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Nongenetic Information and Evolution investigates the origin and nature of nongenetic information and its role in the mechanisms of evolutionary change. This book opens with an introduction to the theoretical background and forms of nongenetic information, alongside its relationship with genetic information. It then explores nongenetic information across the biological kingdoms, including animals, nonneural organisms, plants, and unicellulars. It also covers epigenetics as a form of nongenetic information, exploring DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and miRNA expression in this context. This book closes with a discussion of nongenetic information in evolution, considering evidence demonstrating its inheritance and hereditary impact. This book provides a detailed overview of the origin and evolutionary impact of nongenetic inheritance, delivering a basis for further understanding the occurrence of hereditary phenomena and transgenerational phenotypic changes that do not involve genes. This is a useful reference for researchers in the field of epigenetics, evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and cellular and molecular biology.

Brain and Organ Communication: Effects of Crosstalk on Neurophysiology examines the intricate relationship between the brain and other organ systems within the body. With an emphasis on homeostasis of these systems, this book also explores how various systems are related and affected by the brain injury or organ damage from a neurophysiological standpoint. This book will be most useful to researchers in neuroscience and graduate students studying neurophysiology. Those with an interest in endocrinology and clinicians in various branches of neuroscience and physiology will also find this book of interest.

Nanomechanics of Structures and Materials highlights and compares the advantages and disadvantages of diverse modeling and analysis techniques across a wide spectrum of different nanostructures and nanomaterials. It focuses on the behavior of media with nanostructural features where the classic continuum theory ceases to hold and augmented continuum theories such as nonlocal theory, gradient theory of elasticity, and the surface elasticity model should be adopted. These generalized frameworks, tailored to address the intricate characteristics inherent at the nanoscale level, are discussed in depth, and their application to a variety of different materials and structures, including graphene, shells, arches, nanobeams, carbon nanotubes, porous materials, and more, is covered.

mRNA Therapeutics: Foundations, Innovations and Clinical Applications aims to provide a comprehensive text that covers all aspects of mRNA therapeutics, from the foundational science that underpins this disruptive new drug class, through the scientific and technological breakthroughs crucial for therapeutic success, to the current clinical applications and the innovative advances driving future directions. The book begins with foundational knowledge covering mRNA biology, the immune system, and vaccines. The second section addresses the major challenges associated with mRNA as a therapeutic modality, and the molecular engineering innovations and delivery technologies that have allowed these hurdles to be largely overcome. The third section describes the current and future clinical applications of mRNA therapeutics that are transforming, or are poised to transform, medicine and health. This includes the use of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, as well as mRNA's role in revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy, covering immunostimulants, cancer vaccines including personalized neoantigen vaccines, and CAR T cell technologies. Additional chapters describe the use of mRNA therapeutics for protein replacement therapy and gene-editing, as well as newer mRNA constructs, including self-amplifying mRNA. The final section addresses the safety and regulatory considerations of mRNA therapeutics, along with broader cultural issues including vaccine hesitancy, global vaccine inequality, and pandemic preparedness. Currently, mRNA texts either provide personal accounts from key players involved in COVID-19 vaccine development, with limited scientific depth, or focus on highly specialized, more esoteric applications of mRNA in advanced molecular biology. This book aims to bridge this gap by providing a scientifically rigorous and wide-ranging exploration of mRNA's role in therapeutics. This pioneering textbook serves as a vital addition to the academic canon, providing an essential tool for the current and next generation of students, scientists, researchers and professionals in a wide variety of related disciplines including molecular biology, biomedical engineering, pharmaceutical science, oncology, and the health sciences.

The Charnolosome as a Novel Nanothereranostic Biomarker: Overcoming Future Challenges in Medicine provides an overview of the charnolosome and its potential as a biomarker of cell injury. Based on the author’s original discovery of the charnoly body in the developing, undernourished rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons, this book delves into the potential for utilizing this mitochondria and lysosomal-derived intracellular organelle as a nanotheranostic biomarker to prevent and cure various diseases. The book discusses the cellular, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms of charnolosomes and charnolosome-derived nano-vesicles. It also investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying auto-inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious diseases resulting from their compromised mitochondrial bioenergetics, and the potential use of the charnolosome in preventing and curing such conditions.

Nanostructured Lithium-ion Battery Materials: Synthesis and Applications provides a detailed overview of nanostructured materials for application in Li-ion batteries, supporting improvements in materials selection and battery performance. The book begins by presenting the fundamentals of Lithium-ion batteries, including electrochemistry and reaction mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of Li-ion batteries, and characterization methods. Subsequent sections provide in-depth coverage of a range of nanostructured materials as applied to cathodes, electrolytes, separators, and anodes. Finally, other key aspects are discussed, including industrial scale-up, safety, life cycle analysis, recycling, and future research trends. This is a valuable resource for researchers, faculty, and advanced students across nanotechnology, materials science, battery technology, energy storage, chemistry, applied physics, chemical engineering, and electrical engineering. In an industrial setting, this book will be of interest to scientists, engineers, and R&D professionals working with advanced materials for Li-ion batteries and other energy storage applications.

The Three Functional States of Proteins explores how structured proteins, intrinsically disordered proteins, and phase separated proteins contribute to the complexity of cellular life, and offers insights into their roles in both health and disease. It discusses the latest research findings and highlight groundbreaking discoveries and innovative methodologies used to study these protein states. Traditionally, the different states of proteins have been defined based on their structures and functions. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that these criteria alone may not be sufficient to capture the complex and multifaceted properties of these molecules. Definitions based on thermodynamics and kinetics are now recognized as potentially more appropriate for comprehensively understanding protein states. Emerging evidence indicates that under physiological conditions, a majority of proteins possess the capability to exist in and transition between the native, droplet, and amyloid states. These distinct states play crucial roles in various cellular functions, influenced significantly by their physicochemical and structural properties. The book also considers the interactions among these states and discusses how their internal organization as individual molecules, as well as their collective organization as molecular assemblies are stabilized. Furthermore, it examines the processes by which these states are formed and the cellular functions associated with each specific state.

COVID-19 and the Cardiovascular System: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Management comprehensively covers COVID-19’s impact on the cardiovascular system. Coverage includes the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, treatment options, and clinical outcomes of patients presenting with COVID-19 with cardiac involvement. In a concise but comprehensive manner, the book's content reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology of COVID-19, cardiovascular clinical manifestations, non-invasive and invasive diagnostic evaluation, therapeutic options, outcomes data, role of the COVID-19 vaccine, and long-term outcomes/management.This is the perfect reference for basic and clinical researchers in cardiovascular medicine as well as practicing clinical cardiologists who are dealing with COVID-19 patients with cardiac involvement.

Primer to Neuromorphic Computing highlights critical and ongoing research into the diverse applications of neuromorphic computing. It includes an overview of primary scientific concepts for the research topic of neuromorphic computing, such as neurons as computational units, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and neuromorphic models. It also discusses the fundamental design method and organization of neuromorphic architecture. Hardware for neuromorphic systems can be developed by exploiting the magnetic properties of different materials. These systems are more energy efficient and enable faster computation . Magnetic tunnel junctions and magnetic textures can be employed to act as neurons and synapses. Neuromorphic systems have general intelligence like humans as they can apply knowledge gained in one domain to other domains.

Polymers and Two-Dimensional Nanocomposites provides a detailed review of recent progress in this important research field. The chapters cover new developments in synthesis methods, fabrication techniques, sample preparation methods, surface modification, characterization, methods of enhancing the properties of these materials and industrial applications in energy, environmental, oil and gas, sensors, corrosion, biomedical and structural applications. The book provides a valuable reference resource for academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists and engineers working in the fields of polymer science and engineering, polymer composites and nanocomposites.

The Physics of Protein Structure and Dynamics looks at various aspects of protein structure and dynamics from a physico-chemical point of view. It goes into some depth regarding the description of non-covalent forces that determine the relative stability of folded and unfolded proteins. Anharmonic protein dynamics involving motions between different minima of a rugged Gibbs energy landscape is described in great detail. The book combines various aspects of the protein folding/unfolding processes with an overview of intrinsically disordered proteins, which have attracted considerable interest of the protein community over the last 25 years but are thus far underrepresented in classroom-oriented textbooks. The book looks at protein folding and intrinsically disordered proteins as heavily interrelated topics that need to be viewed together. Furthermore, it presents some basic physico-chemical aspects of protein/peptide self-assembly into nanoscale fibrils. Intrinsically disordered peptides and proteins play a major role particularly in aggregation and self-assembly processes that lead to various diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, Mad-Cow). Therefore, the relevance of protein disorder for protein self-assembly deserves a closer look. Protein self-assembly cannot be separated from protein folding since it is frequently the product of misfolding. With regard to modern theories, the folding processes are linked to insights on protein dynamics and the discovered relationship between proteins and spin glasses.

Theranostics Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery presents the most recent advances in the development of theranostic nanomaterials for drug delivery. This book compiles reports and studies on the latest changes and improvements of theranostic nanocarriers such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, exosomes, polymeric micelles, PLGA nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, dendrimer, quantum dots, silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and many more, all of which can help in the sensitive diagnosis, precise targeting, and efficient and controlled delivery of nanomaterials to control various diseases at different clinical stages. Theranostics nanomaterials in drug delivery will serve as a solid foundation and reference for pharmaceutical scientists, undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and experts in the medical field involved in the development of advanced drug delivery systems.

Plant Tuber and Root-based Biocomposites: Development, Characterization, and Applications discusses the latest advances in this important research field. The book details novel tuber and root-based materials individually and covers their manufacturing, characterization, and applications. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental properties of these materials to address challenges and opportunities for industrial commercialization in the future. Various applications in food, medicine, textiles, biofuel, pulp, and paper-making industries, as well as bioenergy, packaging, and automotive, are covered.

Advances in Sustainable Applications of Microalgae discusses different mechanisms used by microalgae to treat various gaseous streams, wastewaters, and pollution bioremediation. In addition, the advantages of the application of microalgal biomass in the agricultural and food/feed sectors are presented and bioenergy from microalgae with a view to sustainability is explored. The present covers the use of microalgal cultures in various applications, such as: the treatment of gaseous streams by removing various contaminants, wastewater treatment through the removal of several pollutants, biomass valorization for agriculture purposes, bioenergy from microalgae, and industrial integration of all these processes in a biorefinery concept. Finally, the book emphasizes the importance of gathering scientific knowledge to overcome drawbacks related to microalgal production and develops the concept of biorefinery based on microalgal biomass for a more sustainable future.

Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy starts where conventional books about infrared spectroscopy end. Whereas the latter are based on the Bouguer-Beer-Lambert law, the cornerstones of this book are wave optics and dispersion theory. This gap between both levels of theory is bridged to allow a seamless transition from one to the other. Based on these foundations, the reader is able to choose which level of theory is adequate for the particular problem at hand. Advanced topics like 2D correlation analysis, chemometrics and strong coupling are introduced and viewed from a wave optics perspective. Spectral mixing rules are also considered to better understand spectra of heterogeneous samples. Finally, optical anisotropy is examined to allow a better understanding of spectral features due to orientation and orientational averaging. This discussion is based on a 4 x 4 matrix formalism, which is used not only to simulate and analyze complex materials, but also to understand vibrational circular dichroism from a (semi-) classical point of view. Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy is written as a tool to reunite the fragmented field of infrared spectroscopy. It will appeal to chemists, physicists, and chemical/optical engineers.

Statistical Analysis for Civil Engineers: Mathematical Theory and Applied Experiment Design is a well-researched and topically organized reference book that guides its readers, both in academia and industry, to recognize how to describe unpredictable events in a quantitative way and to learn how these events can be incorporated into practical engineering analysis that facilitates data-driven problem solving and optimization-based decision-making.Written by experts in the field with a proven track record as educators and practicing consultancy specialists, this book has been developed in such a manner that it advances understanding of the mathematical theory underlying analytical methodology gradually. It also supports practical application through relevant worked examples in a variety of civil engineering branches, notably structural, materials, transportation, and geotechnical engineering. Through all stages of data analysis, numerical modeling and simulation, and implementation, the volume emphasizes the need to change the current perception with respect to the use of modern statistical techniques in the scientific as well as practical spheres of civil engineering.

Nonmetallic electroconductive textiles, unlike metals, offer flexibility, durability, moldability, and lightweight attributes. A brilliant quality of these textiles is the capability to alter conductivity through various external stimuli (e.g., strain, torsion, pH, humidity) to suit a specific application such as sensors, heating garments, EMI shielding, energy harvesting devices, and wearable electronics. Based on these concepts, Advances in Electrically Conductive Textiles: Materials, Characterization, and Applications has been structured into three main sections. Section I contains chapters discussing the various preparation methods of electroconductive textiles, Section II contains chapters on their characteristics and features, and Section III details the end-use applications and sustainability of these textiles.

Since the notorious terrorist attack of the World Trade Center in 2001, researchers and engineers have been forced to review the existing research works and standards in resisting the progressive collapse of structures. From then on, the design of structure against progressive collapse has tended toward quantitative design, rather than qualitative design. The collapse of the COVID-19 epidemic isolation hotel in Quanzhou, China, in 2020 and the vertical collapse of a 12-story apartment in Florida, United States, in 2021 have aroused an upsurge of the research on progressive collapse. More experimental and theoretical works have been focused on this area. This book addresses this issue and provides a valuable reference for the progressive collapse analysis and design of building structures.

Functional Foods: Principles and Technology, Second Edition covers the definition, history, and development trends of functional foods. Specifically, this updated edition discusses the chemistry of functional components and their physiological properties of functional foods, including antioxidants, dietary fiber, pre-, pro-, and paraprobiotics, symbiotics, and postbiotics, selected nutritional supplements, soy and soy foods, human milk biochemistry and infant formula, sports drinks chemistry, and formulation aspects. This book is sure to be of interest to food and nutrition researchers, pharmacologists, and those teaching and studying related fields.

Smart Biomimetic Coatings: Design, Properties and Biomedical Applications summarizes vital research in multifunctional (i.e., anti-corrosion, anti-fouling, and self-cleaning properties) surface coatings in various applications such as orthopedic and dental implants, tissue engineering, sensors and more. The book introduces biomimetic coatings, aiding understanding of highly complicated architectures in natural composites, along with discussions on the importance of proper mimicking to achieve composite materials with exceptional performance. The synthesis and unique properties of smart biomimetic coatings are detailed before a wide selection of biomedical applications is explored. This is an important reference of interest to researchers and R&D groups working in materials science, biomedical engineering, tissue engineering, and implant design.

Developments in Yarn Spinning Technologies explores the recent advancements in yarn spinning technologies, focusing on improving production and embracing sustainability. While ring spinning remains popular, newer developments in rotor spinning and natural fibre spinning systems are covered.This book also addresses challenges, including the circularity theory, providing concise insights into the evolving landscape of yarn spinning technologies. Ideal for professionals and researchers alike, this book offers valuable perspectives on the industry’s dynamic changes.

Recent Developments and Innovations in the Sustainable Production of Concrete covers the various aspects of sources, materials, and waste products in concrete production, innovation in materials-new technological developments, and the upgradation of existing concrete production systems. Importantly, it covers the so-called EEE aspects (Economy, Energy, and Environment), not touched by other books. The books also highlights the sustainability aspects of concrete production when recycled materials are added. Case studies are used to demonstrate the practical aspect of concrete production, including the machine learning approach.

Biorefinery: A Sustainable Waste Management Solution for the Developing World presents a comprehensive introduction to the new field of biorefinery as a sustainable waste management solution. With an emphasis on developing economies, the book explains how to develop sustainable methods for the collection, sorting, storage, and processing of waste streams for the production of fuels and platform chemicals. The first four chapters introduce the theoretical framework for the analysis of the various waste streams for bioenergy production, with an emphasis in developing countries. These introductory chapters are followed by a thorough examination of specific waste streams for bioenergy production, addressing every known waste feedstock in detail. Subsequent chapters explain biorefinery concepts for these waste feedstocks, addressing different biorefinery approaches, as well as considering important topics like pretreatment, microorganisms, and value-added products in dedicated chapters. Finally, the book discusses the policies, economics, and strategies for waste management and waste valorization.

Spinel Ferrite Materials: Fundamentals, Progress, and Applications provides a systematic and comprehensive review of the latest research in ferrite materials to assist students and researchers from the academy and industry. The book focuses on the synthesis methodology, the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties, and various applications of spinel ferrites. In addition, it investigates the structural, electrical, and magnetic characteristics of spinel ferrite nanoparticles, with a particular focus on synthesis techniques and subsequent applications in biomedicine, microwave absorption, nanoelectronics, wastewater treatment, sensing, and photocatalysis.

Polymer Gears discusses polymer gear design and their efficient mechanical properties, light weight, and low noise during operation. As plastic gears are replacing metallic gears in traditional and new applications, there is still lack of material characterization and complex relations between different geometric and operating parameters. Thus, polymer gear design remains an open challenge. This book serves as a comprehensive and professional guide on the topic, providing readers with current developments carried out in the field of plastic gears production, characterization, and applications. This will include material development, tribological properties, simulations, and processing methods.

Innovating Health Against Future Pandemics covers the key aspects which drive heterogeneity in an individual's response to COVID-19, including age, sex, genetic makeup, immune responses, comorbidities, and viral strains/loads. This book also reviews the case examples from other disciplines to highlight areas where precision medicine and AI could be applied for the improvement of pandemic management. This includes research, primary and secondary prevention, isolation/tracking, hospitalization and patient management, diagnosis, and treatments. Lastly, drawing on past experiences for each of the areas this book provides practical recommendations to manage future pandemics. COVID-19 offered an unprecedented occasion to test the impact of digitally enabled solutions within precision medicine for public health and for accelerating their deployment and adoption.

Nutritional and Health Aspects of Native West African Foods is part of an ongoing series that continues to build out Elsevier’s Nutritional and Health Aspects of Traditional and Ethnic Foods series. Written by a gender diverse team of experts, this book explores native and wild West African foods from Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria where 60% of West Africa live. Through valorization trials, the book analyzes nutritional components and the processing and safety of native plants and botanicals and shows how indigenous foods such as grains, fruits, tubers, fungi and cheese make a global impact on diet-related health claims and disease.From handling and processing methods to regulatory issues and sustainable farming, this book presents a framework to discover the influence of historical eating habits on today’s diets.

Char-based Composites: Production, Characterization, Limitations and Emerging Applications provides the reader with a wide spectrum of information on char and biochar-based composites. Emphasis is placed on their production, characterization, applications, and limitations towards commercialization. The book's chapters concentrate on char/biochar as nanofillers in composite materials which are currently used in various advanced technologies including nanotechnology, environmental sectors (gas cleaning and wastewater treatments), energy storage, and solid fuel and catalysts.This book will be a valuable reference resource for academic and industrial researchers, as well as biotechnologists working in the development of advanced char and biochar-based composite materials.

Recent Developments of Geopolymer Materials: Processing and Characterisations focuses on the development, processing, and characterization of sustainable and eco-friendly materials, highlighting recent research developments in this field. The book covers the processing and characterization of geopolymers, incorporating green materials from waste and recycled materials specifically for construction applications, as well as advanced processing and characterization for a wide variety of applications. The book provides in-depth chapters on the development, processing, and characterization of sustainable and green materials with extensive uses, such as construction.It is divided into two sections: Development of Geopolymer Materials for Construction Applications and Advanced Processing and Characterization for Wider Applications, and will be a useful resource for academics, engineers, companies, and stakeholders in geopolymers from green materials for a variety of wide applications, including construction materials, ceramics, adsorbents, drilling properties, and simulation analysis.

On Oxygen: From Air to Tissues, the latest release in the Fundamentals of Physiology series, provides a fundamental overview of the entire oxygen pathway, sharing key mechanistic insights into the alternating conductive and diffusive steps of O2 transport. The book describes specific aspects along each stage of the oxygen route through the body, from the transfer of air to the alveoli, through the lungs, to the ultimate fate of O2 in the mitochondria. Additionally, the effect of specific disease states, aging, and developmental aspects are considered. This book, published in association with the International Union of Physiological Sciences, acts is a valuable introduction to the full biological journey of oxygen, and is a beneficial guide for students and researchers in physiology, sport science, pulmonology, and related fields.