIN) in genitourinary cancers. This book is split into 18 chapters, beginning with the importance of genetics and epigenetics in genitourinary diseases. It then goes on to cover the genetics and epigenetics of various diseases and tumors. Certain chapters present novel techniques of next-generation sequencing (NGS). Furthermore, RNA-Seq is discussed as a sequencing technique that uses NGS to reveal the presence and quantity of RNA in a biological sample. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and students in genetics and epigenetics who want to broaden their understanding of the field.

Training Human Service Staff: Evidence-Based Strategies for Promoting Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Trainee Acceptance is a comprehensive guide that equips professionals with the tools and techniques to optimize the training of human service staff. In Section I, readers are introduced to staff training, understanding its importance and the critical criteria for success. The book delves into the gold standard of Behavioral Skills Training and explores in-person training methodologies in Section II, which encompass both group and individual staff training.Section III reviews technology-based training, including video modeling, computer-based training, and distance training via telehealth, offering readers innovative approaches to meet modern training demands. Special topics in staff training, such as maintaining staff skills, professional workshops, and the evolving gold standard, are explored in Section IV, rounding out a comprehensive resource.

Selecting diagnosis codes is faster and easier with Buck's 2025 ICD-10-CM for Physicians. Designed by coders for coders, this full-color manual includes all the ICD-10 codes that you need to code medical services provided in physicians’ offices and outpatient settings. As coders need extensive knowledge to code with ICD-10-CM - and to choose from the thousands of possible codes - this edition makes it easier with colorful anatomy plates (including Netter’s Anatomy illustrations) to help you understand anatomy and how it can affect your code choices. In addition, it comes with durable spiral binding, and includes a companion website with the latest coding updates.NEW! Updated 2025 Official Code set reflects the latest ICD-10 codes needed for diagnosis coding.At-a-glance Guide to the 2025 ICD-10-CM Updates in the front of the book lists all new, revised, and deleted codes, providing quick lookup of the coding changes.Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting (OGCRs) are listed in full in the Introduction, at the beginning of each chapter, and integrated within the code set, providing easier reference to coding rules when they are needed most.Unique! Full-color anatomy plates (including Netter’s Anatomy art) are included in a separate section for easy reference and cross-referenced within the Tabular List of Diseases and Injuries, to help you understand anatomy and how it may affect choosing codes.Full-color design includes consistent color-coded symbols and text, providing easier access to codes and coding information.American Hospital Association's Coding Clinic® citations include official ICD-10-CM coding advice relating to specific codes and their usage.More than 190 illustrations provide visual orientation and enhance understanding of specific coding situations.Items are included throughout the Tabular List to ensure accurate coding, providing additional information on common diseases and conditions.Additional elements within specific codes define terms and add coding instructions relating to difficult terminology, diseases and conditions, or coding in a specific category.Symbols and highlights draw attention to codes that may require special consideration before coding, including: New, Revised, and DeletedUnacceptable Principal DiagnosisCodes that Call for the Use of Additional Character(s)Includes, Excludes 1, and Excludes 2Use AdditionalCode First and Code AlsoPlaceholder X symbol reminds users to assign placeholder X for codes less than 6 characters that require a 7th character.Manifestation code symbol identifies conditions for which it is important to record both the etiology and the symptom of the disease.HCC symbol indicates diagnoses in the Tabular List associated with Hierarchical Condition Categories.Age and Sex edits from the Definition of Medicare Code Edits help to ensure accuracy by denoting codes that are used only with patients of a specific age or sex.

Rehabilitation Robotics and Healthcare Devices presents cutting-edge topics in rehabilitation robotics and healthcare devices, covering basic concepts and providing readers with enough information to solve various practical problems. The book proves to be an excellent source to study the different emerging paradigms in rehabilitation robotics and healthcare areas, including related technologies such as sensors, wearable devices, internet of medical things, big data, machine learning for eHealth, edible sensors, robots in medicine, and exoskeleton robots for rehabilitation.

Genome Analysis: Principles and Methods provides recent and advanced information about genome analysis approaches and techniques to study and annotate the structure and function of the genome. It is a compendium of important topics such as NGS analysis, genome fragmentation and assembly, metagenomics, cloning and expression, physical marker analysis, transcriptome data analysis, sequence alignment and comparison, evolutionary analysis, SNP analysis, genome-based disease diagnosis and therapies, micro-RNAs, pharmacogenomics, genetic approaches to disease intervention, and challenges with opportunities in genome analysis and genomics, etc.The latest developments in the field are discussed, and key concepts are introduced to ensure readers understand advanced concepts and methodologies in the area. The book serves as a valuable guide to the present, emerging, and evolving research methodologies in the field.

In the continuous pursuit of optimizing performance, development of advanced materials with highly specific properties has consistently been a critical component of aerospace engineering’s research. Aerospace Materials: Novel Technologies and Practical Applications puts strong emphasis on updating existing knowledge of a wide range of functional and structural materials and contextualizing it for industrial practice.The volume not only comprehensively covers different classes of materials, while providing an overview of each material’s mechanical and physical properties, as well as processing and testing, but also offers state-of-the-art guidance on their commercial use in the sector. Furthermore, it looks ahead to clarify what’s still needed to adapt traditional and novel materials to ever-changing aerospace technologies and related pressing sustainability challenges.The breadth of technical expertise that this international group of researchers provides proves to be an invaluable asset for users in academia and established professionals alike.

Gait, Balance, and Mobility Analysis: Theoretical, Technical, and Clinical Applications provides a comprehensive overview of gait and movement analysis techniques, from traditional motion capture to modern wearable technologies. The book contains both a technical element that focuses on biomechanics and engineering concepts for gait analysis and the application of gait analysis with clinical populations. Beginning with a comprehensive background on the underlying neural control of gait and mobility in humans and physiological control of balance, the book then covers analysis methods and techniques for laboratory, clinic or remote patient assessment. It then examines how gait, mobility and balance are impacted by musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardio-respiratory conditions. Lastly, it discusses future directions and provides recommendations for future studies. Combining the expertise of engineers and clinicians, this book takes a multidisciplinary approach to show how and why gait, balance and mobility can be used to tackle important clinical questions for various conditions.

Pharmacology in Drug Discovery and Development: Understanding Drug Response, Third Edition is an introductory resource that illustrates how pharmacology can be used to furnish the tools necessary to analyze different drug behavior and trace this behavior to its root cause or molecular mechanism of action. Chapters logically build upon one another to show how to characterize the pharmacology of any given molecule and allow for more informed predictions of drug effects in all biological systems. New chapters are dedicated to the interdisciplinary drug discovery environment in both industry and academia, and special techniques involved in new drug screening and lead optimization.The updates to the Third Edition include a new section converting "descriptive" data into "predictive" data through comparison to mathematical models, expansion on enzymes, drug metabolites and drug-drug interactions, and two new chapters. The newly developed companion website hosts further educational resources to complement the book. As in previous editions, this new edition includes numerous valuable chapter summaries, detailed references, practical examples, and case studies throughout.

Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence for Renewable Energy Systems offers a practical, systemic guide to the use of computer vision as an innovative tool to support renewable energy integration.This book equips readers with a variety of essential tools and applications: Part I outlines the fundamentals of computer vision and its unique benefits in renewable energy system models compared to traditional machine intelligence: minimal computing power needs, speed, and accuracy even with partial data. Part II breaks down specific techniques, including those for predictive modeling, performance prediction, market models, and mitigation measures. Part III offers case studies and applications to a wide range of renewable energy sources, and finally the future possibilities of the technology are considered. The very first book in Elsevier’s cutting-edge new series Advances in Intelligent Energy Systems, Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence for Renewable Energy Systems provides engineers and renewable energy researchers with a holistic, clear introduction to this promising strategy for control and reliability in renewable energy grids.

Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry reviews the year’s most important findings and updates within the field in order to provide ophthalmologists and optometrists with the current clinical information they need to improve patient outcomes. A distinguished editorial board, led by Dr. Myron Yanoff, identifies key areas of major progress and controversy and invites preeminent specialists to contribute original articles devoted to these topics. These insightful overviews in ophthalmology and optometry inform and enhance clinical practice by bringing concepts to a clinical level and exploring their everyday impact on patient care.Contains 30 articles on such topics as visual snow syndrome; current management of nystagmus; same-day bilateral cataract surgery; management of dislocated IOLs; distinguishing papilledema from pseudopapilledema; multidisciplinary orbital tumors; periocular aesthetics; and more.Provides in-depth, clinical reviews in ophthalmology and optometry, providing actionable insights for clinical practice.Presents the latest information in the field under the leadership of an experienced editorial team. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create these timely topic-based reviews.

Advancements in Nanotechnology for Food and Packaging explores current trends, advances and associated challenges of the applications of nanotechnology in the food sectors, such as the fabrication and characterization of functional food, developments and shelf-life extension. This book is organized into 16 chapters that cover the main concepts related to the use of nanotechnology in food processing, packaging and monitoring. Coverage includes food functionalization, quality management and control, food sensory, membrane filtration technology, nanotechnology-based sensors, sustainable packaging, regulatory aspects, and much more. This book an essential resource for materials and food scientists, technologists, researchers, academics and professionals working in nanotechnology and food science.

PEM Water Electrolysis: Fundamentals and Practice is a comprehensive reference on the design and operation of PEM water electrolyzers. Combining hydrogen production with engineering thermophysics, the book provides a unique resource for understanding the hydrogen production process, from fundamental concepts to practical implementation. Divided into four parts, the book covers the current state of hydrogen and the fundamentals of PEM water electrolysis and the various components and materials used in PEM electrolysis, including electrocatalysts, proton exchange membranes, membrane electrode assembly, porous transport layer, flow field, and corrosion, and more. Other sections explain the key processes involved in PEM electrolysis, such as two-phase flow, heat and mass transfer and delve into systems research, covering grid fluctuations, control systems, assembly, diagnosis, and commercialization. In addition, the book provides comprehensive information on the modeling of PEM electrolyzers, including heat and mass transfer and system analysis. Finally, the book contains informative videos of industrial facilities, laboratory setups, and preparation procedures.

Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Disease Biomarkers comprehensively presents the principles of designing aptamer-based biosensors for disease detection using biomarkers. The book considers the latest research and discusses the application of aptasensors design against different diseases. In addition, sections explore innovative types of electrochemical diagnostic techniques used based on various advanced elements and assemblies such as nanomaterials and signal transducers. This is an effective, practical guide for researchers to use as a reference for the development of their own laboratory research.

Renewable Energy for Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Challenges, Approaches, and Solutions for Grid Integration provides a holistic guide to the critical technical challenges of integrating renewable energy for grid-connected electric vehicles. Considering the impact of renewable energy integration from a wide range of perspectives, this book leverages its global range and expertise to cover problems from power stability to market strategies, fast charging, and cybersecurity. Practical solutions are provided, incorporating the latest advances in technologies across meters, sensors, batteries, storage, demand response, artificial intelligence, and power system design. Supporting broad understanding and practical solution development, the book enables researchers, students, and industry professionals to take the next steps towards renewably sourced, grid-integrated electric vehicles.

Tumour-Targeting with Stimuli Responsive Vesicular Nanocarriers: Basics to Emerging Applications not only acquaints scientists and science interns with the fundamental knowledge of the experimental aspects and state-of-the-art technology for vesicular carriers to equip their rational application in tumor targeting, but also provides a holistic understanding of regulatory concerns, patents, and clinical trials. In 15 chapters. this book provides basics and advances in stimuli-responsive vesicular carriers for tumor targeting based on findings outlined in highly organized tables, illustrative figures, and flow charts.With a focus on the extrapolation of bioengineering tools in the domain of vesicular carriers, stimuli-responsive features concerning tumors, drug delivery approaches, and associated challenges, it helps readers to define the major gaps in knowledge that can lead to significant scientific discoveries in therapy, diagnosis, and theragnosis of cancer.

Algal Biorefinery: A Sustainable Solution for Environmental Applications focuses on algae's possibilities, assets, and functions as a renewable and sustainable resource that can act as an excellent alternative to withstand adverse environmental conditions to generate useful products. Thus, apart from helping reduce environmental pollution and the carbon footprint, algae can help mitigate factors causing rapid climate change via concurrent bioremediation, resource recovery, and environmental sustainability.This comprehensive book will examine dedicated state-of-the-art information on the topic of how algae can act as a cushion against climate change. It will also explain how algal-based biorefineries can act as a potential solution to climate change, lack of natural resources, and environmental pollution

Accelerating Digital Transformation with the Cloud and the Internet of Things (IoT) is a reference for IT engineers and decision-makers who may engage in IoT platform pilot projects. The resources covered in this book help establish plans for sustainable operations and management and assist with the long-term procurement of relevant IoT technologies. The aim of the book is to be exhaustive and holistic by pointing out numerous issues and related solution options that guide with daily challenges when deploying and running IoT platforms.The book is divided into three parts where each part includes relevant theoretical chapters and applied case studies. Part One focuses on architectural and federation options for the design and implementation of IoT platforms that foster strategic collaboration opportunities. Part Two addresses vertical security challenges across IoT platform layers. Finally, Part Three shows how IoT is driving the digital transformation wheel through existing and forthcoming case studies.

Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Concept, Methods, and Challenges provides a concise guide to the modeling of PEM fuel cells. The book offers detailed methodologies, codes, and algorithms on every aspect of PEM fuel cells, from cold start to degradation. Chapters cover the development, basic principles, and components of PEM fuel cells, discuss the transport phenomena and mathematical formulation of macro-scale PEM fuel cell models, single cell and stack-level models, and model validation, and explain multi-phase transport modeling in PEM fuel cells, including different multiphase models like flow in gas flow channels, porous electrodes, and multi-phase model validation.The book also addresses multiphase mixture formulation, finite-volume, direct numerical simulation, Lattice Boltzmann, and pore network models, along with a section on modeling the cold start process of PEM fuel cells, including the non-isothermal transient cold start model, reduced-dimensional transient model, and the impact of different parameters on the cold start performance. Final sections cover the degradation and lifetime modeling of PEM fuel cells, including stress-induced degradation mechanisms, physics-based and data-driven modeling methods, and coupled performance-degradation models. Finally, recent progress on multi-scale and multi-dimensional modeling of PEM fuel cells, including micro and nano-scale modeling and multi-scale coupled models, is covered.