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Minimally invasive surgery is a surgical technique, characterized by smaller incisions, quicker healing, lower pain and reduced risk of infection. Such procedures have been made possible due to advancement in medical technologies. These procedures are guided by laparoscopic or arthroscopic devices, large scale display panel and remote-control manipulation of instruments. Refractive eye surgery, cryosurgery, keyhole surgery, stereotactic surgery, the Nuss procedure, etc. are some examples of minimally invasive surgical procedures. Laparoscopic surgery is performed within the abdominal or pelvic cavities, and thoracoscopic surgery is done on the chest or thoracic cavity. Minimally invasive spine surgeries such as laminotomy, artificial disc replacement, anterior cervical discectomy, laminectomy, etc. are performed to treat degenerative disc disease, disc fractures, herniation, tumors, infections, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theories and practices of minimally invasive surgeries. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

A hernia is a condition characterized by an abnormal exit of tissue or organ through the wall of the cavity in which it resides. Groin, incisional and umbilical hernia are certain kinds of hernia. Some symptoms may be present such as discomfort while coughing or exercising, a bulge in the affected area, distress while passing stool and associated pain and tenderness. The principal cause of concern is a strangulated hernia, which is a medical emergency. Some of the risk factors of the development of hernia are obesity, collagen vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous appendectomy, etc. To prevent complications, surgery is recommended. Surgeries can be both laparoscopic and open. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of hernia surgery. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing practices and procedures of hernia surgery are examined in detail in this book. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying this field as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Autism is a developmental disorder. It is identified by the problems associated with social interaction, and restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs can generally be detected in the first two or three years of a child's life. Some of the common characteristics of autistic children are avoidance of eye contact and turn-taking, preference of loneliness, and difficulty in maintaining friendships. Echolalia and use of reverse pronouns are commonly witnessed in an autistic child. Rubella, alcohol, pesticides, cocaine, air pollution and valproic acid are some common risk factors during pregnancy, which may cause autism in the unborn child. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on autism have been included in this book. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of autism. Students, doctors, and experts actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Pulmonology is a medical specialization concerned with the diseases of the respiratory tract. Managing patients who require mechanical ventilation and life support is under the scope of this field. Conditions of the chest such as asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia, chest infections and emphysema are treated using pulmonary medicine. Such conditions arise due to a number of reasons, such as genetics, exposure to toxins and infectious agents, or due to an autoimmune response of the body. Some hereditary pulmonary diseases are alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and cystic fibrosis. Pulmonary function tests, spirometry, blood tests, chest X-rays, CT scanning, etc. are some of the diagnostic techniques used in pulmonology. Oral and inhalation medication, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, etc. are common strategies often employed in pulmonary disease management. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of pulmonology. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the varied respiratory conditions and their management techniques. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Reproductive health is concerned with the processes and functions of the reproductive system at all stages of life. It is meant to ensure that people enjoy a responsible, satisfying and safer sex life. Access to appropriate health care services related to reproductive medicine, and knowledge of safe, secure and affordable birth control methods also come under the scope of reproductive health. Some of the common issues associated with reproductive health include adolescent health, contraception, sexually transmitted infection, abortion and female genital mutilation. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of reproductive health and the recent researches in this field. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of reproductive health and how such concepts have practical applications. This book aims to equip students, researchers and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Shoulder surgery is a type of surgery concerned with the treatment of injured shoulders. It is most commonly used in repairing the tissues, muscles and damaged joints. Two of the major conditions in which a shoulder surgery is performed are dislocated shoulder and separated shoulder. Arthroscopic surgery and Laterjet surgery are common treatment methods used for treating a dislocated shoulder. Arthroscopic surgery is not much effective in the cases, where the shoulder bones begin to wear down even after the surgery. In such cases, a Laterjet surgery is performed. Weaver-Dunn procedure is a method for treating a separated shoulder. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to shoulder surgery. The various advancements in shoulder surgery are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Students, doctors, experts and all associated with shoulder surgery will benefit alike from this book.

The spinal cord is a tubular structure consisting of nervous tissue. It extends from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar region. Its primary function is to transit nerve signals from the motor cortex to the sensory cortex. There are 8 cervical segments, 12 thoracic segments, 51 lumbar segments, 5 sacral segments and 1 coccygeal segment in the human spinal cord. The conditions, which impair the functioning of the backbone, are known as spinal diseases. Some common examples include ankylosing spondylitis, spina bifida, spinal muscular atrophy, osteoporosis, lumbar spinal stenosis, spinal tumors, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to spinal disorders. It elucidates new diagnostic and treatment techniques and their applications. For all readers who are interested in spinal disorders, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The branch of medical oncology is focused on the treatment of cancer using the treatment pathways of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and hormonal therapy. The introduction of drugs into the blood stream constitutes a systemic therapy that addresses cancer at any anatomical location in the body. The diagnosis and staging investigations of a cancer depend on the kind of malignancy or the site of occurrence. Bone marrow studies and blood investigations are performed for blood cancer diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry and molecular studies, blood investigations and imaging are performed for the diagnosis of lymphoma. On the basis of the knowledge gathered from such examinations and depending on the severity of the malignancy, a medical oncologist may decide the treatment strategy to be followed. An informed decision based on the psychological, physical, emotional and financial status of the patient is also made. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied therapies that fall under the domain of medical oncology. Such selected concepts that redefine cancer care have been presented in this book. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Colorectal cancer refers to the cancer of the rectum or colon. Its symptoms are a change in bowel movement, weight loss, blood in the stool and a persistent state of exhaustion. Consumption of processed meat, red meat and alcohol, lack of physical activity, obesity and smoking are considered risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of this cancer. It can be diagnosed by performing a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, or by a microscopical examination of a tissue sample. A referral medical imaging determines the spread or localization of the disease. Colorectal cancer can be treated through a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery and targeted therapy. Depending on the stage of the tumor and patient's health, treatment can be palliative or done with the intent to cure. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of colorectal cancer. Its aim is to present researches pertaining to the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The diagnosis and treatment of the diseases of the eye is under the scope of ophthalmology. It studies the anatomy and physiology of eyes, along with the diseases related to them. A specialist in the field of medical and surgical eye disorders is called an ophthalmologist. The tasks of an ophthalmologist include the use of medicines to treat eye disorders, performing surgery and implementing laser therapy. Cataract, glaucoma, strabismus, proptosis, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, excessive tearing and eye tumors are some of the common eye diseases. Ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography are some of the specialized diagnostic methods used to diagnose eye disorders. Ocular surgery is an effective way to cure eye disorders. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of ophthalmology and its utmost significance in modern times. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of ophthalmology and the recent researches in this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Head and neck cancer refers to a group of cancers that originate in the mouth, throat, sinuses, nose, larynx or salivary glands. Some of its common symptoms are a persistent sore throat, change in the voice, trouble swallowing and a lump or sore, which does not heal. Nearly 75% of all cases of head and neck cancer can be attributed to alcohol and tobacco consumption. Other risk factors include the consumption of betel quid, radiation exposure, Epstein-Barr virus, etc. Advancements in the diagnosis and local management of head and neck cancer and targeted therapy have resulted in the improvement in the quality of life and survival. Treatment generally follows a combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex principles and practices in the management of cancer of the head and neck. It presents the complex subject of head and neck cancer in the most comprehensible language. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this disease.

Brain cancers occur when an abnormal growth of cells occurs in the brain. Some types of brain cancer are medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, meningiomas, etc. A form of astrocytoma called glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer. Symptoms of brain cancer include headaches, vomiting, seizures, altered vision and mental changes. It is diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and the result is confirmed usually through a biopsy. The treatment of brain cancer may involve a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. No therapy has yet shown any progress in increasing life expectancy in people with malignant gliomas. However, cancer immunotherapy is being actively studied. Research is also being pursued in the use of vesicular stomatitis virus and retroviral replicating vectors as management strategies for brain cancer. The objective of this book is to give a modern perspective on brain cancer. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on brain cancer have been included in this book. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with neurology, neuroscience, surgical oncology, clinical oncology and radiation oncology will benefit alike from this book.

Cancer is the condition in which there is an abnormal growth of cells that is coupled with malignant behavior relative to metastasis and invasion. Environmental factors along with genetic susceptibility contribute to genetic mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Such combined action gives rise to cancer. Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment, which uses chemotherapeutic agents or anti-cancer drugs for the treatment of cancer. It may also be performed for the reduction of symptoms. It comprises of intracellular poisons that inhibit cell division and extracellular signals. Some of the side effects of chemotherapy are the damage to healthy cells of the body, myelosuppression, mucositis and alopecia. This book presents the complex subject of chemotherapy in the most comprehensible language. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on cancer treatment have been included in this book. It will be a valuable resource for medical oncologists, oncological surgeons, residents and students alike.

Cancer care has evolved significantly in the past few decades with the emergence of varied treatment modalities. The modern standard of cancer cure is a combination of multi-modal therapies and surgery. The field of surgical oncology is concerned with the surgical management of tumors, particularly cancerous tumors. Each surgical procedure targets cancer at a particular site only, such as Whipple procedure or pancreaticoduodenectomy that targets pancreatic cancer, or gastrectomy with extended (D2) lymphadenectomy which targets gastric cancer. There have been significant advances in surgical oncology such as minimally invasive surgical techniques, robotic surgery, reconstructive surgery, intraoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy, among others. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to surgical oncology. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of clinical principles and practices of this field. For all those who are interested in oncology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

The cancer of the pancreas or pancreatic cancer occurs in the exocrine or the endocrine component of the pancreas. The former is called exocrine pancreatic cancer and the latter is known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). Biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, etc. are used to confirm the diagnosis of the cancer, and determine its resectability as a potential intervention. Surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy are some of the therapeutic and management strategies of exocrine pancreatic cancer. PanNET cases can be addressed through surgery, medication and occasional radiotherapy. This book aims to elucidate the causes, diagnosis and treatment of the different forms of pancreatic cancer. It unravels the recent studies in the evaluation and therapeutic interventions relevant to this medical condition. This book is an essential guide for clinicians, doctors and medical students.

Bladder cancer is a form of cancer that occurs in the tissues of the urinary bladder. Symptoms such as pain while urinating, blood in the urine and low back pain are usually present in this cancer. Some of the risk factors of bladder cancer are frequent bladder infections, smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, cancer in the family, etc. Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer, while adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are other types. Cystoscopy and tissue biopsies are used to diagnose the condition while the staging is determined by bone and CT scans. The treatment of bladder cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and may involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or immunotherapy. Surgical procedures such as urinary diversion, transurethral resections, complete or partial removal of the bladder may also be performed. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different clinical aspects of bladder cancer including its concerns and challenges. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the diagnosis and clinical management of bladder cancer. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

The cancers originating in the ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, cervix and vulva are called gynecological cancers. Uterine cancer emerges in the uterine tissue. Its types include cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, gestational trophoblastic disease and uterine sarcoma. Vaginal cancer is malignant and forms in the tissue of the vagina. Squamous-cell carcinoma is the primary form of vaginal cancer. The other types of vaginal cancer are vaginal adenocarcinoma, vaginal germ cell tumor, clear cell adenocarcinoma, vaginal melanoma, etc. The diagnosis of such cancers is made on the basis of a pelvic exam, pap smear, physical exam and history, biopsy and colposcopy. High-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy, external-beam radiation therapy and concurrent carboplatin plus paclitaxel are some nascent strategies for the management of advanced ovarian cancers. In cases where surgery is the recommended pathway for the treatment of cancers, genitoplasty may be performed to repair the damage and may include procedures such as vaginoplasty, labiaplasty, vaginal reconstruction, etc. This book explores all the important gynecological disorders in the present day scenario. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible language. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, it covers the most significant treatments and management strategies of such cancers.

Breast cancer is the cancer, which develops in breast tissue. Breast cancers can be of 18 different forms, including ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. The treatment of breast cancer depends on the person's age and the stage of the cancer. It may be approached aggressively if the prognosis is poor or if there is a high chance of recurrence following the treatment. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are some treatment options. Surgery involves the physical removal of the tumor. This can be done through a mastectomy, lumpectomy or quadrantectomy. After surgery, breast cancer treatment may include chemotherapy, hormone-blocking therapy and monoclonal antibodies. Radiation therapy may be delivered to a cancer patient in the form of brachytherapy or as external beam therapy. This book aims to elucidate the causes, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. It unravels the recent studies in this medical condition. It is an essential guide for clinicians, doctors and medical students.

Oncology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer. An important domain within oncology is medical oncology, which is a modality of cancer treatment that involves hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells by stopping or slowing down their growth. It can however harm healthy cells of the body thereby resulting in many side-effects. It can be of two types- neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies. Immunotherapy is a unique technique in cancer care that activates the immune cells of the body to fight against cancer cells. This is done using vaccines, drug therapy and dendritic cell therapy. Targeted therapy targets specific genes and proteins associated with cancer growth, while hormone therapy slows down the growth of the cancer by reducing or blocking the hormones essential to its growth. This book explores all the important aspects of oncological medicine in the present day scenario. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on oncological medicine have been included herein. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the recent advances in this domain.

Hematology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the study of the cause, treatment, prognosis and prevention of diseases related to blood. The treatment of diseases affecting the production of blood and its components like hemoglobin, bone marrow, blood cells, blood proteins, platelets, blood vessels, etc. is under the scope of this field. Some of these diseases are leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. These are all cancers of the blood. The treatment of blood cancer is also under the scope of oncology. When there is a suspicion of a hematological malignancy, various analyses such as a blood film and a complete blood count are conducted. In case of a lymphadenopathy, a biopsy of a lymph node or a bone marrow biopsy are generally done. Imaging techniques of positron emission tomography (PET CT) and computerized tomography (CT) are also used for diagnosis. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of hematology and oncology. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of the care and management of blood cancer. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Neural plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change throughout its lifetime. This change is expressed in terms of change in the proportion of grey matter, strengthening or weakening of synapses and the transfer of functions to different locations. Such changes can be witnessed at the microscopic level of neurons to large-scale changes such as cortical remapping during an injury. Evidence shows that the plasticity of the developing brain is more than an adult brain. An important aspect of neuroplasticity is the transfer of brain activity from one location to the other. This occurs during repair from brain injury and serves as the basis of the treatment of acquired brain injuries. Rehabilitation techniques supporting neural plasticity are being explored. The topics included in this book on neural plasticity are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to neural plasticity. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects the motor system. PD results in motor, neuropsychiatric, sensory and sleep diseases. Four cardinal motor symptoms in PD are tremor, postural instability, rigidity and slowness of movement. Neuropsychiatric disturbances such as disorders of mood, behavior, cognition and thought may also occur. An important underlying cause of Parkinson's disease is the death of cells in the substantia nigra, lower levels of dopamine in these regions and the build-up of proteins into Lewy bodies in the neurons. People exposed to certain pesticides and with head injuries in the past are at an increased risk of developing Parkinson's diseases. There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease. The symptoms can be managed with the help of medications, rehabilitation, surgery and palliative care. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the study of Parkinson's disease. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of PD and the recent researches in this domain. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important disease.

Pain in the region of the head and the neck is termed as a headache. It can occur as migraines, cluster headaches and tension-type headaches. Headaches may be caused due to a variety of reasons. Dehydration, fatigue, sleep deprivation, effects of drugs, infections and head injuries are some of these reasons. Most headaches are diagnosed on the basis of the clinical history itself. It is determined if a headache pertains to low-risk, benign or high-risk headaches. Although the management of headaches is based on its diagnosis, its treatment generally involves pain medication. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the incidence of headaches and their underlying causes. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the evaluation and management of headache.

Spinal cord injuries refer to the damage to the spinal cord caused as a result of accidents, falls, gunshots, infections, tumors, etc. This may lead to temporary or permanent changes in the functioning of the spinal cord. Loss of autonomic function, muscle function and sensation is common in spinal cord injuries. The damage to the spinal cord can be divided into primary and secondary injury. Injury can also be complete or incomplete based on the degree of loss of sensation. A radiographic evaluation using an MRI, CT or X-ray scan can evaluate the degree of damage to the spinal column and the location of the trauma. Pre-hospitalization care aimed at basic life support and prevention of further injury, initial care aimed at adequate breathing and cardiovascular function, spinal motion restriction and repeated neurological assessments are part of the first line of care. After this stage, patients require extended treatments in intensive care units and specialized units. The degree of functional recovery and autonomy achieved in activities of daily living after treatment depends on the level and severity of the injury. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different diagnostic and treatment strategies of spinal cord injuries. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of spinal cord injuries. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this domain.

The field of neural development is concerned with the study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are inherent to the development of the nervous system during embryonic development and throughout life. Neural development follows certain stages such as the birth and differentiation of neurons, their migration to their final positions, the growth of axons from neurons, the generation of synapses, and so on. Such neurodevelopmental processes fall within the categories of activity-dependent and activity-independent mechanisms. Defects in neural development have repercussions in terms of motor, sensory and cognitive impairments, malformations and other neurological disorders. This makes neural development an active area of study. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to neural development. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different processes of neural development, and their significance. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Neurodegeneration is a condition characterized by progressive structural and functional loss of neurons. It is a basic feature of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Many parallels exist between such disorders such as induced cell death and atypical protein assemblies. Alzheimer's disease involves a loss of neurons and synapses in certain subcortical regions and in the cerebral cortex. Huntington's disease causes a loss of medium spiny neurons and astrogliosis. There are no medical strategies to reverse such degeneration. Much research is being done to explore the therapeutic effects of protein degradation and autophagy upregulation, as well as passive and active vaccinations against neurodegeneration. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to neurodegeneration. The various aspects of neuroscience along with clinical progress that have future implications in the understanding and management of neurodegeneration are glanced at in this book. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system caused by the systemic damage to the insulating covers of nerve cells. This disrupts the communication ability of the nervous system, resulting in signs and symptoms that are symptomatic of mental, physical and psychiatric issues. The underlying mechanism of the disease is generally attributed to the failure of the myelin-producing cells or destruction by the immune system, brought about by genetics or environmental factors. Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed on the basis of existing signs and symptoms, through medical imaging and lab testing. There is no cure of multiple sclerosis but several therapies allow a quality of care to patients. Such therapies strive to prevent new attacks, prevent disability and recuperate from an attack. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of multiple sclerosis and the recent researches in this disease. It strives to provide a fair idea about this condition and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in its management and treatment. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Neurology is a branch of medicine concerned with the disorders of the nervous system. The diagnosis and treatment of the conditions of the peripheral and central nervous systems, their coverings, blood vessels and all effector tissues is under the scope of this science. Some of such conditions are stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, etc. A comprehensive medical history in combination with a physical examination helps to evaluate nervous system health. The assessment of the cognitive function, motor strength, reflexes, sensation, coordination and gait is done through a neurological examination. Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed axial tomography and ultrasonography of the blood vessels of the head and neck are used for further evaluation. Depending on the evaluation, a treatment strategy involving surgery, medications or physical therapy is devised. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of neurology. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different neurological conditions and their management strategies. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Neurological medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral and central nervous system. There are different types of neurological disorders, some of which are common while others are rare. Brain damage and brain dysfunction, spinal cord disorders, neuropsychiatric illnesses, movement disorders, etc. are some examples. They may be assessed through a neurological examination, and treated using techniques developed within the specialties of neurology and clinical neuropsychology. A neurological examination seeks to find any lesions in the central and peripheral nervous systems through an assessment of motor and sensory responses. These findings are then combined to see if they indicate a recognizable medical condition or a neurological disorder. Some of the specializations within neurology are brain injury medicine, hospice and palliative medicine, neuromuscular medicine, sleep medicine, pain medicine, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of neurological medicine. The ever-growing need of advanced therapeutic strategies is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of neurological medicine in recent times. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

A progressive loss of neural function and structure, which includes neuron death, occurs through a process known as neurodegeneration. It leads to several diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. These diseases are not reversible and curable, resulting in progressive degeneration and death of neuron cells. The primary risk factor of neurodegeneration is aging. Protein misfolding, genetics, programmed cell death, intracellular mechanisms, etc. are some of the mechanisms by which neurodegeneration occurs. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the mechanism of neurodegeneration. There has been rapid progress in the understanding of neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Scientists and students actively engaged in neuroscience, will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.