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Psychiatry is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders. The assessment of a patient's condition usually begins with a case history and mental status examination. In order to obtain the case history of the patient, the psychiatrist asks the patient several questions. The answers to those questions aid the psychiatrist in the diagnosis and treatment process. A mental status examination is meant to assess a patient's mental state at a fixed point of time, by observing his appearance, attitude, speech, mood, behaviour and thought process. It is very useful in assessing a person's suicidal thoughts. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of psychiatry which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of psychiatry and its utmost significance in modern times. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with psychiatry will benefit alike from this book.

Pediatrics refers to the area of medicine involved with the care and treatment of infants, children and adolescents. Pediatric endocrinology, pediatric pathology, pediatric neurosurgery and pediatric gastroenterology are some of the important sub-specialities of pediatrics. Pediatric endocrinology studies the disorders related to the endocrine glands, which are responsible for the physical growth and sexual development in childhood. The branch of study dealing with the neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of children is called pediatric pathology. Pediatric neurosurgery is a sub-field of pediatrics which deals with the surgical processes related to the nervous system, spinal cord and brain in children. Pediatric gastroenterology deals with the illnesses related to the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas in children and adolescents. This book outlines the processes and applications of pediatrics in detail. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pediatrics. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Young children and infants can suffer from a wide range of immunologic and infectious diseases, caused by viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic agents. These diseases can be complicated or common. Some of such diseases are meningitis, tuberculosis (TB), respiratory infections, hepatitis, bone and joint infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), etc. Physicians who specialize in pediatric infectious diseases study the causative pathogens and transmission pathways of such diseases. They also design the therapeutic and prevention techniques for each of these conditions. Many research domains are relevant to this field, such as antibiotic resistance, production of safe and effective vaccines, and emerging infections. The topics included in this book on pediatric infections are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the diagnosis and management interventions of pediatric infections. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this domain.

The study, diagnosis and treatment of the disorders of the endocrine glands that affect the physical growth and sexual development in children is under the scope of pediatric endocrinology. Some common disorders dealt within this field are type 1 diabetes and growth disorders. Adrenal, thyroid and pituitary problems in children, hypoglycemia, puberty-related conditions and hyperglycemia are also addressed within pediatric endocrinology. Pediatric endocrinologists also specialize in the areas of lipid metabolism, bone metabolism, inborn errors of metabolism and adolescent gynecology. Children with intersex disorders are also referred to a pediatric endocrinologist. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around pediatric endocrinology. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing clinical practices and theoretical understanding of this field are examined in detail. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The field of medicine associated with the care of infants, children, and adolescents is called pediatrics. An infant or neonate is significantly different from an adult in terms of physiology. During the developmental phase, genetic variance, congenital defects and developmental issues are of particular concern to pediatricians. Neonatology is a sub-field of pediatrics. It is concerned with the care of newborn infants. Neonatologists are the doctors who are specialists in this field. They usually deal with the cases of extremely ill or weak newborn infants. Some of the common medical conditions associated with neonatology include prematurity, sepsis, low birth weight, congenital malformations and birth asphyxia. Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are intensive care units especially designed for the care of ill and premature newborn infants. Incubators, blood pressure monitors, oxygen hoods and ventilators are some of the common equipments available in a neonatal intensive care unit. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on pediatrics have been included in this book. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of pediatrics. Researchers, doctors, and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Children are different from adults in terms of physiology, and therefore have unique medical needs. Children may have pain in the musculoskeletal system or an autoimmune disorder. Any sudden onset of fever, an unexplained rash, weight loss, fatigue and weakness in children can be a cause of concern. Juvenile arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, spondylitis, Lyme disease, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, antiphospholipid syndrome, Kawasaki disease, osteoporosis, growing pains, etc. are some rheumatic disorders that affect children. These diseases cause pain in the joints and connective tissue. Pediatric rheumatology is the field of medicine that is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases in infants, children and adolescents. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of pediatric rheumatology. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and practices of pediatric rheumatology. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Congenital anomalies, also known as birth defects are the conditions present at birth that affects the intellectual, developmental or physical health of an infant. Such disabilities can range from mild to severe. Functional disorders, which affect the function of a body part, may include degenerative disorders and metabolic disorders. Structural disorders manifest as problems with the shape of a body part. Congenital anomalies can arise from chromosomal or genetic disorders, infections during pregnancy and due to exposure to certain chemicals or drugs. Such abnormalities may be visible at birth, or can be detected before birth through prenatal tests and through screening tests after birth. Their treatment varies according to the type of defect and its severity. Treatment may encompass medicational, surgical and therapeutical interventions. Assistive technology can also aid in providing a better quality of life to such individuals. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to congenital anomalies. The topics included herein on the diagnosis and treatment of congenital anomalies, are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Hearing disorders refer to the impairment in perceiving or processing auditory information. Hearing loss can be partial or complete, and may occur in one or both ears. Auditory processing disorder, hearing loss, tinnitus, endaural phenomena, hyperacusis and presbycusis are common hearing disorders. They may be acquired, inherited or caused due to perinatal problems and aging. Chronic ear infections can be a common cause of hearing loss. Syphilis and rubella infections during pregnancy can lead to hearing loss in children. Some cases of hearing loss can be addressed medically, while others are irreversible and therefore, permanent. When hearing loss occurs at a young age, it interferes with spoken language acquisition and development. Use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, sign language and subtitles can help individuals deal with this condition. Research aimed at the use of stem cell transplant and gene therapy for the regrowth of cochlear cells and nerve cells, and recovery of hearing loss is being actively explored. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of hearing disorders. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the management of hearing disorders and the recent researches in this domain. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Pathology is the field of medicine concerned with the study of diseases and their causes. It focuses on the diagnosis of clinical conditions by analyzing cell, tissue and body fluid samples. It is also concerned with understanding the disease pathways of particular pathogens and disorders, which affects the tissues of discrete organs or structures. Much of the practice of pathology is concerned with the diagnoses of different cancers and investigating the staging of cancerous masses, through blood tests, biopsy and resection. The diagnostic tools of pathology are of immense importance in the investigation of serious infectious diseases. It is primarily divided into anatomical and clinical pathology. Diagnostic pathology is an important field in modern medical diagnosis and has outreach in medical research. This is due to a significant overlap with other diagnostic medicine such as medical imaging, thus allowing detailed insight into internal physiology. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of diagnostic pathology. It discusses the traditional as well as modern paradigms of diagnostic pathology. For all readers who are interested in this field, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Clinical pathology is a specialization in medicine, concerned with the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as urine and blood, as well as the examination of tissue samples using cultures and automated analyzers to make a diagnosis of diseases. The analysis of such samples is done at macroscopic and microscopic levels. Immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, FISH and cytochemistry are also used to aid in the diagnosis. The secondary specialties of clinical pathology include hematopathology, clinical microbiology, chemical pathology, molecular genetics pathology, cytogenetics, etc. There is an evident overlap between clinical pathology and anatomic pathology, which has led to its expansion to molecular diagnostics and proteomics. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around clinical pathology. The various specializations of clinical pathology, along with technological progress that have future implications, are glanced at in this book. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Head and face medicine deals with the conditions of the structures of the head, face and neck. It encompasses a number of sub-disciplines specializing in different aspects of injuries, diseases and trauma, such as facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and neck oncologic surgery and otology, among others. Plastic surgery is a specialization in medicine, which involves the reconstruction, restoration and alteration of a body part. Reconstructive surgery which aims to reconstruct a body part, and cosmetic surgery that is performed for aesthetic reasons are encompassed under plastic surgery. Abdominoplasty, blepharoplasty, lip enhancement, rhinoplasty, cheek augmentation, etc. are some of the facial augmentation procedures under plastic surgery. Craniofacial surgery is a form of reconstructive surgery, in which congenital and acquired deformities of the head, face, skull, neck and jaws are addressed. Cleft lip and palate, rare craniofacial clefts, isolated and syndromic craniosynostosis, Crouzon's syndrome, craniofacial microsomia, etc. are treated in this domain. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of head and neck medicine and associated specializations. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Otolaryngology is a surgical field of medicine which studies the conditions associated with the parts of the head and neck, including the ear, nose and throat. It also deals with the treatment of various tumors and cancers, including the ones affecting the head and neck. One of the most common surgical methods used to treat such cancers is microvascular head and neck reconstruction. The tissue which is usually moved during the surgical process is from the back, arms and legs. In the process, the transfer of the tissue to the head and neck allows the head and neck surgeons in rebuilding the patient's jaw and reconstructing the throat. This book explores all the important aspects of otolaryngology in the present day scenario. It attempts to understand the current concepts and techniques that fall under the discipline of head and neck surgery and how such concepts have practical applications. For all those who are interested in otolaryngology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Audiology is a branch of science concerned with the study of hearing, balance and related disorders. A specialist who treats hearing loss and attempts to prevent hearing related damage is called an audiologist. They use several testing techniques like hearing tests, electrophysiologic tests, otoacoustic emission measurements and videonystagmography to assess a patient's hearing capabilities. Hearing loss is a common disorder. A person's partial or total inability to hear is known as hearing loss. Such loss can be both temporary and permanent. It may occur in a single or both ears. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of audiology and the recent researches in this field. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of audiology. For all those who are interested in audiology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Otolaryngology is a surgical specialty of medicine. It deals with the conditions related to the ear, nose, throat and the related structures of the neck and head. Medical practitioners who have specialized in this field are known as otolaryngologists. One of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists is microvascular reconstruction repair. It is used in the treatment of head and neck cancers, including concerns of the jaws, larynx, pharynx, tongue, salivary glands, sinuses, tongue and skin. Neck dissection, tracheotomy and minimal-access cranial suspension are some of the other surgical procedures associated with the field of otolaryngology. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of ear, nose and throat disorders. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying otolaryngology.

The diseases of the base of the skull, head and neck are treated in the medical domain of head and face medicine. This includes the management of head and neck cancers, traumas and diseases that affect the nose, throat and ear. Microvascular free flap reconstruction, skull base cancer, thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy are some of the surgical procedures involved in the treatment of cancers of the head and neck. Facelift, rhinoplasty and septoplasty, blepharoplasty and otoplasty are few procedures that are performed for the aesthetic and reconstructive surgery of the face, head and neck. Trauma-induced conditions of the face such as orbital fracture, mandible fracture, nasal bone fracture, complex lacerations and soft tissue damage are also treated under facial plastic surgery. Microvascular reconstruction repair is commonly done to replace a damaged area in the head and neck with a composite piece of tissue from another part of the patient's body. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to head and face medicine. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Orthopedic surgery is a branch of surgery. It studies the disorders and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system. The treatment methods used by orthopedic surgeons to treat the disorders related to the musculoskeletal system are both surgical and nonsurgical. Some of the common sub-branches associated with orthopedic surgery include spine surgery, hand and upper extremity, total joint reconstruction, foot and ankle surgery, pediatric orthopedics, surgical sports medicine and musculoskeletal oncology. Spinal fusion is a very common orthopedic surgical technique. It is used to join two or more vertebrae, at the time, when the disc wears out. The various sub-fields of orthopedic surgery along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of orthopedic surgery and its utmost significance in modern times. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The system of the human body, which provides humans with the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems, is known as human musculoskeletal system. It provides movement, support, form, and stability to the body. Pain, injuries and disorders related to this system are called musculoskeletal disorders. Enthesopathy, Achard syndrome, joint effusion, lumbar disc disease, Sever's disease, Zenker's paralysis and winged scapula are some of the common examples of musculoskeletal disorders. The assessment of musculoskeletal disorders follows a physical examination and a review of symptoms and pain, medical history, intensity of pain, as well as an examination of recreational and occupational hazards. Various diagnostic tests such as X-ray and MRI also help specialists in establishing a diagnosis. The treatment of musculoskeletal pain is often addressed through a prescription of anesthetic and anti-inflammatory drugs, targeted exercises, physical therapy and occupational therapy, chiropractic care, acupressure and acupuncture, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of musculoskeletal disorders in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this subject and to help develop a better understanding of the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed medical experts, this book targets students and professionals.

The surgical field of medicine concerned with the conditions associated with the musculoskeletal system is known as orthopedic surgery. The human musculoskeletal system consists of the bones of the skeleton, joints, ligaments, cartilage, tendons, muscles, etc. It gives humans the ability to move as it is a system which provides form, movement, support and stability to the body. Foot and ankle surgery is a sub-field of orthopedic surgery. It deals with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disorders related to the foot and ankle. Ankle arthroscopy, laser surgery and amputation are some of the common surgical methods to treat foot and ankle disorders. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of orthopedic surgery and how such concepts have practical applications. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to orthopedic surgery. Doctors and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Any disorder that affects the joints is called arthritis. There are over 100 different types of arthritis. Some common forms are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, etc. The most common feature of all kinds of arthritis is pain. Joint stiffness, swelling and aching around the joints are other common symptoms. Decreased mobility combined with other symptoms, cause individuals to become obese and vulnerable to heart disease. Clinical examinations, X-rays and blood tests are performed for making a diagnosis. Based on the diagnosis of the arthritis, a treatment strategy is formed which may involve physical therapy, orthopedic bracing and medications. In eroding forms of arthritis, joint replacement surgery may be required. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pain relief medications offer a degree of relief to patients with arthritis. Exercises aimed at improving muscle strength, flexibility and endurance can be more effective than medications. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different types of arthritis and their management strategies. It strives to provide a fair idea about this condition and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in this domain. This book on arthritis is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

The branch of surgery which deals with the conditions involving the musculoskeletal system is known as orthopedic surgery. Some of the medical conditions in which an orthopedic surgery is useful include spine diseases, infections, sports injuries, musculoskeletal traumas, tumors and degenerative diseases. Arthroscopy, meniscectomy, knee replacement, hip replacement, laminectomy and low back intervertebral disc surgery are some of the common surgical procedures performed by orthopedic surgeons. A minimally invasive surgical process in which an examination or treatment of damage is performed using an endoscope is called arthroscopy. The endoscope is inserted into the joint through a joint incision. The topics included in this book on orthopedic surgery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Medical conditions in which there are partial or complete breaks in the continuity of the bones are known as bone fractures. They are usually caused by force impact, trauma injury, and some medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, osteogenesis imperfect, etc. As there is an absence of nociceptors in the bone tissue, so there are no specific symptoms associated with bone fractures. However, bone fractures can be extremely painful in some cases. Tests like, radiographic imaging, computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are some of the most common tests to diagnose bone fractures. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of bone fracture and the recent researches in the field of orthopedics. From theories to research, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance of this area of study have been included in this book. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students, doctors and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The muscles, joints, nerves, tendons, ligaments and the structures supporting the back, neck and limbs together comprise the human musculoskeletal system. The pain, injuries and disorders of the musculoskeletal system are called musculoskeletal disorders. Such disorders usually arise from sudden exertion, repetitive strain or repeated exposure to force. Carpal tunnel syndrome, hand-arm vibration syndrome, tendinitis, epicondylitis and tension neck syndrome are some of the common examples of musculoskeletal disorders. X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to diagnose musculoskeletal disorders. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of musculoskeletal disorders. It consists of contributions made by international experts. For all those who are interested in musculoskeletal disorders, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

The branch of surgery which deals with the conditions associated with the musculoskeletal system is known as orthopedics. Doctors who have specialized in this field are called orthopedic surgeons. In order to treat disorders like musculoskeletal trauma, sports injuries, congenital disorders, spine disorders and infections related to the musculoskeletal system, orthopedic surgeons use both surgical as well as nonsurgical methods. Pediatric orthopedics, total joint reconstruction, spine surgery, orthopedic trauma, foot and ankle surgery, and musculoskeletal oncology are some of the sub-fields which fall under the scope of orthopedics. Two of the most common procedures performed by orthopedic surgeons are arthroscopy and arthroplasty. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of orthopedics. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on orthopedics have been included herein. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Osteoarthritis is a joint disorder. It results from the breakdown of underlying bone and joint cartilage. Stiffness, joint pain, joint swelling and weakness in the arms and legs are some of its common symptoms. Sometimes, a person may also experience joint locking and joint instability. Joint injury and abnormal joint development are the main causes of osteoarthritis. X-rays are effective in diagnosing osteoarthritis. Changes in joints, like joint space narrowing, osteophytes and subchondral sclerosis can be detected easily through X-rays. Exercise and analgesics are the most effective strategies to relieve the pain caused by osteoarthritis. Other treatment methods include physical therapy, manual therapy, use of knee braces, joint injection, osteotomy, arthroscopic surgery and joint replacement surgery. The topics included in this book on osteoarthritis are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to elucidate the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis. This book is an essential guide for clinicians, doctors and medical students.

All disorders related to the functioning of the joints are categorised as arthritis. The common symptoms of arthritis include reduced motion, joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and redness. Ankylosing spondylitis is one of the most common types of arthritis. It involves the long term inflammation of the joints of the spine, pelvis, shoulder, and hips. Back pain, stiffness in the affected area, eye and bowel problems are some of the common symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis. Medical imaging and blood tests are two of the common ways of diagnosis. Arthritis treatment methods include the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), pain replacements and anti-inflammatory drugs, joint replacements, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to arthritis care and management. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to arthritis. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

A cataract surgery is a kind of surgery which involves the removal of the natural lens of the eye, which has developed an opacification. It is replaced with an intraocular lens (IOL). Two of the most common cataract surgery procedures include phacoemulsification (phaco) and extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE). A machine having an ultrasonic handpiece equipped with a titanium or steel tip is used while performing phacoemulsification. In the process of extracapsular cataract extraction, almost the entire natural lens is removed but the elastic lens capsule is left intact to allow the implantation of an intraocular lens. The ever growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of cataract surgery in recent times. This book explores all the important aspects of cataract surgery in the present day scenario. Doctors, ophthalmologists, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the clinical condition, which results in blurred vision or vision loss at the center of the visual field, due to a damage to the macula. Such a loss of central vision can make it difficult to recognize faces, read, drive or perform activities of daily life. Visual hallucinations are also common in people with this condition. It typically occurs in older people, but may be prevented by exercising and adhering to a good diet. Depending on the severity of AMD, it can be early, intermediate and late AMD. The diagnosis of AMD is through an eye examination. There is no treatment for vision loss but the management strategy strives to slow down the progression of AMD, by removing risk factors. This happens through mineral and antioxidant supplementation, and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, among others. This book contains some path-breaking studies in age-related macular degeneration. It unfolds the innovative aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this medical condition.

Glaucoma is a set of eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve and leads to a loss of vision. It is characterized by high intraocular pressure (IOP). Some types of glaucoma are open-angle glaucoma, normal-tension glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma. It is caused by a variety of factors such as diet, genetics, ethnicity, etc. If untreated, it can result in blindness, which cannot be reversed. Its symptoms include blurred vision, redness of the eye, mid-dilated pupil, severe eye pain and nausea. The screening for glaucoma is performed by a standard eye examination or by techniques like tonometry, gonioscopy, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, etc. The mainstay of glaucoma treatment is lowering IOP through various pharmaceutical and surgical interventions. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different causes, symptoms and treatment methodologies of glaucoma. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Ophthalmology is the study of medicine which deals with the structure and the functioning of the eye along with its diseases. This field also encompasses the treatment of eye diseases with the strategic use of medications, laser therapy and surgery. Eye diseases are diagnosed through eye examinations and specialized tests such as ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography, etc. Cataract and macular degeneration are two common eyes diseases. The clouding of the eye lens which results in decreased eye vision is known as cataract. Some of its symptoms include blurred vision, faded colours, trouble with bright lights, etc. Macular degeneration is an eye disorder in which the vision in the center of the visual field gets blurred or lost due to age. Ophthalmology is an upcoming field of medicine that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of ophthalmology. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Skin cancers are the cancers arising from the skin, caused due to an abnormal development of cells, which invade and spread to other parts of the body. These are of three main types, squamous-cell skin cancer, basal-cell skin cancer and melanoma. Melanomas are aggressive cancers. Symptoms vary as per the underlying cancer and may include a painless raised area of skin, a color or shape change in a mole, etc. More than 90% of all cases of skin cancer are caused due to an exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Its diagnosis is done based on a histopathological examination and through a biopsy. The treatment of skin cancer is designed based on the location of the cancer, the type of cancer and the age of the person. Whether the cancer is primary or a recurrence also determines the treatment modality. Radiation therapy, topical chemotherapy, cryotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy may be used for the management of skin cancer. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of skin cancer. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied diagnostic and management strategies of skin cancer. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.