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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the condition characterized by an abnormal narrowing of arteries that supply blood to all parts of the body other than the heart or brain. The underlying mechanisms of peripheral artery disease are atherosclerosis, blood clots, artery spasm, fibromuscular dysplasia, trauma and vasculitis. Depending on the severity of the disease, PAD can be managed through revascularization, medication and lifestyle changes. Revascularization can be done through an angioplasty, vascular bypass grafting, atherectomy, thrombolysis and thrombectomy. The need for revascularization is determined on the basis of the clinical presentation of critical limb ischemia, claudication and acute limb ischemia. Angiography, in particular magnetic resonance angiography and high-resolution computed tomography angiography provides assessment of vascular anatomy, disease location and lesion character. Such imaging helps to localize the lesions that are targeted for revascularization. The topics included in this book on endovascular treatment and angiography are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in peripheral artery disease.

The field of molecular cytogenetics is concerned with the combination of the fields of cytogenetics and molecular biology, to distinguish normal cells from cancer-causing cells. It is a useful tool for the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies of the brain, blood, etc. Novel techniques known as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are used for molecular cytogenetic studies. These have DNA labeled with uniquely colored fluorescent tags to image specific regions of the genome. Molecular cytogenetic techniques are crucial for the understanding of the structural and functional organization of the nucleus and the chromosome, genome variation, gene expression and evolution. These also give insight into the contribution of genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities to tumor genetics and medical genetics. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of molecular cytogenetics. It is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

Spinal cord injuries refer to the damage to the spinal cord caused as a result of accidents, falls, gunshots, infections, tumors, etc. This may lead to temporary or permanent changes in the functioning of the spinal cord. Loss of autonomic function, muscle function and sensation is common in spinal cord injuries. The damage to the spinal cord can be divided into primary and secondary injury. Injury can also be complete or incomplete based on the degree of loss of sensation. A radiographic evaluation using an MRI, CT or X-ray scan can evaluate the degree of damage to the spinal column and the location of the trauma. Pre-hospitalization care aimed at basic life support and prevention of further injury, initial care aimed at adequate breathing and cardiovascular function, spinal motion restriction and repeated neurological assessments are part of the first line of care. After this stage, patients require extended treatments in intensive care units and specialized units. The degree of functional recovery and autonomy achieved in activities of daily living after treatment depends on the level and severity of the injury. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different diagnostic and treatment strategies of spinal cord injuries. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of spinal cord injuries. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this domain.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system caused by the systemic damage to the insulating covers of nerve cells. This disrupts the communication ability of the nervous system, resulting in signs and symptoms that are symptomatic of mental, physical and psychiatric issues. The underlying mechanism of the disease is generally attributed to the failure of the myelin-producing cells or destruction by the immune system, brought about by genetics or environmental factors. Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed on the basis of existing signs and symptoms, through medical imaging and lab testing. There is no cure of multiple sclerosis but several therapies allow a quality of care to patients. Such therapies strive to prevent new attacks, prevent disability and recuperate from an attack. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of multiple sclerosis and the recent researches in this disease. It strives to provide a fair idea about this condition and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in its management and treatment. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The field of medicine targeted at the surgical treatment of the organs within the thorax and the treatment of heart and lung diseases is known as cardiothoracic surgery. Some of the surgical procedures involving cardiac and thoracic surgery are open heart surgery, modern beating-heart surgery, pleurectomy, lung volume reduction surgery, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy, etc. Cardiovascular surgery when performed on children is known as pediatric cardiovascular surgery. Infection constitutes the principal non-cardiac complication from cardiothoracic surgery. Some common infections are mediastinitis, endocarditis cardiac device infection, empyema, infectious myo- or pericarditis, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the area of cardiothoracic surgery. It unravels the recent advances and modern techniques of cardiothoracic surgery. For all readers who are interested in this domain, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

An injury caused to the spinal cord can result in permanent damage. These injuries are either traumatic or nontraumatic. The symptoms of spinal cord injuries vary and depend on the area of the injury. They can cause severe complications like respiratory problems, paralysis and neurogenic shock. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the management of spinal cord injuries. It strives to provide a fair idea about the subject and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about spinal cord injuries, their management and related rehabilitation techniques.

This book discusses the fundamental as well as modern approaches of orthopedics. Orthopedics as a field of medical science deals with the prevention and treatment of diseases occurring in our musculoskeletal system. It is mainly concerned with the diseases like neoplasm, spinal herniation, spina bifida, inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson's disease, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to orthopedics. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of the field and the recent researches in this area. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Any stroke which results in reduced blood supply to brain causing it to dysfunction is termed as ischemic stroke. These strokes can be cryptogenic in nature that is, from an unknown cause. Ischemic strokes are generally caused by four reasons namely systemic hypoperfusion, thrombosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and embolism. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists that will provide innovative insights into this field. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of ischemic stroke. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances related to the treatment and management of this disease. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this area.

The inability of the heart to function properly and its incapability to pump blood is known as heart failure. The common causes of heart failure are high blood pressure, valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy and excessive intake of alcohol. Excessive tiredness, shortness of breath and leg swelling are some of the most common symptoms of heart failure. The topics included in this book on heart failure are of utmost significance and are bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Diabetes is a medical condition in which the body is either unable to create insulin or rejects insulin leading to the development of serious disorders. This book on diabetes covers all the latest advances that are found in this field. It elucidates the symptoms and conditions of diabetes as well as the long-term risks that develop because of this disorder have been included. It also mentions new diagnostic techniques to detect diabetes. The book will act as a resource guide for both students and researchers. It will provide crucial information that will contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Coronary heart disease is a group of diseases that are related to heart and poor cardiovascular health. Factors that lead to the development of coronary artery disease are obesity and an unhealthy lifestyle. Atherosclerosis or the build-up of fibrofatty plaque and white blood cells in the arteries is the underlying cause of this group of diseases. Difficulty in the adequate supply of blood and irregular heartbeat are causes that eventually prove fatal. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail in this book. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book on coronary artery disease an invaluable source of knowledge.

Autism spectrum disorder is a disorder that causes difficulties in communication and interaction. Some of the characteristics of this disorder are repetitive behavior, sensory issues and cognitive issues. It is mainly diagnosed around the age of three to four. The main causes of autism are genetics, neuroanatomical abnormalities and environmental factors. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of autism spectrum disorder. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.