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Diseases caused due to infection are known as infectious diseases. Infection is the invasion of the tissues of an organism's body by disease-causing agents, the toxins they produce, and their multiplication. Infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, nematodes, arthropods, fungi and other macroparasites can cause infections. Some common signs of infection include fever, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, aches, pains and lack of appetite. Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals and antihelminthics are some of the common medicines used to treat infections. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of infectious diseases and the recent researches in this field. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of infectious diseases and related aspects. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Immunopathology is a branch of medicine, which deals with the immune responses associated with diseases. The immune response of a body can harm the organism itself, due to a mismatch between pathogen and host species, or when an infection is caused by an animal pathogen. When a foreign antigen enters the body, there can either be an antigen specific or antigen nonspecific response to it. Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency are abnormal immune responses of the human body. AIDS, HIV and leukemia can lead to immunodeficiency. The treatment of all such immune conditions is under the scope of clinical immunology. This book elucidates the current progress in the field of immunopathology in a multidisciplinary manner. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of the working of the human immune system and immune responses. It is a vital reference tool for academicians, physicians and students alike.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) refers to the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication aimed to kill it. Antibiotic resistance is a form of AMR. Some microbes can be resistant to multiple antimicrobials. They are called multidrug resistant microbes. Resistant microbes are difficult to treat and require higher doses of antimicrobials or alternative medications. Resistance typically occurs through genetic mutation, natural resistance or by acquiring resistance from another species. Proper sanitation and hygiene maintenance can minimize the spread of infections. Another strategy for achieving this is using narrow-spectrum antibiotics over broad-spectrum antibiotics. The field of infection control addresses all factors related to the spread of infections within the healthcare setting. This book unravels the recent studies in antimicrobial resistance and infection control. It will provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of the tissues of a body to harmful stimuli such as irritants, damaged cells and pathogens. It is a protective response involving the blood vessels, immune cells and molecular mediators. It acts to eliminate the cause of cell injury, clean out the necrotic cells and tissues harmed and initiate tissue repair. Less inflammation can lead to diseases such as periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, hay fever, atherosclerosis, etc. Inflammation can have a number of outcomes such as fibrous scarring, abscess formation and chronic inflammation. When the inflammatory response is no longer desirable, it should be terminated. Any failure of the body to do so results in cellular destruction and chronic inflammation. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the varied clinical aspects of inflammation. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on inflammation have been included in this book. Those in search of knowledge in this domain will be greatly assisted by this book.

Autoimmunity refers to the immune responses of an organism against its healthy cells and tissues. Whenever a human body exhibits an abnormal immune response to a normal body part, the condition may be termed as an autoimmune disease. The immune response can be targeted at any body part. Some of its common symptoms are recurring tiredness and low-grade fever. While some autoimmune diseases are triggered by environmental factors or infections, some are genetic. Common examples of autoimmune diseases are alopecia areata, Graves' disease, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. The treatment of these generally includes management of the symptoms rather than absolute cure of the disease. This book provides comprehensive insights into autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the treatment of these disorders. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students alike.

Immunology is a branch of biology, which is concerned with the study of the immune system. The malfunctions of the immune system cause immunological disorders such as immune deficiency syndromes, hypersensitivities and transplant rejection. Immunological disorders fall into the broad categories of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. In an immunodeficiency disease, the immune system fails to provide an adequate response. Some examples of immunodeficiency diseases are primary immune disease and chronic granulomatous disease. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks its host's body such as in Hashimoto's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on immunology have been included in this book. There has been rapid progress in the understanding of immunological disorders, their diagnoses and treatments, which have been included in this extensive book. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Liver disease, also termed as hepatic disease, is a condition of the liver characterized by weight loss and jaundice, among many others. Some of the common liver diseases are hepatitis, fascioliasis, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, liver cancer, etc. Genetic diseases such as hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, Gilbert's syndrome, etc. can lead to liver damage. Various liver function tests that test for serum albumin, serum globulin, aspartate transaminase, etc. are used for the detection of liver diseases. Imaging techniques of ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and transient elastography are used for the examination of liver tissue and bile ducts. Hepatitis infections are treated using anti-viral medications. Other medications such as steroid-based drugs, ursodeoxycholic acid, etc. target specific symptoms and conditions of the liver and strive to slow down the progression of the disease. This book contains some path-breaking studies in liver diseases. The aim of this book is to present researches that have advanced the frontiers in the clinical management of liver diseases. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Liver disorders are the conditions of the liver that cause damage to the liver or inhibit normal functioning. Such disorders can be inherited (genetic) or caused due to viral infections, alcohol use and even obesity. Infections with hepatitis virus A, B, C, D and E cause hepatitis which is a severe condition. Some of these may be transmitted sexually. Immune system abnormalities often lead to autoimmune liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, etc. Some genetic liver diseases are alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease, besides many others. Primary liver cancer often manifests as cholangiocarcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma. Sometimes, primary cancers of the gastrointestinal tract can metastasize and cause secondary lesions or liver malignancies. Liver diseases can be prevented by drinking alcohol in moderation, getting vaccinations, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding risky behavior pertaining to drug use, sex, etc. Medical and surgical procedures may be used for the management and treatment of the conditions of the liver. Much research on the possibility of using stem cells for the generation of an artificial liver is also being done. This book unravels the recent studies in liver disorders. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various causes of liver disorders and their prevention and management strategies. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Immunology is a branch of biology concerned with the study of immune systems. Immunological studies have applications in the fields of oncology, organ transplantation, rheumatology, dermatology, etc. The disorders of the immune system can result in immunodeficiency diseases and autoimmune diseases. Immunodeficiency diseases are caused when the immune system fails to provide the adequate immune response. When the immune system attacks its own host's body, it leads to autoimmune diseases, some of which include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's disease, etc. The gradual accumulation of psychological, physical and social changes in a human being over time constitutes the process of aging. A less efficient immune function is a characteristic of old age. As the immune system weakens progressively with age, the organism becomes unable to fight infections and increasingly incapable of destroying old and neoplastic cells. This eventually leads to death. This book contains some path-breaking studies in immunology and aging. It unfolds the innovative aspects of the relationship between immunology and aging, which will be crucial for the understanding of these areas. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about these fields.

Chronic liver disease is a disease of the liver, which involves progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma. This leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. It encompasses a range of liver pathologies including chronic hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. The diagnosis of chronic liver disease is done through an examination of its symptoms which will vary according to the underlying cause such as nail clubbing, testicular atrophy, palmar erythema, leukonychia, asterixis, Dupuytren's contracture, parotid enlargement, cerebellar signs, etc. Some of the complications of chronic liver disease are synthetic dysfunction, portal hypertension, encephalopathy, hepatopulmonary syndrome, etc. Depending on the underlying cause, medications such as corticosteroids, antivirals, interferons, bile acids and other drugs may be prescribed. Supportive therapy including albumin, vitamin K, diuretics, antibiotics and nutritional therapy may help to prevent or manage complications of cirrhosis. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of chronic liver disease and the recent researches on this condition. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on the diagnosis and management of chronic liver disease. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying hepatology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Fibrosis is the clinical condition in which excess fibrous connective tissue forms in an organ or tissue in a reactive or reparative process. It can be a benign, reactive or pathological state. When fibrosis arises from a single cell line, the condition is known as fibroma. When it occurs as a response to injury, it is termed as scarring. When fibrosis occurs in the liver, the condition leads to cirrhosis. The fibrosis of the liver can lead to the destruction of normal tissues of the liver, including the sinusoids, vascular structures and the space of Disse. This results in increased hepatic blood flow resistance and portal hypertension. The pattern of fibrosis seen depends on the underlying insult that resulted in cirrhosis. Fibrosis can also proliferate if the underlying process causing it has been resolved. FibroTest is a biomarker test that can be used for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Close follow-up is necessary for its treatment. Antibiotics, laxatives, antiviral medications, steroid medications, etc. can help in the management of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, even though the damage to the liver cannot be reversed. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the treatment and diagnosis of liver fibrosis. It is a valuable compilation of topics ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the management of this medical condition. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this area will benefit alike from this book.

A biopsy is a medical procedure, performed by an interventional radiologist or cardiologist, or a surgeon, involving the extraction of tissue or cell samples for determining the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is then examined by a pathologist and analyzed chemically. A biopsy is performed on a liver in patients with hepatitis, for determining response to therapy. In this, it is assessed if the inflammation of the liver has been reduced and the progression of the disease based on the degree of fibrosis is determined. A liver biopsy may also be performed in the case of Wilson's disease to determine the quantitative copper level in the body. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide a clinical perspective of biopsy. It covers in detail some existing techniques and innovative practices concerning liver biopsy. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the elaborate content of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of this subject.

Liver cirrhosis is a condition of the liver in which normal liver parenchyma is replaced by scar tissue, thereby causing long-term damage to the liver. It is always preceded by fatty liver and hepatitis. The disease progresses gradually over months or years. In its initial stages, there are often no symptoms, but as it progresses, symptoms such as tiredness, itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, yellow skin, spider-like blood vessels on the skin and fluid build up in the abdomen start to occur. Liver cirrhosis may lead to hepatic encephalopathy, liver cancer and bleeding from dilated stomach veins or from dilated veins in the esophagus. Cirrhosis may be caused by alcohol, hepatitis B and C, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Though liver damage is irreversible, treatment can slow down the progression of the disease and reduce complications. Generally, antibiotics, laxatives, medications for hepatitis, chelation therapy, etc. may be prescribed depending on the underlying cause of the disease. This book provides comprehensive insights into liver cirrhosis. It provides significant information of the clinical aspects of liver cirrhosis from pathophysiology to disease management. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Hematology is a branch of medicine. It studies the diseases of blood along with their causes, treatment, prevention and prognosis. Some common blood diseases are blood clots, lymphoma, hemophilia, leukemia, among others. Hematopathologists are pathologists whose expertise lies in the diagnosis of hematological diseases. Blood clotting tests, Coombs test, radioallergosorbent test, Kleihauer-Betke test, live blood analysis, etc. are some of the commonly performed tests to evaluate blood diseases. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of hematology. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying hematology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The medical condition characterized by the inflammation of the pancreas is known as pancreatitis. There are two principal categories of pancreatitis - acute and chronic pancreatitis. Symptoms of pancreatitis are abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. In acute pancreatitis, the pancreas undergoes sudden inflammation. It is caused by a gallstone blocking the common bile duct, systemic diseases, trauma, heavy alcohol use and mumps. It can be recurrent or it may progress into chronic pancreatitis. It can be treated through intravenous nutritional support, pain control and intravenous fluid rehydration. Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term inflammation of the pancreas in which the structure and function of the pancreas is irreversibly changed. It is generally caused by idiopathic pancreatitis, tumors, intraductal obstruction, calcific stones, ischemia, etc. Chronic pancreatitis can be treated through therapeutic endoscopy and surgery. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of acute and chronic pancreatitis. It strives to provide a fair idea about these medical conditions to help develop a better understanding of the latest diagnostic and therapeutic advances in this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The blood clot, which develops inside a blood vessel is known as thrombosis. In this condition the blood flow through the circulatory system is obstructed. This can occur in either veins or arteries. Atrial fibrillation is the most common cause of arterial thrombosis whereas venous thrombosis is majorly caused by a combination of hypercoagulability and venous stasis. In some cases a thrombus may get detached as an embolus and travel through circulation. This results in a type of embolism called thromboembolism. Low molecular weight heparin, insertion of a vena cava filter and mechanical calf compression are some of the methods used for its treatment. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects related to thrombosis. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this medical condition. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

The branch of medicine that studies the causes, prognosis, treatment and prevention of diseases associated with blood is known as hematology. It is concerned with the treatment of diseases which affect the production of blood, hemoglobin, blood cells, bone marrow, platelets, spleen, blood vessels, etc. Some hematological disorders are hemophilia, blood clots, leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. These are diagnosed at the hematology laboratory through the examination of bone marrow slides and blood films, along with an analysis of blood clotting test and hematological test results. Hematologists specialize in specific domains, such as in the treatment of hemoglobinopathies, hematological malignancies and bleeding disorders, as well as bone marrow and stem cell transplantation. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of hematology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Medical informatics, also known as health care informatics, is a branch of health care involving the application of information engineering to the field of health care. It is a field which uses health information technology for improving health care. It generally revolves around the study of the IT-based innovations in planning, delivery and management of healthcare services. This includes the methods and devices required for the storage and use of information in health and biomedicine. Some of the common sub-fields of medical informatics include imaging informatics, pathology informatics, clinical bioinformatics, community health informatics, consumer health informatics, etc. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of medical informatics and related fields. It strives to provide a fair idea about this area and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Occupational therapy is a type of therapy involving the use of assessment and intervention to recover, develop or maintain the occupations or meaningful activities of people. Occupational therapists usually deal with people having mental health problems, impairments or disabilities. They help individuals to achieve a fulfilled and satisfied state of life with the help of specially designed interventions. Injury rehabilitation, providing support to the elderly dealing with physical and cognitive changes, and assisting children with disabilities to enable them to participate properly in school and social situations, are some of the common examples of occupational therapy interventions. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to occupational therapy interventions. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of occupational therapy as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Health care refers to the maintenance of health by preventing, diagnosing and treating illnesses and injuries in humans. Health professionals are the ones who deliver health care. They may be operating and dealing within all branches of health care. Some of the common branches of health care are nursing, surgery, pharmacy, optometry, midwifery, audiology, dentistry and psychology. Healthcare practitioners usually include physicians, pharmacists, surgeons, nurses, dietitians, therapists, paramedics, surgeon's assistant and naturopaths. The leadership, administration and management of a hospital, health care system, hospital network and public health system is known as healthcare management. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of health care and its utmost significance in modern times. It covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around health care. Doctors, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The field of study involved with pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period is known as obstetrics. The chief areas within obstetrics are prenatal and postnatal care. Prenatal care helps to screen for various complications of pregnancy through routine lab tests and physical examinations. CBC tests, general antibody screen test, ultrasound, amniocentesis, MSAFP/quadruple screen test, hematocrit, glucose loading test, etc. are done during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Some of the pregnancy-related emergencies include ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, fetal distress, shoulder dystocia, uterine rupture, etc. Postnatal care is provided to mothers following parturition. The mother is examined for bowel and bladder function, and bleeding. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of obstetrics. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key principles and practices. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The branch concerned with the general management, leadership and administration of hospitals, health care systems, hospital networks and public health systems is known as health care management. It is also called medical and health services management. It focuses on ensuring that all the required health outcomes are attained. Moreover, it ensures that the departments in a health institution are running smoothly and working towards the attainment of a common goal. Hospital administrators are the professionals dealing with the administration and management of hospitals and other health institutions. They are considered to be the central points of control within hospitals. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to healthcare management. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on healthcare management have been included in it. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The field of economics dealing with the issues related to value, efficiency, behavior and effectiveness in the production and consumption of health and healthcare is known as health economics. Specialists in this field are called health economists. They delve into the functioning of the healthcare systems and health-affecting behaviors. They also evaluate financial information, including the costs, expenditures and charges. The existence of knowledge gap between the patient and the physician is a state of benefit for the physician, which is called asymmetric information. It is a major area of focus under this field. Some of the main branches associated with health economics include medical economics, behavioral economics and mental health economics. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of health economics which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of health economics and related fields. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights into the field of health economics.

Pregnancy is an important period in a woman's life. To have a healthy pregnancy, a healthy newborn and to prevent complications during childbirth, regular checkups, exercise, a healthy diet and dietary supplements are of the utmost importance. Childbirth can occur by a Caesarean section or through vaginal passage. Caesarean sections are recommended for babies in the breech position, for twins or in cases of extreme distress. Pain control, active management of labor, fetal monitoring, etc. are integral to delivery management. The care of the newborn infant is vital to its health and well-being. Adequate breastfeeding and food consumption, good hygiene and care are essential to an infant's health. Low weight or premature infants, or infants with congenital malformations, intrauterine growth restriction, birth asphyxia, pulmonary hypoplasia or sepsis can have a better chance of survival and normal neurological and physiological development if provided with due care and monitoring. The fields of perinatology and neonatology are actively involved in the medical care of the mother and the infant respectively. This book contains some path-breaking studies in pregnancy and childbirth. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of childbirth. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Prenatal care is a form of preventive healthcare concerned with the facilitation of appropriate care to mothers during the course of the pregnancy to prevent potential health issues. It strives to promote healthy lifestyles that benefit mother and child. Pregnant women are informed regarding physiological and biological changes during pregnancy, and the need for prenatal nutrition. Routine prenatal screening and diagnosis can significantly reduce the chances of miscarriages, low birth weight, maternal death, birth defects and neonatal infections. The postpartum period refers to the first six weeks after childbirth when the mother's body gradually returns to its non-pregnant state. This period can be divided into three stages, namely the initial or acute phase, subacute postpartum period and the delayed postpartum period. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of prenatal and postpartum care. It outlines the principles and practices of prenatal and postpartum care in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Obstetrics and gynecology is a medical field encompassing the subspecialties of gynecology and obstetrics. Gynecology is concerned with the overall health of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, vagina and the ovaries, while obstetrics is concerned with pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. Practitioners of this field are adept at the care and management of pregnancy as well as the female reproductive organs. Some of the specialties of this discipline are reproductive endocrinology and infertility, maternal-fetal medicine, female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery, pediatric and adolescent gynecology, etc. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Gastroenterology is a branch of medicine that studies the functioning of the digestive system and the diseases related to it. Diseases affecting the internal organs from mouth to anus, along the alimentary canal are the areas of focus in this field. Physicians or specialists in this field are known as gastroenterologists. The techniques and medical procedures used by a gastroenterologist to diagnose and treat gastrointestinal diseases include endoscopy, colonoscopy, liver biopsy and endoscopic ultrasound. Endoscopy is one of the most common procedures used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. In this procedure, an endoscope is used for the purpose of examining the interior of a hollow body organ. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of gastrointestinal medicine. It consists of contributions made by international experts. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The branch of medicine that studies the digestive system and its disorders is referred to as gastroenterology. Diseases related to the gastrointestinal tract, namely the stomach, oesophagus, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the organs responsible for digestion, which includes the liver, gallbladder and pancreas are known as gastrointestinal diseases. Some oral diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract include gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gardner's syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, atrophic glossitis, angular cheilitis and sideropenic dysphagia. Some other diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract include oesophageal diseases, such as Barrett's oesophagus, gastric diseases such as atrophic gastritis, intestinal diseases such as enterocolitis and liver diseases such as fatty liver. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of gastrointestinal medicine. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors which will provide innovative insights to readers.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder affecting the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys and the intestine. It is characterized by frequent lung infections, which cause coughing up of mucus and difficulty in breathing. Other symptoms may consist of poor growth, sinus infections, clubbing of the fingers and toes, fatty stool, etc. Cystic fibrosis is usually caused due to the presence of mutations in both the copies of the gene responsible for the production of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. An individual with a single working copy of the gene is a carrier of cystic fibrosis. It is diagnosed through genetic testing and a sweat test. There is no known cure for cystic fibrosis. Antibiotics are given for treating lung infections and for deteriorating lung condition. Lung transplantation may be recommended in some cases. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about cystic fibrosis. The topics covered herein deal with the core aspects of this genetic disorder. For all readers who are interested in cystic fibrosis, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Neonatology is a specialization within pediatrics, which encompasses the medical care of newborn infants. It focuses on the premature newborn or ones born with complications, such as low birth weight, sepsis, birth defects, birth asphyxia, pulmonary hypoplasia, etc. Infants are susceptible to a number of severe diseases as they are still adapting to extrauterine life. These may include neonatal jaundice, neonatal conjunctivitis, infant respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis, etc. Perinatology or maternal-fetal medicine is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the management of health concerns of the fetus and the mother before, after and during pregnancy. Pregnant women with chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart or kidney disease, thrombophilia, or hypertension, or those with higher risk of miscarriages, pre-eclampsia, preterm labor, and twin or triplet pregnancies are treated within the domain of perinatology. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the current practices and procedures of neonatology and perinatology. It aims to present the new researches that have transformed these disciplines and aided their advancement. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying neonatology and perinatology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.