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Surgeries related to the upper gastrointestinal tract as well as the lower gastrointestinal tract are under the scope of gastrointestinal surgery. The practice of surgery whose focus of study is on the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract is called upper gastrointestinal surgery or upper GI surgery. Lower gastrointestinal surgery or lower GI surgery is the type of surgery which is concerned with colorectal surgery and the surgery of the small intestine. The main operations performed by upper GI surgeons include liver resection, pancreaticoduodenectomy and esophagectomy, whereas, lower GI surgeons perform operations like colectomy and low or ultralow resections for rectal cancer. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of gastrointestinal surgery. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to gastrointestinal surgery. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the stomach and the small intestine. It is often called "stomach flu". Its symptoms mainly include abdominal pain, diarrhea, dehydration, fever and vomiting. Rotavirus and norovirus are two of the most common causes of gastroenteritis. The transmission of both these viruses takes place through the fecal-oral route. Lack of adequate sanitation, open defecation and poor hygiene practices are the main causes of disease transmission. The methods of prevention include proper hand washing with soap, proper disposal of human waste and drinking clean water. Rotavirus vaccine is effective in preventing rotavirus in children. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of diagnosing and managing gastroenteritis. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. For all those who are interested in gastroenteritis, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Inflammatory bowel disease refers to the group of inflammatory conditions associated with the colon and the small intestine. The two primary types of inflammatory bowel disease include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease is a type of disease that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Diarrhea, fever, weight loss and abdominal pain are some of its symptoms. A long-term condition related to the inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum is known as ulcerative colitis. Its symptoms include diarrhea mixed with blood, anemia, abdominal pain and weight loss. Colonoscopy and fecal calprotectin are the techniques used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment methods include proctocolectomy, bowel resection, strictureplasty and ileostomy. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of inflammatory bowel disease and the recent researches in this field. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as experts.

Gastroenterology is a branch of medicine. Its area of focus is the functioning of the digestive system and its disorders. Hepatology and proctology are two important sub-fields of gastroenterology. Hepatology is a branch concerned with diseases related to the liver, bile ducts, gallbladder and pancreas, whereas, proctology is a branch that studies the disorders related to the rectum, colon and anus. Doctors who specialize in the field of gastroenterology are known as gastroenterologists. Some of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures they perform include endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and colonoscopy. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different aspects of gastroenterology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. Students, researchers, doctors and all associated with gastroenterology will benefit alike from this book.

Diseases of the skin, hair and nails are clinically treated under the domain of dermatology. Dermatologic drugs can be categorized under antifungals, antipruritics, antiseptics and disinfectants, antipsoriatics, antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, hair loss medications, etc. Some dermatologic procedures are dermabrasion, facial rejuvenation, hydradermabrasion, ultraviolet light therapy, tattoo removal, etc. Most of these procedures fall under the domains of dermatologic surgery and cryotherapy. Dermatologic surgery includes cryosurgery, electrosurgery, photorejuvenation, electrodesiccation and curettage, etc. Cryotherapy refers to the use of low temperatures in medical therapy to destroy diseased or abnormal tissue, for the treatment of tissue lesions. Extreme cold is also used in cryosurgery for the treatment of warts, skin tags, moles and solar keratoses. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most recent advancements in the field of dermatology. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant aspects of dermatology.

The visual representation of the interior of the human body for the purpose of clinical analysis and for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases is achieved through medical imaging. It also allows the understanding of normal physiology and anatomy. Some medical imaging techniques are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopy, positron emission tomography (PET), medical ultrasonography, etc. Volume rendering techniques are used to provide a 3D visualization of the body or region of the body under study. Imaging techniques such as MRI and PET are typically used in neuroscience and oncology. Medical imaging may be used also to gain insight into complications in pregnancy, routine prenatal care and intercurrent diseases. Medical imaging is also a major tool in clinical trials as it allows quick visualization and assessment. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the clinical applications of medical imaging. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying this discipline as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Acne is a skin disease characterized by whiteheads or blackheads, pimples, oily skin and scarring. It occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin. It affects the areas of the skin, which has a relatively higher number of oil glands. Genetics is considered to be the primary cause of acne. Other factors such as infections, hormonal activity, stress, environmental factors and medications for other conditions can also cause or worsen acne. Many treatment options are available for the management of acne, such as medications, lifestyle changes and medical procedures. Azelaic acid, salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide are applied directly to the affected skin. Antibiotics and retinoids may also be applied to the skin or taken orally. This book explores all aspects related to the diagnosis and clinical management of acne in the present day scenario. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will be a vital reference tool for dermatologists, skin specialists, experts and students alike.

A skin condition is a medical condition, which affects the integumentary system that comprises of the hair, nails, skin and related glands and muscles. The diagnosis of skin conditions is built on a physical examination of the skin, skin appendages and mucous membranes. The clinical observation typically addresses the configuration, morphology and the distribution of the lesion. Lesions can be classified into primary and secondary lesions. Primary lesions can be tumors, macules, patches, plaques, cysts, etc. Secondary lesions include crust, lichenification, maceration, umbilication, excoriation, etc. Lesions can be clustered into annular, arciform, gyrate, linear, reticular organizations, etc. Dermatological therapies typically involve laser therapy, allergy testing, topical therapies, intralesional treatment, hair transplantation, besides many others. Some dermatological drugs include Dextranomer, Ingenol mebutate, Mederma, Dixanthogen, etc. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of dermatology. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various diagnotic techniques and therapies used in dermatology. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

A neoplasm is a form of excessive and abnormal growth of tissue, which usually forms a mass called a tumor. Neoplasms can be malignant, benign, in situ and of unknown nature. Malignant neoplasms are cancers. Skin mole is a benign neoplasm while skin cancer is a malignant neoplasm. Skin cancers are cancers of the skin that arise due to a development of abnormal cells which invade or spread to different parts of the body. Skin cancers are of three primary kinds, namely basal-cell skin cancer (BCC), melanoma and squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC). This book presents a clinical and pathological approach to skin neoplasms, which will be crucial for its diagnosis and management. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Dentistry is a branch of medicine concerned with the treatment and prevention of oral diseases, including the diseases of the teeth, conditions of the soft tissues of the mouth and disorders of the supporting structures. The correction of any malformation of the jaw, birth anomalies of the oral cavity including cleft palate and misalignment of the teeth is also treated within the domain of dentistry. It has a number of subspecialties, such as orthodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, endodontics, maxillofacial pathology, oral and maxillofacial radiology, etc. Orthodontics encompasses the correction and prevention of the malocclusion of the teeth and dentofacial incongruities. The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the periodontal tissues, such as jaws, gums and related contiguous structures, which surround the teeth and support it falls under the domain of periodontics. The correction of any condition to restore oral function and appearance by the replacement of contiguous tissues and replacement of missing teeth with prostheses and other artificial substitutes is under the scope of prosthodontics. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of dentistry and how such concepts have practical applications. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with dentistry will benefit alike from this book.

The diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the oral cavity is under the scope of dentistry. Many systemic diseases occur with symptoms, which manifest in the orofacial region. The mouth can also be affected by gastrointestinal and cutaneous conditions. The treatment of these involves restorative, prosthetic, endodontic and periodontal treatments and therapies. The diagnosis and examination of the oral cavity is done through radiographs or X-rays. Dentists can perform oral surgery procedures like dental implant placement and prescribe local anesthetics, antibiotics, fluorides, painkillers, sedatives/hypnotics and other medications for the treatment of various conditions of the neck and the head. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects in the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases and the recent researches in dentistry. The objective is to give a general view of the different techniques of dentistry and their applications. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Oral infections and inflammations can affect the overall health of the oral cavity. Dentists strongly recommend the maintenance of oral hygiene for the prevention of oral diseases. General guidelines of ensuring good oral health include brushing twice daily and using flossettes, floss and interdental brushes. Regular checkups for professional evaluation and cleaning are highly recommended. The most common types of dental disease are gum diseases and tooth decay. Limiting the intake of snacks and eating a balanced diet can help prevent periodontal disease and tooth decay. The mouth may be affected by several cutaneous and gastrointestinal conditions. Pathological conditions in the biofilm surrounding the teeth lead to plaque-induced diseases. Oral medicine aims to treat lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris and Behçet's disease. The diagnosis and follow-up care of pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, chronic and acute pain conditions relative to myofascial pain, paroxysmal neuralgias and atypical facial pain, among others. It also involves the management of temporomandibular joint disorder, trigeminal neuralgia, Sjögren's syndrome, etc. This book is a clinical guide to oral health and medicine and unravels the recent studies in these disciplines. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

A set of medical conditions in which the tissues surrounding the teeth exhibit inflammation is known as periodontal disease. Bacteria present in the mouth can infect the tissues around the teeth and cause periodontal disease. Some common symptoms include bleeding of gums, halitosis, swelling of gums, deep pockets between teeth and gums, etc. Periodontal probe is a device used by dentists in order to evaluate periodontitis. A standard treatment to prevent the progression of periodontitis is the use of special instruments to clean the teeth, especially below the gum line. Periodontal disease may be prevented by regular brushing, daily flossing, regular dental check-ups, professional teeth cleaning, etc. The topics included in this book on periodontitis are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students, and dentists.

Oral health science is the practice of maintaining hygiene in one's mouth by keeping it clean and disease-free. Maintenance of oral hygiene on a regular basis is highly crucial for preventing bad breath and other dental diseases. Dentistry is a branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases and conditions related to the oral cavity. Tooth decay, gingivitis and periodontitis are some of the common oral-hygiene related diseases. Regular brushing is required to prevent oral diseases. Apart from this, interdental cleaning plays an important role in cleaning the space between the teeth. Interdental brushes, floss and flossettes are some of the common tools used for the purpose of interdental cleaning. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of dentistry which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included herein on oral health science and dentistry are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. For all readers who are interested in these areas, the case studies provided in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

A surgical component which serves as an orthodontic anchor between the bone of the jaw or skull and a dental prosthesis is called a dental implant. A dental prosthesis can range from a bridge, a denture to a facial prosthesis. Osseointegration is a biological process in which a material forms a bond with the bone. This process is the foundation of modern implant dentistry. Computed tomography along with CAM/CAD simulations and surgical guidelines are used to determine the position of implants with respect to the adjacent teeth. Temporary anchorage devices are a special type of small diameter dental implants which are used to assist the movement of the tooth. Root analog ceramic implants are currently the most technologically advanced form of dental implants. They are produced using CT or DVT scans and can be placed without any surgery after tooth extraction. In this book, the various advancements in implant dentistry are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. For all readers who are interested in this field, the case studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The study of botany and the use of medicinal plants fall under the science of herbalism. Throughout human history, plants have been used for the treatment of diseases and ailments. Many of the pharmaceuticals used today have a history of use as herbal remedies, such as quinine, aspirin, digitalis and opium. Modern medicine uses plant-derived compounds for the development of evidence-based pharmaceutical drugs. The scope of herbal medicine may extend to incorporate fungal and bee products, shells, animal parts and minerals. Herbal remedies are prevalently used in patients with chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, end-stage renal disease and asthma. Prescription drugs are used along with herbal extracts, herbal teas and essential oils. This book traces the progress of herbal medicine and highlights some of its key principles and practices. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various herbal medicines. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Oral diseases are a major health concern owing to their high prevalence and incidence across the world. Dentistry is a specialization in medicine that is concerned with the maintenance of good oral health in humans. The diagnosis, study, prevention and treatment of the conditions of the oral cavity are under the scope of this field. These include the disorders of the oral mucosa and maxillofacial area as well as the craniofacial complex, which includes the temporomandibular joint and the supporting lymphatic, vascular, nervous and anatomical structures. Oral diseases primarily include dental caries and periodontal disease. Some of the common strategies used in the management of these include scaling, tooth extraction, teeth restoration and root canal treatment. Regular brushing, flossing, tongue cleaning, subgingival irrigation and interdental cleaning promote good oral health. This book contains some path-breaking studies in oral health. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to oral health care. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Cardiology is the branch of medicine, which studies the functioning of the heart and the circulatory system and any disruption in their normal functioning. The prevention, diagnosis and treatment of heart disorders such as hypertension, cardiac arrest, coronary artery disease and congenital heart defects are within the scope of this field. Various diagnostic tests are used for identifying the heart conditions relative to a healthy and an unhealthy heart function. Electrocardiogram, event monitor, Holter monitor, electrophysiology study and cardiac stress testing are used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart, detect rhythm abnormalities and assess cardiac function. Various techniques are used for cardiac imaging such as coronary catheterization, intravascular ultrasound, echocardiogram, among others. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of cardiology. From theories to research, case studies related to all clinical topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. This book on cardiology is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

Endocarditis is a medical condition characterized by an inflammation of the endocardium of the heart. The inflammation occurs in the heart valves and may extend to the chordae tendineae, interventricular septum, the surfaces of intracardiac devices or the mural endocardium. Vegetations comprising of a mass of fibrin, platelets or microcolonies of scant inflammatory cells or microorganisms may occur in endocarditis. Subacute form of infective endocarditis includes a center of granulomatous tissue. Endocarditis can be infective or non-infective based on the underlying cause of the inflammation. Blood cultures and echocardiogram can aid in the diagnosis. Some common symptoms of this disease are fever, sweating or chills, weakness, anorexia, cardiac murmur, Janeway's lesions, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to endocarditis. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of endocarditis. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of cardiology.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is the medical diagnostic imaging technology used for the non-invasive assessment of the structure and function of the cardiovascular system. Standard MRI sequences are customized for cardiac imaging with the utilization of high temporal resolution protocols and ECG gating. CMRI is a complementary technique to other techniques, such as cardiac CT, echocardiography and nuclear medicine. A common major birth defect is congenital heart defect. CMRI provides the essential insight into the nature of the defect without the use of harmful X-rays. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this field. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern techniques and applications of the subject.

Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the conditions of the cardiovascular system. Some CVDs involve only the blood vessels, such as peripheral arterial disease, coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysm, etc. Many other CVDs involve the heart like hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysrhythmias, etc. This may include stroke, hypertensive heart disease, heart failure, carditis, etc. Age, smoking, diabetes, sex, blood lipids and blood pressure are important predictors of cardiovascular diseases. Any existing cardiovascular condition or a past cardiovascular event like a stroke or a heart attack can imply a future cardiovascular event. ECGs, echocardiography, cardiac stress testing and myocardial perfusion imaging are common assessment techniques of cardiovascular disorders. Blood pressure medications, statins and anti-diabetic medications are some medications, which significantly reduce the risk of CVDs in people. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the assessment and treatment of cardiovascular disorders. It presents the complex subject of CVD in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

An aortic aneurysm is the dilation of the aorta to more than 1.5 times its normal size. It causes no symptoms except when it ruptures. Sometimes, it may result in leg, back or abdominal pain. Aortic rupture results in massive internal bleeding, which unless treated immediately, is fatal. Aortic aneurysms are of three types, classified on the basis of their location on the aorta - aortic root aneurysm, thoracic aortic aneurysm and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Aneurysms can be detected through physical examination. Medical imaging is required for confirming the diagnosis and determining the anatomic extent of the aneurysm. It can occur as a result of trauma or infection or an abnormality in the collagen and elastin components of the aortic wall. Open or endovascular surgery is the recommended treatment for an aortic aneurysm. For smaller aneurysms, blood pressure control, use of beta blockers and statins may be recommended. This book provides significant information on aortic aneurysms to help develop a good understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of this medical condition. Those with an interest in cardiology would find this book helpful.

Atrial fibrillation is the abnormal rhythm of the heart, which is characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria. It often begins as brief periods of abnormal beating, and gets longer and fairly constant over time. It is associated with an increased risk of dementia, stroke and heart failure. Although symptoms are generally absent, occasionally there may be cases of lightheadedness, chest pain, heart palpitations and shortness of breath. Atrial fibrillation can be diagnosed by an investigation of the complete patient profile, including medical history and physical examination, transthoracic echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, serum thyroid stimulating hormone level, etc. It can be treated with medications that work to slow down the heart rate to acceptable rates or convert the heart rhythm to a normal sinus rhythm. Electrical cardioversion, ablation and anti-clotting medications like direct oral anticoagulants and warfarin may be recommended. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of atrial fibrillation. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on atrial fibrillation and clinical cardiology. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying cardiology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Vascular medicine, also known as angiology, is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diseases of the lymphatic system and the circulatory system, which includes arterial diseases, venous diseases and lymphatic diseases, among others. This field encompasses the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of such diseases. Cardiovascular risk factors such as elevated cholesterol, high blood pressure and others are also studied in angiology. A vascular medicine specialist is known as an angiologist. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of vascular medicine and the recent researches in this field. The various advancements in vascular medicine are glanced at herein and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Gerontology refers to the study of the biological, psychological, cognitive and sociocultural aspects of aging. An important sub-field of gerontology is biogerontology, which is concerned with the biological process of aging, its evolutionary origin and the possible potential interventions in the process. It investigates the causes, effects and mechanisms of aging. Geriatrics is a field of medicine, which is focused on the health care for the elderly. As an individual ages, there is a gradual decline in the physiological reserve in organs. This results in the development of diseases and complications. Instability, immobility, impaired intellect and memory, and incontinence are the major impairments that occur in the elderly. Many of these problems can be addressed with medications and adequate care. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the fields of gerontology and geriatrics. From theories to research, case studies related to all medical aspects of relevance to these fields have been included herein. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Hypertension is a persistent medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure. It affects 16-37% of the world population. Excessive salt in the diet, alcohol consumption, smoking and excess body weight are factors that may lead to hypertension. Chronic kidney disease, endocrine disorder, narrowing of the kidney arteries or the disproportionate use of birth control pills may also trigger hypertension. One of the first treatment strategies for the management of hypertension is the integration of the right lifestyle changes with the correct medication course. Lifestyle changes may include weight loss, appropriate dietary modifications and regular exercise. A low sodium diet, DASH diet, green tea consumption and vegetarian diets are known to reduce blood pressure. Aerobic exercise, isometric resistance exercise, device-guided breathing and resistance exercise are considered effective physical exercise regimens. First-line medications, which are generally recommended for the management of hypertension, are calcium channel blockers, thiazide-diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of hypertension in the present day scenario. It provides significant information of this condition to help develop a good understanding of the treatment and management of hypertension. This book is appropriate for students seeking information in this area as well as for experts.

Audiology is the science that is concerned with the study of hearing, balance and related disorders. The diagnosis of disorders involves various testing strategies to determine the degree of the loss of hearing, the area affected and the location of the lesion. Testing strategies include otoacoustic emission measurements, hearing tests, videonystagmography and electrophysiologic tests. Cochlear implants, hearing aids, etc. can be recommended depending on the degree of the impairment. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of audiology. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Quality of life, independence and continued functional abilities are of a major concern to older adults. A geriatrician is responsible for the assessment of the clinical condition and for the recommendation of the medical intervention to manage the condition. A geriatrician can recommend good elderly care options, home care services, assisted living facilities, skilled nursing facilities and hospice as required. Frail elderly patients may opt out of certain medical care owing to disadvantageous risk-benefit ratio. Exhaustion, low physical activity, weight loss and slow walking speed are factors determining frailty in adults. In older patients assessment and a prediction of the recovery trajectory before a surgical procedure is vital. Good care of an elderly person is vital for leading a comfortable life. Mental stimulation through customized activities, daily exercise, nutritional support and sleep enhancement are effective strategies to promote better health in older adults. This book elucidates the assessment and intervention practices in geriatrics and elderly care in a multidisciplinary manner. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying geriatrics as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Drugs are usually derived from natural sources, such as plant-derived natural products, microbial metabolites, marine invertebrate derived compounds, etc. Drug discovery is an interdisciplinary field of medicine, pharmacology and biotechnology, which is concerned with the process of discovery of potential new medications. Modern drug discovery is a complex process, which involves a number of technical procedures such as identification of screening hits and their optimization to increase the selectivity, potency, affinity, metabolic stability and oral bioavailability of the hits. When a compound fulfills all of these requirements, it proceeds towards drug development and clinical trials. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to drug discovery. It provides significant information of this domain to help develop a good understanding of drug discovery and related fields. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Nursing is a profession in the domain of health care that deals with the provision of care and assistance to individuals, families or groups for the attainment of a good quality of life and optimal health. It involves the development of a plan of care for the treatment of illness, depending on an assessment and diagnosis of needs, outcomes and interventions and an evaluation of the outcomes of care. It can extend to assistance in activities of daily living, administering medicines and effective patient education. This book provides comprehensive insights into the vocation of nursing, its skills and practices. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.