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Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer, affecting 12% of women worldwide. Some of the risk factors contributing to the incidence of this disease are obesity, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, lack of physical exercise, etc. Between 5-10% of breast cancer cases are attributed to genetics. Breast cancers are easy to diagnose through a biopsy or a microscopic analysis of the affected area of the breast. Its treatment can be a multidisciplinary procedure involving surgical and non-surgical modalities. The tumor is removed surgically along with the surrounding tissue, and one or more lymph nodes may also be biopsied. For someone with high risk factors, medications such as raloxifene or tamoxifen may be used to prevent this disease. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the clinical aspects of breast cancer. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this domain and aided its treatment and management. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about breast cancer.

The prostate is an endocrine gland of the male reproductive system, which secretes the alkaline fluid component of semen. The cancer which develops in the prostate is known as prostate cancer. In the initial stage, it may not cause any symptom, but it can cause several complications in the later stage. Some of the common symptoms include problems associated with urination, like frequent urination, nocturia, hematuria and dysuria. It may also cause problems associated with sexual organs, such as painful ejaculation and difficulty in achieving erection. Ultrasound, digital rectal examination (DRE), cystoscopy, transrectal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are some of the common diagnostic methods useful in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Treatment methods include radiation therapy and radical prostatectomy. Prostate cancer research is an upcoming field of medical research that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Neurodevelopmental disorder is a disorder of brain function, which impairs memory, learning ability, self-control and emotion. It includes autism spectrum disorders, intellectual and developmental disabilities, tic disorders, several motor disorders and genetic disorders, etc. There can be several factors that can cause neurodevelopmental disorders, such as diseases, nutritional factors, deprivation from social and emotional care, physical trauma, etc. Chromosome microarray analysis, which detects chromosomal abnormalities, is the first line genomic test for the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Many of these disorders do not have a viable line of treatment. Their management includes behavioral treatments, psychosocial treatments, cognitive-behavioral treatments, occupational therapy, psychomotor therapy, etc. as interventions to assist people. This book unravels the recent studies in the area of neurodevelopmental disorders. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Gynecological oncology is a specialized field of medicine, which is concerned with the study, diagnosis and management of cancers of the female reproductive system. Some gynecological cancers are ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, vaginal cancer and vulvar cancer. Gynecologic ultrasonography, gynoroentgenology and speculoscopy are certain imaging techniques used for detecting gynecological malignancies. Many gynecological malignancies are treated surgically, such as cervical, uterine, ovarian or endometrium tumors and uterine fibroids. Oophorectomy or the surgical removal of the ovaries is frequently combined with hysterectomy to decrease the risk of ovarian cancer or as a therapeutic strategy to treat cancer. In gynecological oncology, the surgical removal of the uterine cervix or cervicectomy is performed as a surgical alternative to radical hysterectomy to treat younger women with cervical cancer. To manage necrosis of the clitoris or remove malignancy of the clitoris, a clitoridectomy is performed. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in gynecological oncology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those with an interest in gynecological cancers would find this book helpful.

The field of neurogenetics explores the role of genetics in neurological disorders. Any structural, electrical and biochemical abnormality in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves can be termed as a neurological disorder. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease are a subset of neurological disorders. While the genetic influence on simple neurological diseases have been established, the genetics of complex disorders is a matter of significant research. Using genome wide association studies, the genetic variability within the human population and the associated link with diseases can be investigated. Research in neurogenetics strives to find strategies to reverse the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, which till date have no viable cure. The aim of this book is to present researches pertaining to the genetics of neurological disorders that can advance the understanding of neurological diseases and aid in their clinical management. It presents this complex study in the most comprehensible language. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Disorders of movement are the clinical conditions characterized by insufficient voluntary and involuntary movements or excess of movement. These are conventionally divided into hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders. Hyperkinetic movement disorders refer to dyskinesia, or repetitive, excessive involuntary movements, which intrude with the normal flow of motor activity. Some of such disorders are dystonia, spasmodic torticollis, blepharospasm, myoclonus, etc. Hypokinetic movement disorders may refer to hypokinesia, akinesia, bradykinesia and rigidity. Examples include primary or idiopathic parkinsonism, striatonigral degeneration, Hallevorden-Spatz disease, etc. The first step in the management of such disorders is making a differential diagnosis of the disorder and then confirming the diagnosis through metabolic screening, CSF examinations and neurophysiological and pharmacological tests. Treatment of each disorder is different and depends on the diagnosis. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different disorders of movement along with their diagnoses. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the management of movement disorders. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a noninvasive electrophysiological monitoring tool that is used for recording electrical activity of the brain. It measures voltage fluctuations arising in the brain due to the ionic currents flowing through the neurons of the brain. EEG is often used for diagnosing epilepsy, depth of anesthesia, coma, sleeping disorders, encephalopathies and brain death. EEGs are primarily used for epilepsy monitoring in order to distinguish epileptic seizures from psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, sub-cortical movement disorders, etc. It is also used to characterize seizures and localize the area of the brain where a seizure originates. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of electroencephalography in a multidisciplinary manner. It strives to provide a fair idea about EEG and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in this technology. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying neuroscience and neurology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The part of the nervous system which includes the brain and the spinal cord is known as central nervous system (CNS). It is a system responsible for integrating the received information, coordinating it, and influencing the activities of all body parts. In humans, the skull protects the brain, whereas the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae. The brain and the spinal cord are enclosed in membranes, called meninges. The neuroglial cells are responsible for supporting the interneuronal space in the central nervous system. Neurological imaging of the brain is useful in diagnosing brain disorders. This book provides significant information about the central nervous system to help develop a good understanding of its development and maintenance. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of central nervous system and the recent researches related to it. This book is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

Sleep medicine is a field of medicine that deals with sleep disorders, their diagnosis and management. Sleep medicine requires a specialist to treat a diverse plethora of disorders, such as Kleine-Levin syndrome, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, circadian rhythm disturbances, etc. Sleep disorders are divided into three main groups, primary sleep disorders, those associated with substance abuse or a medical condition and those that are secondary to mental disorders. A thorough medical history check, previous medication review, evaluation of the patient's Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), polysomnography, a multiple sleep latency test, etc. are used for diagnosing sleep disorders. Practitioners of sleep medicine seek to address both the underlying cause of the disorder and the sleep problem itself. Various methodologies such as cognitive behavioral therapy, patient education about sleep hygiene, etc. are used for the management of sleep disorders. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of sleep medicine. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of sleep medicine and the recent researches in this field. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Parkinson's disease affects the central nervous system, thus impacting vital motor skills. The most common symptoms are motor related. Rigidity, tremor, postural instability and slowness of movement are common signs of the disease. Other recognized symptoms are related to gait and posture disturbances such as festination, freezing of gait, mask-like facial expression, a slurred monotonous quiet voice, etc. Cognitive deficits can also occur. These include executive dysfunction, problems with abstract thinking, lack of cognitive flexibility, attention deficit, uninhibited action, etc. The primary pathological mechanism of Parkinson's disease is cell death in the brain's basal ganglia. The chief line of defense against the deterioration of motor functions due to Parkinson's disease is a set of drugs comprising of levodopa, MAO-B inhibitors and dopamine agonists. Surgery, subcutaneous waking day apomorphine infusion, deep brain stimulation and enteral dopa pumps may also be used after the body stops reacting to medications. This book contains some path-breaking studies in Parkinson's disease. It explores the fundamental as well as the modern understanding of the symptoms, pathophysiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease. This book is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this disease.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the central nervous system, with gradually deteriorating motor abilities. After Alzheimer's disease, it is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Hallucinations or delusions occur in 50% of the cases with Parkinson's disease, and may indicate the start of dementia. There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but various treatment pathways aimed at providing relief such as surgery, physical treatment and medications are available to improve quality of life. Typically, antiparkinson medications such as levodopa with dopamine agonists are prescribed for patients in the initial stages of the disease. Lesional and deep brain stimulation surgery is performed on those for whom medications fail. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around Parkinson's disease. Its objective is to give a general view of the different clinical aspects of this disease. A number of latest researches have been included in this book to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Behavioral neurology is a specialization of neurology, which is concerned with the study of the impact of neurological diseases and damage on cognitive function, behavior and memory. It also deals with the treatment of all such damages and conditions. Some of the diseases and disorders under study in behavioral neurology are amnesia, aprosodia, autism, dementia, apraxia, psychosis, traumatic brain injury, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, etc. In vivo neuroimaging techniques are widely used for the understanding of structural and functional correlations of brain lesions with behavioral dysfunction in individuals. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of behavioral neurology. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible language. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system which integrates anatomy, physiology, developmental biology, molecular biology, psychology, mathematical modeling and cytology to understand the functioning of neurons and neural circuits. Such investigations are furthered by cellular and molecular studies of individual neurons, and imaging of sensory motor tasks occurring in the brain. Progress in the fields of electrophysiology, molecular biology and computational neuroscience have advanced the frontiers of neuroscience. Such studies are particularly significant in the medical sciences such as psychosurgery, neurology, neurosurgery, neuropathology, etc. as they allow the diseases of the nervous system to be directly addressed. Psychiatry focuses on the management of behavioral, cognitive, affective and perceptual disorders, while neurology focuses on the conditions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of neuroscience. It unravels the recent studies in brain exploration. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Neuroscience is a multidisciplinary branch of biology that is concerned with the scientific study of the nervous system. It integrates principles of molecular biology, anatomy, developmental biology, cytology, physiology, etc. to develop an understanding of neurons and neural circuits. At the cognitive level, the understanding of psychological functions and their production by neural circuitry is addressed from the branch of cognitive neuroscience. Neuroimaging techniques like PET, SPECT, fMRI scans etc., human genetic analysis and electrophysiology are combined with advanced sophisticated experimental techniques to provide insights into human cognition and emotion. The complex questions pertaining to the interactions of the brain with its environment are dealt through an integration with social and behavioral sciences. The developmental, physiological and genetic mechanisms of behavior are studied in behavioral neuroscience. Research in behavioral neuroscience investigates changes relative to increase or decrease of neural function and enhanced neural activity. This can be measured using electroencephalography, fMRI, PET, various optical techniques, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around behavioral and cognitive neuroscience. It presents these complex subjects in the most comprehensible language. Researchers and students in these fields will be assisted by this book.

Nephrology is the study of the kidney function and the diseases associated with them. It also involves the diagnosis, prevention and the treatment of kidney diseases. The assessment of the blood pressure and the condition of the heart, lungs, abdomen and joints is required for diagnosing kidney diseases. Examination of the urine is the most common and direct way to assess kidney problems. In some cases, blood tests for checking the concentration of hemoglobin, platelets, calcium, urea or creatinine in the blood are also used to assess kidney problems. Imaging techniques like ultrasonography, computed axial tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are also used to diagnose the structural abnormalities in the kidneys. The various advancements in nephrology are glanced at in this book and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on nephrology have also been included in it. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Nephrology is a branch of medicine. It studies the functioning of kidneys and their diseases. Some common kidney diseases are kidney stones, acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease. Kidney stones are the solid pieces of material in the urinary tract. They can cause blockage of the ureter which may result in severe pain in the back and abdomen. Acute renal failure is associated with sudden kidney failure or kidney damage that develops within a few hours or a few days. Chronic kidney disease is an illness in which the loss of kidney functioning occurs gradually over a few months or years. This book traces the progress of the field of nephrology and highlights some of its key aspects. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects and the recent researches in this field. For all those who are interested in nephrology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Internal medicine is a medical specialty, which deals with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases in adults. Specialists in this field are involved in the management of complex multisystem disease conditions, such as weight loss, chest pain, dyspnoea, fatigue, etc. as well as multiple chronic diseases or comorbidities. Some of the subspecialties in this field are allergy, asthma and immunology, endocrinology, hematology, gastroenterology, rheumatology, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the current practices and procedures of internal medicine. The aim of this book is to present the new researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying internal medicine as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The form of kidney disease which results in the gradual loss of kidney function over a period of time is known as chronic kidney disease. It is commonly caused by high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, diabetes and polycystic kidney disease. Fatigue, loss of appetite, swelling of the legs, etc. are some of the symptoms of this disease. Chronic kidney disease can result in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Renal replacement and hemodialysis are the most common treatment methods for this disease. Different approaches and evaluations and advanced studies on chronic kidney disease have been included in this book. Clinicians, nephrologists and students in the field of nephrology will find this book full of crucial and unexplored information.

Nephropathy refers to the disease of a kidney, which leads to kidney damage and loss of kidney function. The progression of nephropathy can vary from mild to serious, and can potentially result in kidney failure. This is end-stage kidney disease, which can be treated through a dialysis or a kidney transplant. Nephrosis and nephritis are kidney diseases that give rise to nephrotic and nephritic syndrome respectively. Chronic kidney disease leads to a gradual loss of kidney function over time, while in acute kidney disease, kidney function reduces within seven days. Kidney disease is caused due to a deposition of immunoglobulin A antibodies in the glomerulus, toxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents, analgesic administration, long-term exposure to lead, etc. A high risk of nephropathy is associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus and high blood pressure. The standard line of diagnosis involves review of medical history, physical examination, urine test and ultrasound of the kidneys. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to nephropathy. It strives to provide a fair idea about this clinical condition and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in the diagnosis and management of nephropathy. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Medical microbiology is the branch of medicine associated with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. It is a branch of microbiology and finds its applications in medical science. It is concerned with the treatment of infectious diseases caused by microbes such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. Epidemiology is considered to be a primary area of study under medical microbiology. It is concerned with identifying and analyzing the patterns of health and disease conditions in a given population. It also studies the causes and effects of such health related conditions. This book outlines the applications of medical microbiology in detail. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to this field. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The study of heritable phenotype changes which do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence is known as epigenetics. It involves the changes affecting gene activity and expression. Some common mechanisms which alter gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence include histone modification and DNA methylation. The action of repressor proteins which attach to silencer regions of the DNA, aids in controlling gene expression. The process of cellular differentiation is a common example of epigenetic change in the eukaryotes. Other epigenetic processes include position effect, gene silencing, paramutation, transvection, bookmarking, imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, the progress of carcinogenesis, etc. This book elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to clinical epigenetics. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The branch of medicine, which involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders is known as medical genetics. Birth defects, mental retardation, cancer genetics, prenatal diagnosis, autism, etc. fall within the scope of medical genetics. Some of the sub-specialties within this field are cytogenetics, clinical genetics, molecular genetics, mitochondrial genetics, etc. Basic metabolic studies, chromosome studies and molecular studies are used as diagnostic evaluation tools to determine inborn errors of metabolism, chromosomal disorders and single gene disorders. At present, there is no known cure for genetic disorders. However, symptoms can be managed with medication and diet. Research in this field is actively seeking new medications and gene therapies for treating genetic disorders. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of medical genetics in a multidisciplinary manner. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of medical genetics and related fields. It is a vital reference tool for genetic counselors, nutritionists, diagnostic laboratory technicians, physicians and students.

The agents which kill microorganisms or stop their growth are known as antimicrobials. Antimicrobial medicines can be classified according to the microorganisms they act primarily against or according to their function. For instance, antimicrobials used against bacteria are called antibiotics, whereas antimicrobials which kill fungi are called antifungals. Antimicrobial medicines are used in antimicrobial chemotherapy to treat infections. Antimicrobial chemotherapy is further divided into five types, namely, antibacterial chemotherapy, antifungal chemotherapy, anthelminthic chemotherapy, antiprotozoal chemotherapy and antiviral chemotherapy. The topics included in this book on antimicrobials are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of clinical microbiology and the recent researches in this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area.

The field of molecular cytogenetics is concerned with the combination of the fields of cytogenetics and molecular biology, to distinguish normal cells from cancer-causing cells. It is a useful tool for the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies of the brain, blood, etc. Novel techniques known as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are used for molecular cytogenetic studies. These have DNA labeled with uniquely colored fluorescent tags to image specific regions of the genome. Molecular cytogenetic techniques are crucial for the understanding of the structural and functional organization of the nucleus and the chromosome, genome variation, gene expression and evolution. These also give insight into the contribution of genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities to tumor genetics and medical genetics. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of molecular cytogenetics. It is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

The diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders and conditions, such as birth defects and dysmorphology, autism, mental retardation, connective tissue disorders, mitochondrial disorders, skeletal dysplasia, etc. is encompassed under genome medicine. It incorporates diverse areas within its domain such as personalized medicine, gene therapy and predictive medicine. A diagnostic examination customized according to an understanding of existing signs and symptoms is used for establishing a differential diagnosis and developing an appropriate treatment. Such diagnostic tests help in determining whether the condition is an inborn error of metabolism, a chromosomal disorder or a single gene disorder. There is no cure for genetic disorders. However, potential for the dietary and medical management of the conditions to reduce or prevent long-term complications. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of genome medicine. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of genome medicine and the recent researches in this field. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects either the lower or the upper urinary tract. The infection that affects the lower urinary tract is called bladder infection, whereas the one that affects the upper urinary tract is known as kidney infection. Escherichia coli, a bacterium of the genus Escherichia, is the primary cause of urinary tract infection. Some other forms of bacteria and fungi may also cause such infections. The diagnosis of urinary tract infection is based on a presentation of symptoms such as pain with urination, fever, constant need to urinate, flank pain, etc. and urine culture. In most cases, it can be treated with a course of antibiotics. In more complicated cases, intravenous antibiotics may be used. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to the causes, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors, which will provide innovative insights to readers.

Tuberculosis or TB, is an infectious disease which generally affects the lungs. It is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It can affect the other body parts as well. Fever, night sweats, weight loss, lack of appetite and fatigue are some of its common symptoms. It spreads through air when people having active tuberculosis in their lungs cough, sneeze, spit or speak. Individuals with latent TB do not spread the disease. Chest X-rays and microscopic examination are usually used to diagnose active TB, whereas, tuberculin skin test or blood tests are useful in diagnosing latent TB. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the most common vaccine used against tuberculosis. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of tuberculosis research. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on tuberculosis have been included in it. This book will prove immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The human genome refers to the complete set of nucleic acid sequences in humans. It is encoded as DNA in the 23 chromosome pairs. The human genome is over 3 billion base pairs long. Any abnormality in the structure or function of these genes or chromosomes can result in a genetic disorder. Knockouts and mutations in specific genes can have severe consequences in terms of gene function and gene expression. Genetic diseases may occur due to a single gene or due to multiple genes. Over 6000 diseases in humans can be attributed to single-gene defects. When multiple genes contribute to a genetic disorder, such as in the case of diabetes, heart disease, obesity, asthma or autoimmune diseases, it is difficult to study and treat them. A number of diseases are also related to large-scale genomic abnormalities. Nondisjunction of entire chromosomes can lead to disorders such as Turner Syndrome and Down syndrome. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the human genome and its relevance to health care. The topics included in this book on the human genome are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

The hypersensitivity of the immune system causes allergies. Asthma is one such example. It is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs, which is characterized by bronchospasm and reversible airflow obstruction. Some of the signs and symptoms of asthma are coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing and chest tightness. It is believed to be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic conditions. Environmental factors such as exposure to allergens and air pollution can trigger asthma. The diagnosis of asthma is based on an examination of symptoms and response to therapy and spirometry. There is no known cure for asthma. Triggers such as irritants and allergens can be avoided and managed by inhaling corticosteroids. For uncontrolled symptoms, antileukotriene agents and long-acting beta agonists may also be used. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing the understanding of this disease are examined in detail. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs. It is caused by a species of pathogenic bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB infection converts into disease when the immune system defenses are overcome by bacilli that begin to multiply. Tuberculosis can also reoccur after treatment especially in patients with HIV. A short course treatment of TB involves the use of antibiotics such as isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, etc. These are known as first-line drugs. A series of second-line drugs may also be used in case the first-line drugs prove to be inefficient to treat the disease. This book discusses the fundaments as well as modern approaches of tuberculosis pathogenesis, control and treatment. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers.