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Thoracic surgery has evolved substantially in recent years, with tremendous advancements in minimally invasive surgical procedures, novel techniques for sublobar resection,  perioperative management, and more. Thoracic Surgery Atlas, 2nd Edition, written by Dr. Mark K. Ferguson, brings you fully up to date with all aspects of this fast-changing field. Comprehensive and highly illustrated, this general thoracic surgery text covers procedures involving all chest organs (lungs, esophagus, trachea, mediastinum, chest wall, and diaphragm), offering authoritative guidance on virtually any thoracic operation you're likely to perform-from cancer surgery to management of a variety of benign conditions, including esophageal disorders, empyema, tracheal stricture, and much more. Includes authoritative, experience-based observations to help guide you through details of complex procedures, avoid common problems, and manage complications when they occur. Features numerous high-quality, original color and tone drawings that depict the relevant anatomy and steps associated with each procedure. Expands coverage to include new areas of thoracic surgery, new and updated illustrations, and new content and references throughout. Provides new information on ERAS protocol summaries for perioperative care, consensus guidelines for essential steps in minimally invasive lung resection, new surgical approaches to mediastinal abnormalities, increased focus on VATS and robotic operations including uniportal surgery, new methods of treating thoracic outlet syndrome, new approaches to managing malignant ventricular arrhythmias through sympathectomy, more advanced techniques for pleurectomy for mesothelioma, and descriptions of a variety of newer muscle flaps for reconstruction. An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

Visualizing More Quaternions is a sequel to Dr. Andrew J. Hanson’s first book, Visualizing Quaternions, which appeared in 2006. This new volume develops and extends concepts that have attracted the author’s attention in the intervening 18 years, providing new insights into existing scholarship, and detailing results from Dr. Hanson’s own published and unpublished investigations relating to quaternion applications. Among the topics covered are the introduction of new approaches to depicting quaternions and their properties, applications of quaternion methods to cloud matching, including both orthographic and perspective projection problems, and orientation feature analysis for proteomics and bioinformatics. The quaternion adjugate variables are introduced to embody the nontrivial quaternion topology on the three-sphere and incorporate it into machine learning tasks. Other subjects include quaternion applications to a wide variety of problems in physics, including quantum computing, complexified quaternions in special relativity, and a detailed study of the Kleinian "ADE"discrete groups of the ordinary two-sphere. Quaternion geometry is also incorporated into the isometric embedding of the Eguchi-Hanson gravitational instanton corresponding to the k = 1 Kleinian cyclic group. Visualizing More Quaternions endeavors to explore novel ways of thinking about challenging problems that are relevant to a broad audience involved in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.

For more than 50 years, Dubois’ Lupus Erythematosus and Related Syndromes has been recognized internationally as the go-to clinical reference on lupus and other connective tissue diseases. From basic scientific principles to practical points of clinical management, the 10th edition provides extensive, authoritative coverage of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its related diseases in a logical, clearly written, user-friendly manner. It’s an ideal resource for rheumatologists and internal medicine practitioners who need a comprehensive clinical reference on all aspects of SLE, connective tissue diseases, and the antiphospholipid syndromes.Provides complete clinical coverage of every aspect of cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus, including definitions, pathogenesis, autoantibodies, clinical and laboratory features, management, prognosis, and patient education.Includes significant new content throughout: a new chapter on the endocrine system and hormones; newly distinct chapters on the heart and lung; new content on social disparities in lupus, clinical presentation of nephritis, and pulmonary hypertension; a new concluding chapter on future directions in the field; new basic science coverage of the microbiome, autoinflammatory, and monogenic lupus; and new coverage of diversity, inclusion, gender, compliance, and adherence.Offers a fresh perspective from two new associate editors and many new authors with representation from 30 countries.Contains an up-to-date overview of significant advances in cellular, molecular, and genetic technologies, including genetic advancements in identifying at-risk patients.Discusses the clinical management of related disorders such as Sjogren’s syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).Presents the knowledge and expertise of international contributors to provide new global perspectives on manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.Features a vibrant, full-color format, with graphs, algorithms, differential diagnosis comparisons, new and improved figures, and schematic diagrams throughout.An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud. Additional digital ancillary content may publish up to 6 weeks following the publication date.

Covering everything from preoperative evaluation to neonatal emergencies to the PACU, Coté, Lerman and Anderson’s A Practice of Anesthesia in Infants and Children, 7th Edition, features state-of-the-art advice on the safe, effective administration of general and regional anesthesia and sedation strategies for young patients. This text reviews underlying scientific information, addresses preoperative assessment and anesthesia management in detail, and provides guidelines for postoperative care, emergencies, and special procedures. Comprehensive in scope and thoroughly up to date, this edition delivers unsurpassed coverage of every key aspect of pediatric anesthesia.Presents must-know information on standards, techniques, and the latest advances in pediatric anesthesia from global experts in the field.Contains thoroughly updated content throughout, with new contributors to lend a fresh perspective, updated figures and tables, and the latest information on perioperative fluid management, pharmacology, interventional devices, resuscitation, and more.Covers key topics such as anesthetizing children with cancer, neonatal and pediatric emergencies, the obese child and bariatric surgery, interventional devices for children with congenital heart defects, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, simulation in pediatric anesthesia, patient safety and quality assurance, and more.Features an extensive video library of pediatric anesthesia procedures, particularly difficult airway management strategies, new positioning devices, cardiac assist devices in action, management of burn injuries, how to perform ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia blocks and techniques, and much more.Essentials chapters provide focused input from expert subspecialty pediatricians who share the latest information concerning hematology, pulmonology, oncology, hepatology, nephrology, and neurology.Includes a laminated pocket reference guide with essential, practical information, and key references at the end of each chapter that provide a quick summary for review.An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud. Additional digital ancillary content may publish up to 6 weeks following the publication date.

Marine Bivalve Mollusks and Emerging Pollutants: Toxicological Impacts provides the most updated and comprehensive knowledge of the toxicological impacts of a variety of emerging pollutants on marine bivalve mollusk species. In addition to synthesizing recent toxicological findings, the book also discusses toxification mechanisms, current challenges, and future research prospects. Written by international experts, this book assesses new advances in the toxicological impacts of pollutants, including microplastics, bromide flame retardants, nanomaterials, pharmaceutical residues, personal care products, pesticides, and perfluorinated compounds. In addition, it details how these can affect reproduction, embryonic development, metabolism, and immune systems of marine bivalves. Behavioral responses and neuroendocrine regulation is also discussed. Toxification mechanisms are interpreted at both physiological and molecular levels. The book concludes with current research and environmental challenges and potentials for further, future study techniques.

In Neuroscience Without Representations, an Open Access book, Oscar Vilarroya addresses the notion of "representation" as used in expressions like "neural representation" or "mental representation". This concept is fundamental in neuroscience, yet there remains no clear, universally accepted view on what it means for a nervous system to represent something, what constitutes a neural activity as a representation, and what is being re-presented. The book lays the foundation for a non-representational view of brain function. Building upon György Buzsáki’s critique of the theoretical framework underlying current cognitive neuroscience, Vilarroya argues that disciplines such as embodied and embedded cognition-collectively known as ‘4E cognition’-are driving a paradigm shift in our understanding of animal cognition. Rather than grounding cognition solely in representations, the author proposes an alternative: understanding cognition as enaction-the meaningful engagement of an organism to address situational requirements. The book supports this approach through detailed analyses of recent studies.

Microbial Genomics: Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Industrial Applications focuses on the various applications of microbial genomics in clinical, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields. The book consists of four parts devoted to bacterial, viral, and fungal genomics, as well as their applications in clinical, pharmaceutical, and industrial fields. Chapters are written by experts in their respective disciplines and are tightly organized with an introduction to detailed descriptions, available software implementation, applications, advanced topics, summaries, analytic questions, exercises, and suggested readings. Throughout this book, the latest genomics and biotechnological developments and discoveries as well as open problems and future challenges on microbial genomics are highlighted. Readers will be introduced to state-of-the-art developments and trends of microbial genomics, its clinical, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.

TRP Channels as Therapeutic Targets: From Basic Science to Clinical Use, Second Edition is a comprehensive reference on the roles of TRP Channels in health and disease states. Chapters are completely updated, withe new topics on TRP channels biology, the crystalline structure of TRP channels, targeting TRP channels for pain relief, the relationship with migraine, emerging pain targets, a comprehensive view of the role of TRP channels in respiratory diseases and COVID complications, anxiety relief, renal disease, arthritis, and therapeutic opportunities for thermal regulation. This is a great reference for broad segments of the scientific and medical community. Researchers working on TRP channel drug discovery will benefit from the overview of applications to conditions in specific organ systems. Clinicians interested in new drugs in the pipeline will also find this book helpful for biologic principles of action.

Magnetoelectric Composites: Materials, Structures, and Applications, Second Edition summarizes the theory behind magnetoelectric phenomena and then introduces magnetoelectric materials and structures and the techniques used to fabricate and characterize them. Part two of the book looks at magnetoelectric devices: applications covered include magnetoelectric sensors, magnetoelectric antennas, transducers for energy harvesting, microwave and millimetre wave devices, and miniature magnetoelectric systems for biomedical applications. The final chapter discusses progress toward magnetoelectric memory. This new edition starts with the phenomena and theory of magnetoelectric materials in bulk laminates, thin-film heterostructures, and nanocomposites. On the magnetoelectric devices side, the contents have been significantly expanded to include energy harvesting, sensing, and magnetoelectric antennas. This book is suitable for materials scientists and engineers working on magnetoelectrics in academia and R&D.

How to Treat Low Back Pain: A Guide for Treating Causes of Low Back Pain for Physicians and APPs focuses on current technology and cutting-edge treatment options, all validated by data. Each chapter presents a thorough review of patient selection, procedure technique, and potential adverse complications for each recommended treatment. Written by experts in the field for practitioners and clinicians treating low back pain, and with anatomic artwork and illustrations throughout, the book covers all aspects of lower back pain, the leading cause of disability in developed countries, with the number of people affected worldwide increasing annually. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in health care costs to treat low back pain, and most of these treatments simply provide symptomatic relief with few strategies that actually contribute to correcting the underlying cause.

Machine Learning Applications in Industrial Solid Ash begins with fundamentals in solid ash, covering the status of solid ash generation and management. The book moves on to foundational knowledge on ML in solid ash management, which provides a brief introduction of ML for solid ash applications. The reference then goes on to discuss ML approaches currently used to address problems in solid ash management and recycling, including solid ash generation, clustering analysis, origin identification, reactivity prediction, leaching potential modelling and metal recovery evaluation, etc. Finally, potential future trends and challenges in the field are discussed. Offering the ability to process large or complex datasets, machine learning (ML) holds huge potential to reshape the whole status for solid ash management and recycling. This book is the first published book about ML in solid ash management and recycling. It highlights fundamental knowledge and recent advances in this topic, offering readers new insight into how these tools can be utilized to enhance their own work.

Metabolomics for Personalized Vaccinology provides insight into the importance of personalized vaccines in the clinical and research environments. It explores the development of personalized vaccines, which requires in-depth knowledge of the patient's health status, particularly the immune system, and on metabolomics, the closest indicator of the disease phenotype. Specifically, the book provides an understanding of how metabolomics might be employed in personalized vaccinology and how the metabolic pathway of the host's system is altered by vaccine administration. Over the past few years, researchers have published articles on personalized vaccines, but these are sparse. Therefore, compiling information on this topic gives the reader an overview of the progress of the field, despite being at its infancy. Metabolomics for Personalized Vaccinology is ideally suited for researchers and postgraduate students who are interested in clinical and nonclinical studies where metabolites are used for the identification of disease and therapeutic targets.

Functionalized Nanomaterials for Cancer Research: Applications in Treatments, Tools and Devices presents an in-depth and step-by-step description of knowledge on functionalized nanomaterials for cancer research, including treatment and future developments as well as their impact on patients’ overall outcomes. The book discusses functionalized nanoplatforms for cancer detection and imaging, interactions between nanomaterials and cancer cells, and drug resistant malignancies. The book's chapters are organized in a manner that can be readily adopted as sources for new and further studies by highlighting the main in vitro and in vivo nano-therapeutic achievements on cancer. Additionally, current trends on functionalized nanomaterials for cancer research and commercial scale opportunities are discussed. This is a valuable resource for researchers, oncologists, students, and members of the biomedical and medical fields who want to learn more about the potential of nanotechnology in cancer research and treatment.

Metaverse Technologies in Healthcare focuses on data analysis, utilizing the possibilities of data to increase the effectiveness of healthcare organizations. As healthcare services aim to maintain the physical, mental, social and emotional well-being of human lives while the Metaverse is a blend of technological trends- Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), collectively, they can deliver treatments and medicines, lower costs, and substantially enhance patient outcomes. The book redefines the digital health experience and describes the advantages of the Metaverse-based NFT technology in the healthcare sector, facilitating NFT avatars to interact with targeted audiences, and more.

Recent Progress in Medical Miniature Robots: From Bench to Bedside serves as a specialized and dedicated reference on miniature robots and their related biomedical applications. This book presents the latest achievements in the research of miniature robotics and introduces a variety of miniature robots on the milli-/micro-/nano-scale, with tethered/untethered and individual/swarm designs, describing the various types and analyzing the underlying principles per class. Recent Progress in Medical Miniature Robots: From Bench to Bedside is suitable for clinicians, academicians, healthcare professionals, researchers, students, engineers, and scientists working in the field of medical miniature robots and related biomedical applications.

Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems in Infectious Disease Treatment explores a broad range of promising approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases using the latest advancements in nanomedical technologies. The book opens with an introduction about infectious diseases and global burdens. There is also specific discussion and assessment of the global impact of viruses with an emphasis on COVID-19, Zika, and Ebola. Subsequent chapters provide detailed information about various novel nanotherapeutic strategies used for delivering drugs for the treatment of various types of viral, bacterial, and fungal disorders. This will be a valuable resource for graduates, researchers, industry professionals, and anyone working to tackle the challenges of delivering drugs in a more targeted and efficient manner for the treatment of infectious diseases.

"This expert volume in the Diagnostic Pathology series is an excellent point-of-care resource for practitioners at all levels of experience and training. Covering all aspects of infectious diseases, including novel infections and lesser-known microorganisms, this volume incorporates the most recent scientific and technical knowledge in the field to provide a comprehensive overview of all key issues relevant to today's practice. Richly illustrated and easy to use, the third edition of Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases is a visually stunning, one-stop resource for every practicing pathologist, resident, student, or fellow as an ideal day-to-day reference or as a reliable training resource"--

Inherited White Matter Disorders and Their Mimics, Volume 204 discusses where imaging abnormalities and pathology lie predominantly in the CNS white matter. Many acquired causes, such as multiple sclerosis, are readily diagnosed and familiar to the majority of neurologists. However, less common acquired causes and genetic disorders (the leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies) often present a diagnostic challenge. The evaluation of patients with White matter disorders (WMDs) has evolved enormously in recent decades, due to advances in genetics, radiology, and the development of treatments for specific disorders. This book brings together WMD research, spanning basic science, molecular genetics, and clinical and radiological phenotyping. This volume presents both common WMDs and rare disorders according to their presentations or pathophysiology. Chapters lay out the clinical and radiological presentation of the disorder, followed by genetics and diagnostics, and finally discussion of pathophysiology and treatment. Chapter contain imaging, clinical pearls to diagnosis, and reference tables for genotype-phenotype correlation. For diagnostic work-up, easy to read algorithms are presented as well as clear guidance on indications for treatment, where applicable.

Piezoelectric Materials, Composites, and Devices: Fundamentals, Mechanics, and Applications offers practical guidance on piezoelectric materials and composites, as well as their applications on various devices. It starts with a clear overview of piezoelectric fundamentals, key parameters, and standard characterization techniques. The book also details the structure and properties of various piezoelectric materials, including single crystals, ceramics, polymers, 2-dimensional materials, and their composites. It combines numerical simulations with precise measurements for accurate characterization of these materials. The book simplifies complex concepts by presenting basic equations and models, aiding in the understanding of stress and electric fields within piezoelectric devices. The reliability and durability (fracture and fatigue) of piezoelectric materials and composites are also explained, and the final sections of the book explore the applications of piezoelectric materials on sensors, energy harvesters, and actuators, highlighting the capabilities of advanced piezoelectric materials.

Neurological Channelopathies, Volume 203 begins with an introductory overview highlighting common mechanistic themes that cut across different CNS and PNS presentations, but that also have potential for common treatment approaches, considering classification, genetics, and fundamental physiology of ion channels. Subsequent chapters present a detailed consideration of all genetic and immunological channelopathies. Each chapter considers Pathophysiological underpinnings - genetic or immunological; Clinical presentations; Diagnostic approach; and Treatment and management.In the last 15 years, a combination of detailed clinical, genetic, molecular electrophysiological, and immunological research has combined to result in a deep understanding of a subgroup of neurological diseases spanning the central and peripheral nervous system and which have become known collectively as the Neurological Channelopathies. Although it was originally considered that significant ion channel dysfunction would not be compatible with life, we now know this is often not the case, although severe disease can often be the result. Given these major advances, it is now the right time to combine this knowledge into a single HCN volume dedicated to the topics at hand.

Cell and Gene Therapies for Neurologic Diseases, Volume 205 comprehensively covers the scientific background, translational efforts, clinical developments and registered biologics that have entered into clinical practice. Coverage includes types of therapies available and in development, and best practice uses for a variety of neurological disorders including Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, ALS, stroke, spinal cord RP, demyelination, and epilepsy. As the emergence of gene and cellular therapeutics has changed the clinical landscape for a variety of disorders, and is now ready to do so for neurological diseases, these therapeutic modalities currently complement, and may in time, supplant small molecule drugs.

Computational Modeling Applications for Climate Crisis provides readers with innovative research on the applications of computational modeling to moderate climate change. The book begins with an overview and history of climate change, followed by several chapters covering the concepts of computational modeling and simulation, including parameters of climate change, modeling the effects of human activities, visualization tools, and data fusion for advanced modeling applications. It then proceeds to cover decision support systems, modeling of technological solutions for climate change, modeling of greenhouse gas emissions, tracking of climate factors, and modeling of earth resources. In the final chapters of the book, the authors cover nation-based outcomes, big data, and optimization solutions with real-world data and case studies. Climate change is one of the most pressing existential issues for humans and the planet, and this book covers leading-edge applications of computational modeling to the vast array of interdisciplinary factors and challenges posed by climate change. As life itself is a mixture of occurrences that can be mathematically modelled, it is important to work with specific parameters, which are critical for monitoring and controlling the dynamics of the earth, natural resources, technological factors, and human activities.

Treatment and Utilization of Combustion and Incineration Residues introduces state-of-art strategies for combustion and incineration solid residue management and utilization. The book also reviews current technologies for pollutant removal and control of combustion and incineration residues. Recycling ashes and slags in sustainable construction materials are also evaluated on environmental impacts and engineering values, and the use of different ashes and slags in cement clinker production is classified based on the sources and properties of the residues. In addition, the recovery of valuable metals and inorganic elements is also discussed. Finally, the book examines the latest understanding of reaction mechanisms of various treatment technologies, the future design of treatment technologies, and the actualization of sustainable management for combustion/incineration residues.

Interfacial Science for Geosystems Engineers provides geoscientists the connections between the nano-scale physico-chemical interactions between fluids and minerals and the core/field-scale observations to manage energy extraction, water resources and subsurface storage, timely topics central to the energy transition. Packed with latest research and recent developments, chapter learning objectives, and illustrative diagrams, tables and charts throughout, this specialized volume will help geosystems engineers tackle the above challenges, by systematically going through the basics of surface and interfacial tension, capillarity, surfactants, surface free energy, adsorption, electrokinetics, colloidal stability, equilibrium and stability of thin liquid films, wettability, microemulsions, emulsions and foams, and polymers for subsurface applications. Useful as a teaching, training or reference text, Interfacial Science for Geosystems Engineers prepares today's subsurface scientists and engineers to tackle two pressing problems in the energy transition, by introducing recent developments on how to remove CO2 from our environment and how to wean ourselves off fossil energy while meeting growing energy demands.

Nanosensors in Healthcare Diagnostics examines the role of nanosensors in clinical microbiology, point-of-care sensing, clinical diagnostics, and therapy.This book addresses the concept of nanosensors and their utilization in healthcare diagnostics, and therapy. It covers the principles and mechanisms involved in nanosensor-based diagnostics platforms. It also discusses various approaches and techniques used in the preparation of nanosensors as well as the biomedical application of nanosensors in clinical diagnostics and their significance in the detection, treatment, and management of diseases. This book is a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and industry professionals studying nanosensors in biological and medical sciences.

Pigmented Grains: Nutritional Properties, Bioactive Potential, and Food Application highlights the potential of pigmented grains crops in the human diet and their health benefits due to presences of the rich source of phytochemicals and pigments. Divided into 13 chapters, the book covers the breeding approaches and techniques for producing pigmented grains, the functionality and nutritional properties of wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats and rye, sorghum, millets, and pseudo cereals such as amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat. Others chapters cover the processing of pigmented grains and the effect on their functionality, utilization of pigmented grains and their by-products This is a comprehensive reference written for teachers, scientists, researchers, students, and all others who have interest in pigmented grains their potential nutritional value, utilization in food processing, value addition, and in combating malnutrition and nutritional security.

Developments in Food Quality and Safety Series is the most up-to-date resource covering trend topics such as Advances in the analysis of toxic compounds and control of food poisoning; Food fraud, traceability and authenticity; Revalorization of agrifood industry; Natural antimicrobial compounds and application to improve the preservation of food; Non-thermal processing technologies in the food industry; Nanotechnology in food production; and Intelligent packaging and sensors for food applications. Volume 4, Food Industry 4.0: Emerging Trends and Technologies in Food Production and Consumption covers several technologies (e.g., robotics, smart sensors, artificial intelligence, and big data) at different development and research levels in order to provide holistic multidisciplinary approaches that embrace simultaneously as many Industry 4.0 technologies as possible, reflecting the long journey of food from farm (or sea) to fork. Chapters explore automation, digitalization, and green technologies, besides food quality, food safety food traceability, processing and preservation 4.0. Topics such as smart sensors, artificial intelligence and big data revolution, additive manufacturing, and emerging food trends are also explored. The series is edited by Dr. José Manuel Lorenzo and authored by a team of global experts in the fields of Food Quality and Safety, providing comprehensive knowledge to food industry personals and scientists.

Biochar Production for Green Economy: Agricultural and Environmental Perspectives addresses the advancements and developments for the efficient diversification of biochar toward achieving improved agricultural and environmental benefits.  This comprehensive and cohesive volume is the first to address the potential multi-and transdisciplinary opportunities of effective biochar production and use. Including the potential applicability of not only crop waste biochar but weeds, agroforestry, agroindustry, municipal waste, as well chapters explore surface modified, enriched or tailored biochar for soil amendment, GHGs mitigation, bioremediation of organic, inorganic, metals and other emerging pollutants, as well as soil remediation. It also covers the trending multidisciplinary approaches of nanotechnology, surface chemistry and thermal decomposition advancements being adopted for capacity enhancement and versatile applicability in the field of agriculture, environment science and green energy synthesis. Composition and characteristics of tailored biochar, their interactions, and transformation into the soil and water ecosystem are illustrated. This book is a valuable resource for those pursuing biochar related areas as well as those seeking environmentally sustainable solutions to crop, soil or water issues.

Artificial Intelligence in Urologic Malignancies describes current artificial intelligence technology, with an emphasis on prostate cancer applications. The book provides guidance on how artificial intelligence can improve therapeutics, how the power of artificial intelligence integrated with current standard therapy and research can enhance decision-making, and proposes future directions on how to integrate artificial intelligence within clinical applications. This is the perfect reference for scientists and researchers interested in the basic translational research opportunities such as drug discovery, pharmacogenetics, and experimental therapeutics, as well as clinicians interested in how AI applications are integrated with applications.