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A form of therapy which is used to replace the normal blood-filtering function of the kidneys is known as renal replacement therapy. It is used in cases like acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease and renal failure. Renal replacement therapy involves several ways of filtration of blood such as dialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration and kidney transplantation. The process of artificially removing excess water and toxins from the blood is known as dialysis. It is performed in cases where the patient's kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions naturally. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of renal replacement. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on renal replacement have been included herein. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Immunology is a branch of biology that studies immune systems and malfunctions of the immune system such as in immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities and transplant rejection. A key area of medical management is the study of transplant rejection in which the immune system attempts to destroy allografts leading to transplant failure. This results in an immediate need to remove the organ from the recipient. The risk of such a rejection can be determined by measuring the panel reactive antibody level. To prevent this, serotyping is done to determine recipient-donor transplantation suitability and immunosuppressant drugs are used. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of transplantation immunology, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

The surgical branch of medicine, concerned with both operative and non-operative management strategies to treat traumatic injuries, is known as trauma surgery. The common tasks of a trauma surgeon involve the resuscitation and stabilization, evaluation and management of the patient. An area in a hospital meant to provide care to those having major traumatic injuries, including falls, gunshot wounds and vehicle collisions is called a trauma center. Damage control surgery (DCS) is a very common type of trauma surgery. It is used to save the life of critically ill patients. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of trauma and the recent researches in the field of trauma surgery. Such selected concepts that redefine this surgical speciality have been presented in it. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

The specialized domain of hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery encompasses the surgical solutions and interventions for the treatment of liver, pancreas and biliary tract related conditions. Such conditions include neoplastic liver disease, congenital and acquired non-neoplastic liver disease, neoplastic biliary disease, congenital and acquired non-neoplastic biliary disease, neoplastic pancreatic diseases, congenital and acquired non-neoplastic pancreatic disease and diseases of the duodenum, among others. The surgical procedures involved in transplantation, surgical oncology and trauma surgery in the regions of the pancreas and duodenum, the biliary tract and the liver are also part of hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this field of surgery.

An operation performed in the pelvis or abdominal region using small incisions with the help of a camera is known as laparoscopy. Laparoscopic surgery is also known as minimally invasive surgery and keyhole surgery. In comparison to the common open surgical procedures, laparoscopic surgeries have more advantages, such as less pain, reduced haemorrhaging, small incisions, lower risk of infections and short recovery time. A laparoscope, scissors, forceps, probes, hooks, dissectors and retractors are some of the common surgical tools used in laparoscopic surgeries. Cholecystectomy, colectomy and nephrectomy are some of the most common laparoscopic procedures. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to laparoscopy. The various advancements in laparoscopic surgery are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book includes contributions of doctors and experts which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Surgery of the female reproductive system is known as gynecological surgery. Gynecology involves the study of the health of the breasts and the female reproductive system, which includes the uterus, vagina and ovaries. A speculum is often used for the purpose of gynecological examination. Hysterectomy, oophorectomy and tubectomy are some of the common gynecological surgical procedures. The surgical removal of the uterus is known as hysterectomy. Oophorectomy is a type of gynecological surgery related to the surgical removal of the ovaries. Tubectomy refers to the surgical procedure for sterilization in which a woman's fallopian tubes are blocked and sealed in order to prevent the eggs from reaching the uterus for implantation. It is a permanent and effective method of birth control. The objective of the book is to give a general view of the different areas of gynecological surgery. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to gynecological surgery. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Rheumatology is a branch of medicine, which is concerned with the diagnosis, and treatment of rheumatic diseases. There are more than 200 different types of rheumatic diseases, such as osteoporosis, arthritis, back pain, gout, lupus, etc. A significant focus of this field lies in the treatment of immune-mediated disorders of the musculoskeletal system, autoimmune diseases, vasculitides and soft tissue. Rheumatology may also be assumed to be the study of medical immunology. Physical examination and specialized tests including X-rays, ultrasounds, rheumatoid factor test, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, cytopathology, etc. are performed for the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. After diagnosis, their treatment strategy comprises of a prescription of analgesics, steroids, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies or disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Corrective interventions such as arthrodesis, removal of cartilage fragments or loose bone, joint replacements, etc. can also be performed for improving function, soothing pain and limiting disease activity. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of rheumatology. There has been rapid progress in the understanding of rheumatic diseases, their diagnoses and treatments, which have been included in this extensive book. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Rheumatic disorders are the conditions that cause chronic and intermittent pain, and affect the joints and connective tissue. Some rheumatic disorders are osteoarthritis, tendinitis, back pain, capsulitis, palindromic rheumatism, etc. Some rheumatic diseases are autoimmune in origin such as rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, etc. Different rheumatic disorders have varied causes and all of these require different kinds of treatment. The diagnosis of rheumatic disorders is done through a physical examination and specialized laboratory and imaging tests. The initial therapy of rheumatological diseases is usually through analgesics, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), etc. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy are other recommended treatment techniques. The study of such conditions and the development of therapeutic interventions for these disorders are under the scope of rheumatology. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to rheumatology. The topics included in this book on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

A surgical specialty concerned with the alteration, restoration or reconstruction of the human body is known as plastic surgery. There are two main categories of plastic surgery, namely, reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Hand surgery, the treatment of burns, craniofacial surgery and microsurgery are classified as reconstructive surgery. It is concerned with the reconstruction or the improvement in the functioning of any specific body part. Cosmetic surgery deals with the improvement of the appearance of a body part. Some of the common techniques and procedures of plastic surgery include autotransplantation, allotransplant, xenotransplantation, etc. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on plastic surgery have been included in this book. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of plastic surgery and related fields. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The type of surgery which is meant to restore the form and function of the body is known as reconstructive surgery. It may include simple techniques, such as primary closure and dressings, as well as complex skin grafts, free flaps and tissue expansion. It does not include cosmetic surgery, which is concerned merely with the purpose of improving a person's physical appearance and the removal of one's signs of aging. Some of the branches of surgery under which reconstructive surgeries often take place include pediatric surgery, podiatric surgery and gynaecological surgery. Biomaterials are used in reconstructive surgery for correcting or replacing damaged body parts. A successful implantation can be achieved through an anatomical, biochemical, pathological and physiological understanding of the condition. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around reconstructive surgery. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to reconstructive surgery. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The diseases related to the organs and tissues involved in gas exchange are called respiratory diseases. They involve the conditions associated with the upper respiratory tract, bronchi, pleura, alveoli, trachea, bronchioles and pleural cavity. Common cold is one of the most common respiratory disease. Other severe respiratory conditions include acute asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism and lung cancer. Pulmonology is the field of medicine dealing with respiratory diseases. Some of the common tests used for diagnosing respiratory diseases include blood tests, chest X-ray, bronchoscopy, ultrasound, computed tomography scan and pulmonary function test. Medications include the intake of antibiotics and leukotriene antagonists, and the inhalation of bronchodilators and steroids. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on respiratory diseases have been included in this book. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Respiratory failure is a serious condition associated with the respiratory tract arising from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system. It can broadly be categorized into hypoxemia and hypercapnia. The condition of having abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood is known as hypoxemia. Hypercapnia is a condition associated with abnormally elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Respiratory failure can be classified either as Type I or Type II, on the basis of the presence of abnormal blood gases. Some of the common causes of respiratory failure include reduced breathing caused due to drug intake, reduced air flow caused due to the physical obstruction in the body by foreign masses and thromboembolic conditions. Treatment methods include mechanical ventilation, endotracheal intubation and continuous positive airway pressure. The topics included in this book on respiratory failure are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Reproductive health refers to the physical and psychological well-being of a person with respect to their sexuality. It is also concerned with the reproductive processes and functions at all stages of life. It facilitates a safer sexual life, which is both, satisfying as well as responsible. One's natural capability to reproduce offspring is known as fertility. Nutrition, instinct, timing, emotions, culture, consanguinity, endocrinology and sexual behavior are some of the common factors, which affect human fertility. Fertility declines with age in both males and females. The various advancements in reproductive health and fertility are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of reproductive health and fertility. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs. It is associated with the blockage of the airways and bronchospasm. Its symptoms include chest tightness, shortness of breath, coughing and wheezing. People suffering from asthma are more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea, anxiety disorders, rhinosinusitis and gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Asthma can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some of the most common microbes causing asthma include Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and human rhinoviruses. People having eczema, hay fever, atopic disease, urticaria and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis have a greater risk of developing asthma. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of clinical asthma and the recent researches related to it. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to clinical asthma. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Respiratory infections include the infectious diseases of the respiratory tract. Such infections can be classified as lower respiratory tract infection or upper respiratory tract infection. The lower respiratory tract infections are more serious than the upper respiratory tract infections. Some respiratory tract infections are sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, influenza, bronchitis and pneumonia. Human orthopneumovirus is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections. It generally causes conditions like bronchiolitis and pneumonia. These can be diagnosed through physical examination, skin monitoring to check for hypoxemia, chest X-rays, blood tests, and lab test of respiratory secretions. This book explores all the important aspects of respiratory infections in the present day scenario. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory infections. This book is a resource guide for doctors as well as students.

The condition of high blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs is known as pulmonary hypertension. Chest pain, tiredness, fast heartbeat, syncope, shortness of breath and swelling of the legs are some of its most common symptoms. The causes of pulmonary hypertension are not completely known. However, some of the risk factors include a family history of pulmonary hypertension, sickle cell disease, sleep apnea, HIV/AIDS, blood clots in the lungs and problems with the mitral valve. Physical examination, electrocardiography, chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests and computed tomography scans are some of the common techniques of diagnosing pulmonary hypertension. Treatment methods include atrial septostomy, lung transplantation and pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. The topics included in this book on pulmonary hypertension are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airway of the lungs. It often involves reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm. Some of its common symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing and chest tightness. The condition of a person having asthma usually becomes worse with exercise. It is caused due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Air pollution, smoking during pregnancy, exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds and exposure to indoor allergens, like cockroaches and dust mites, are the common environmental factors contributing to asthma. Spirometry is the recommended test to diagnose asthma. Bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists and mast cell stabilizers are some of the most commonly used treatment methods. This book unravels the recent studies in the management of asthma. It strives to provide a fair idea about asthma and the challenges and concerns related to it. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this disease.

The field of medicine associated with the diseases related to the respiratory tract is known as pulmonology. It is a branch of internal medicine. It includes the management of the patients who require constant life support and mechanical ventilation. Doctors who have specialized in the field of chest conditions like asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, etc. are called pulmonologists. Some of the common respiratory diseases which come under pulmonology include sinusitis, tonsillitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome and lung cancer. Interventional pulmonology is a sub-field of pulmonary medicine which deals with the use of procedures like bronchoscopy and pleuroscopy. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to pulmonary medicine. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of pulmonary medicine and its utmost significance in modern times. This book includes contributions of doctors and experts which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Respiratory medicine is a branch of internal medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the conditions and diseases of the chest. Pulmonary medicine is also actively associated with intensive care medicine, particularly in patients requiring life support and mechanical ventilation. Certain respiratory diseases are triggered by an exposure to toxins like coal mining fumes, tobacco smoke and asbestos. They may also be caused by infectious agents like certain birds and malt processing. Some conditions are heritable such as alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and cystic fibrosis. Physical examination for the presence or absence of clubbing, palpation of the cervical lymph nodes, auscultation and percussion of the lung fields is done for determining the condition. Research in respiratory medicine investigates possible treatments for diseases such as lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis, along with their underlying causes. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in respiratory medicine. The various advancements in the diagnosis and surgical management of respiratory diseases are glanced at and their implications and ramifications are looked in detail. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights in this domain of medical science.

The medical specialty which deals with the treatment of addiction is known as addiction medicine. It often overlaps with other areas, like mental health counseling, public health, psychiatry, psychology, internal medicine, etc. Acute intervention, detoxification, abstinence-based treatment, rehabilitation, harm reduction and individual and group therapies, are some of the common therapies that fall under addiction medicine. Relapse prevention is an important aspect in the treatment of substance abuse, especially alcoholism. Supportive psychotherapy and interpersonal therapy are extremely effective treatments for substance abuse. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of addiction medicine. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to addiction medicine. Doctors, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Occupational medicine is a field of medicine which deals with the maintenance of health in the workplace. It studies the prevention of injuries and diseases in the workplace, along with their treatment. Maintenance and increase in the productivity, and social adjustment in the workplace are the main objectives of occupational medicine. The chronic ailments caused due to work or occupational activity are called occupational diseases. Some occupational lung diseases include occupational asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiolitis obliterans and lung cancer. Contact dermatitis and urticaria, are two of the most common types of occupational skin diseases. Preventive methods for such diseases include personal protection of the workers, irritant replacement or removal, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the evaluation and management of common health problems in the workplace. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of occupational medicine and its utmost significance in modern times. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Perioperative medicine refers to the medical care of surgical patients from the time of contemplation of surgery to full recovery. It covers the entire operative period but excludes the surgical procedure itself. Perioperative medicine includes the care of patients preparing for, having and recuperating from a surgery. It is usually provided by an intensivist, anesthesiologist or internal medicine generalist. Such care generally takes place in hospitals or surgical centers. Operative risks, patient specific risks, methods to reduce risks and management of risks are some of the focus areas which are related to the field of perioperative medicine. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of perioperative medicine and how such concepts have practical applications. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in it. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying perioperative medicine as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The field of medicine which deals with the maintenance of health in the workplace is known as occupational medicine. It aims at preventing and treating the injuries and diseases in one's workplace along with the maintenance and increase in the productivity and social adjustment. Some of the common occupational diseases are occupational asthma, contact dermatitis, overuse syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, computer vision syndrome, lead poisoning and radiation sickness. Environmental medicine is a sub-field of environmental health. It includes the study of the interactions between the environment and human health. It also studies the role of environment in causing illnesses in humans. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of occupational and environmental medicine. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of occupational and environmental medicine. This book includes contributions of doctors and experts which will provide innovative insights into this field.

The science and art related to the prevention of diseases, prolongation of life and promotion of human health with the help of organized efforts of the society, public and private organizations, communities and individuals is known as public health. The term, "health" is associated with physical, mental and social well-being. Public health is concerned with the analysis of a population's health and the threats related to it. Environmental health, health economics, community health, mental health, behavioral health, sexual and reproductive health, occupational safety, and health economics are some of the important sub-disciplines of public health. Promotion of handwashing, suicide prevention, delivery of vaccinations and distribution of condoms are some of the common public health initiatives. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of public health and the recent researches in this field. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Usually it begins slowly, but worsens with the passage of time. In most of the cases, it is the cause of dementia, i.e., a decrease in the ability to think and remember. Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include short-term memory loss, mood swings, disorientation, problems with language and inability to manage self. The causes of Alzheimer's disease are found to be genetic in most of the cases. Cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests is often used for the purpose of diagnosis. There is no known cure for Alzheimer's disease. It is managed with pharmaceutical and psychosocial therapies. Some medications used to treat the cognitive issues linked with the disease are acetylhocholinesterase inhibitors and mematine. Psychological interventions encompass emotion-, behavior-, cognition-, and stimulation- oriented approaches. These are used along with pharmaceutical treatment. The topics included in this book on Alzheimer's disease are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of evaluation and management of this disease. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

An individual with autism experiences difficulties with social interactions and communication, and exhibits restricted and repetitive behavior. The underlying cause of the disease is not entirely understood but can be ascribed to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The genetics of autism are complex. The associated behaviors of autism may have multiple pathophysiologies. It does not have a unifying mechanism at the cellular, molecular or systems level, but it is believed that autism may be caused due to converging mutations on common molecular pathways. Autistic children experience faster growth of brain in early stages, followed by relatively slower or normal growth during childhood. This early overgrowth is hypothesized to be due to a disturbed neuronal migration during early gestation, an excess of neurons which causes local overconnectivity in specific brain areas, unbalanced excitatory-inhibitory networks, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around the pathophysiology of autism. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the molecular basis of autism. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this domain.

Alzheimer's disease refers to a chronic neurodegenerative illness which generally starts slowly and worsens over time, and may cause dementia. Dementia includes the brain disorders which cause a gradual but long-term decrease in one's ability to think and remember. Some of the common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include short-term memory loss, mood swings, disorientation, problems with language and behavioral issues. The causes of Alzheimer's disease are not defined. However, a genetic involvement has been found in most of the cases. Treatment methods include validation therapy, reminiscence therapy, psychotherapy and simulated presence therapy. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of Alzheimer's disease. The topics included herein on Alzheimer's disease are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book includes contributions of doctors and experts which will provide innovative insights into the diagnosis and therapeutic management of this disease.

A medical specialty that studies the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders is known as psychiatry. Neurology and psychology are the fields which are closely related to psychiatry. The mental disorders which fall under psychiatry include disorders related to mood, perception, behavior and cognition. To assess the initial psychiatric condition of a person, the process begins with a case history and mental status examination. Physical examinations, psychological tests, neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques are used to assess the mental status of a person. Psychotherapy, psychiatric medication, assertive community treatment (ACT) and community reinforcement approach and family training (CRAFT) are some of the common psychiatric treatments. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of psychiatry. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. Those with an interest in psychiatry would find this book helpful.

Psychiatry is a field of science and medicine. It is concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders. It deals with various disorders related to mood, perception, behavior and cognition. The process of assessing a patient's mental condition begins with a case history and mental status examination. Mental health is one's state of psychological well-being, where one is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. All diagnosable mental health conditions related to mood, behavior and thoughts are categorized as mental illness. Cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoanalysis, systemic therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, art therapy, antipsychotics, anxiolytics and antidepressants are some of the common treatment methods useful in the treatment of mental illnesses. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of psychiatry and mental health which will be crucial for the progress of these fields in future. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of psychiatry and mental health and their utmost significance in modern times. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Medical physiology is a clinical specialty in medical science, which is concerned with the application of an understanding of human physiology to patients in a healthcare setting. Evaluation of the functions of the heart, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, etc. is done to form a diagnosis of the underlying condition. Some of the diagnostic techniques for evaluating these include an electrocardiogram of the heart, pulmonary function testing using spirometry and ankle brachial pressure index measurement. Physiologists use imaging techniques such as MRI, ultrasonography, echocardiography, X-ray computed tomography, etc. to measure velocities, movements and metabolic processes. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of medical physiology in a multidisciplinary manner. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post-graduate students.