Bøker utgitt av Foster Academics

The brain and the spinal cord are protected by tough membranes, and isolated chemically by the blood-brain barrier but are extremely susceptible if such protective barriers are compromised. Nerves can be exposed to damage, and neurons and neural networks can be electrochemically and structurally disrupted. All these can trigger structural, electrical and biochemical abnormalities of the brain, spinal cord or other nerves and cause neurological diseases. Such diseases are categorized according to the primary location affected or the underlying cause of the condition into peripheral nervous system disorders and central nervous system disorders. These may be assessed by a neurological examination. Some of the interventions of neurological disorders are lifestyle changes, neurorehabilitation, physiotherapy and surgical procedures. This book aims to shed light on some of the different neurological diseases and the recent researches in their clinical mechanisms. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying neurological disorders as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Clinical neuroscience is a field of neuroscience that strives to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of diseases and disorders of the brain and the central nervous system. Some of these disorders are Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorder, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, addiction, Parkinson's disease, autism, bipolar disorder, etc. The diagnosis and treatment of such disorders are within the scope of this field. Other medical specialties which use neuroscientific principles are neuroradiology, neuropathology, anesthesiology, rehabilitation medicine, etc. Psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and neurologists are some of the professionals trained in clinical neuroscience. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of clinical neuroscience. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the advanced researches in this domain. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts, as easy and informative as possible for the readers.

The specialty of medicine that deals with the functions and diseases related to kidneys is known as nephrology. It is also related to the diverse aspects concerned with kidney health and its preservation. The treatment of kidney diseases along with replacement also falls under this domain. Some common conditions treated under nephrology include polycystic kidney disease, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, ANCA vasculitis, etc. A physician who specializes in the treatment and care of the diseases related to kidneys is known as a nephrologist. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of nephrology, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in future. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is appropriate for medical students seeking detailed information in the field of nephrology as well as for experts.

The gradual loss of kidney's function over a period of months or years results in chronic kidney disease. As kidney function decreases, various physiological changes occur, such as the increase in blood pressure, accumulation of urea, decrease in erythropoietin synthesis, fluid volume overload, hypocalcemia, etc. Leg swelling, loss of appetite, hyperphosphatemia, fatigue and sexual dysfunction are some of its most common symptoms. The main causes of chronic kidney disease are glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure. Treatment of the underlying disease and control of blood pressure are the chief principles of its management. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can slow the progression of the disease. High blood lipids are aggressively treated. Hormones such as erythropoietin and calcitriol are replaced. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of chronic kidney disease, which will be crucial for the progress of nephrology in the future. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Renal failure is a severe medical condition of the kidneys. It is a case in which the functioning of the kidneys stops. There are two main types of renal failure, namely, acute kidney failure and chronic kidney failure. Acute kidney failure is the rapid loss of kidney function, whereas, chronic kidney failure is associated with the gradual loss of kidney function. Symptoms of renal failure include vomiting, diarrhea, pressure, or difficulty in urinating, more frequent urination, less frequent urination, foamy or bubbly urine and nocturia. Diabetes, high blood pressure, drug overdose and polycystic kidney disease are some of the major causes of renal failure. Proper diet, hemodialysis and kidney transplant are the most common treatment methods. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of renal failure. It explores all the important aspects of renal failure in the present day scenario. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Hepatology is a branch of medicine, which is aimed at the treatment and management of the disorders of the gallbladder, liver, biliary tree and pancreas for overall health. This domain is mostly involved in the study of the diseases and complications related to alcohol consumption and viral hepatitis. Some of the other diseases and medical conditions studied under this domain include storage disease of liver, gastrointestinal bleeding due to liver damage, jaundice, ascites, etc. Hepatitis B and C are the leading cause of liver cancers. In the modern world where alcohol consumption is gradually on the rise, the cases of incidence of cirrhosis and other conditions are also increasing. This makes research in hepatology very important. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards clinical advances and evolution of hepatology are examined in detail in this book. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various practices and procedures of hepatology. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying hepatology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The diagnosis, management and counseling of individuals with hereditary disorders is under the scope of medical genomics. Mitochondrial disorders, birth defects and dysmorphology, skeletal dysplasia, mental retardation, etc. are some of the conditions studied and treated under this field. Due to the advancements in genetics, the etiologies of many endocrine, neurologic, cardiovascular, ophthalmologic, psychiatric, renal and dermatologic conditions are being explored. The sequencing of human DNA allows the identification of mutations that are linked to diseases and the genotyping of specific viruses to design treatment strategies. Genetic tests can show predisposition to various disorders such as cystic fibrosis, liver diseases, breast cancer, hemostasis disorders, etc. Genetic medicine incorporates areas such as personalized medicine, gene therapy and predictive medicine. In genetic counseling, information regarding genetic conditions, risks in other family members of developing such diseases, and diagnostic testing are provided to individuals and families. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of medical genomics. It unfolds the innovative aspects of genetics and genomics, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Menopause is that period in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently and she becomes incapable of bearing children. It typically occurs between the ages of 49 and 52 years. This period is said to begin when vaginal bleeding stops for more than a year. During this time, there arises a decrease in the hormone production by the ovaries. In the years preceding menopause, women may experience hot flashes, vaginal dryness, emotional changes and sleeping difficulties. It may also occur in women who have undergone chemotherapy or removal of the ovaries. Therapies involving menopausal hormone therapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and clonidine may be recommended for relieving symptoms. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the physiological, biological and emotional aspects of menopause. The aim of this book is to present researches that have advanced the understanding of menopause and its implications in a woman's life. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about menopause.

The time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman's body is known as pregnancy. The state of pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology. The birth of a child usually occurs after nine months, i.e., 40 weeks from the last menstrual period. Childbirth is the ending of a pregnancy by one or more child leaving a woman's uterus by vaginal passage or Caesarean section. Vaginal delivery is the most common way of childbirth. Three stages of labor, namely the shortening and opening of the cervix, descent and birth of the baby, and the delivery of the placenta are involved in it. This book explores all the important aspects of pregnancy and childbirth in the present day scenario. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pregnancy and childbirth. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The branch of medicine focused on the functioning of the digestive system and the diverse disorders related to it is called gastroenterology. All diseases related to the internal organs from mouth to anus, along the alimentary canal are studied under gastroenterology. Hepatology is a sub-field of gastroenterology. It is concerned with the study of organs like, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and bile ducts. Hepatitis and fatty liver disease are two of the most common liver diseases. The inflammation of the liver tissue is called hepatitis, whereas, fatty liver disease is the condition where excess fat builds up in the liver. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on clinical gastroenterology and hepatology have been included in this book. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.

A break which occurs in the inner lining of the stomach, the first part of the small intestine, or the lower esophagus is known as peptic ulcer disease. Stomach ulcer is called a gastric ulcer, whereas, intestine ulcer is called a duodenal ulcer. Symptoms of a gastric ulcer include pain while eating, belching, vomiting, poor appetite and weight loss. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori are some of the common causes of peptic ulcer disease. In case of complications, there may be bleeding, perforation and blockage of the stomach. Stopping smoking, the intake of alcohol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are some of the common effective ways to treat peptic ulcer disease. This book explores all the important aspects of peptic ulcer disease in the present day scenario. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to peptic ulcer disease. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this condition.

The increase in androgens levels in women results in heavy periods or no menstrual periods, pelvic pain, excess facial and body hair, difficulty in getting pregnant, acne, etc. This set of symptoms may be termed as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and affects between 2-20% of women between the ages of 18 and 44. Some of the conditions associated with PCOS are obesity, Type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, mood disorders, heart disease, etc. It occurs due to genetic and environmental factors. It is diagnosed through an ultrasound based on high androgen levels, presence of ovarian cysts and lack of ovulation. PCOS has no known cure, but can be treated with certain lifestyle changes such as exercise and weight loss. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about polycystic ovary syndrome. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of the causative factors and consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome as well as the interventions aimed at its management. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Diabetes mellitus Type 1 or Type 1 diabetes is a type of diabetes mellitus, which is caused by little or no production of insulin by the pancreas. This leads to high blood sugar levels in the body. Such a high blood sugar level is typically an autoimmune response involving a loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus Type 2 or Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused due to insulin resistance, high sugar levels in blood and comparatively low insulin production. It is the most common form of diabetes and makes up nearly 90% of all cases of diabetes. Genetics and lifestyle are the major contributing factors for the incidence of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Symptoms for both these disorders are similar. These include weight loss, frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the management of these disorders. For all those who are interested in endocrinology and metabolism, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

A medical condition in which fat accumulates in the human body to such a degree that it starts to exert a negative influence on overall health and functioning is called as obesity. It is characterized by a BMI (body mass index) of over 30 kg/m2. It can lead to various diseases and illnesses and also to death. Increase in the average energy consumed, through high carbohydrate consumption and fat consumption and our sedentary lifestyles with mechanized transportation and labor saving technology have increased the incidence of obesity worldwide. More than 41 genes have been linked to the development of obesity so far. Certain mental and physical illnesses and the pharmaceutical drugs used for their treatment also increase the risk of obesity. Illnesses, which are genetic syndromes such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Prader-WIlli syndrome, MOMO syndrome and Cohen syndrome, as well as congenital and acquired conditions like growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome and eating disorders, are associated with obesity. Medications such as insulin, thiazolidinediones, sulfonylureas, steroids, antidepressants, etc. may also lead to changes in body composition or weight gain. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different clinical aspects of obesity including major concerns and challenges. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most significant concepts and emerging trends in the study of obesity. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

The medical condition which affects the functioning of the thyroid gland is known as thyroid disease. Its diagnosis is obtained through blood tests, radioiodine scanning, ultrasound and biopsy. The activity of the thyroid gland can be determined by the measurement of the levels of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone in blood. In case of diseases, anti-thyroid antibodies may be detected in blood such as anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and TSH receptor antibodies. The detection of these can allow diagnosis of the specific condition. Radioactive iodine is used in thyroid scintigraphy to detect any irregularity in the size of the gland and determine its activity. Based on the condition diagnosed, the treatment may vary. While most conditions are treatable through the appropriate prescription of medications, surgery and radioiodine therapy may also be required. The thyroid gland may also be partly or completely removed to treat the condition. This book contains some path -breaking studies related to the functioning of the thyroid gland. It unravels the recent studies in the diagnosis, prevention and management of thyroid disease. For all readers who are interested in this domain, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Metabolic diseases arise when there is an alteration in the normal metabolic process caused due to abnormal chemical reactions in the body. The symptoms of metabolic diseases can be classified into four categories, namely, acute symptoms, permanent symptoms, late-onset acute symptoms and progressive general symptoms. However, some of the most common symptoms include jaundice, weight loss, seizures and lethargy. Enzyme deficiency caused due to a defective gene, and problems in the functioning of the liver or pancreas are some common causes of metabolic diseases. Diagnostic methods include routine screening, specific blood tests and DNA tests. Nutrition management is a common and effective strategy to treat metabolic diseases. This book attempts to understand various metabolic diseases and their causes along with the ways to diagnose and treat them. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of metabolic diseases. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and researchers.

Endocrine disorders refer to the various disorders of the endocrine system. It may be classified into three groups, namely endocrine gland hypersecretion, endocrine gland hyposecretion and tumors. Some of the diseases falling within these groups include thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and goiter, glucose homeostasis disorders like hypoglycemia and diabetes, various metabolic bone diseases, pituitary gland disorders and sex hormone disorders. Most endocrine disorders involve a complex combination of hyposecretion and hypersecretion. The branch of medicine that deals with all endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around endocrine disorders. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on endocrinology have been included herein. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying endocrine disorders as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Insulin resistance (IR) is the medical condition in which cells fail to respond to the hormone insulin. The function of insulin is to regulate the delivery of glucose into cells for energy. Cells that are insulin resistant cannot absorb amino acids, glucose and fatty acids. As a result, excess blood sugar fails to be absorbed by cells, which leads to the classic hyperglycemic triad of polydipsia, polyuria and polyphagia. Some of the factors contributing to insulin resistance are diet, sedentary lifestyles, genetics, disease, etc. It can be diagnosed through hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, glucose tolerance testing, checking fasting insulin levels, etc. Simply by avoiding sugars, fasting and maintaining a no-carbohydrate diet, insulin resistance can be reversed. Exercise and weight loss can also lead to positive outcomes. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of insulin resistance and the recent researches in this domain. It presents studies performed by experts across the globe. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The thyroid is an endocrine gland, located at the front of the neck, which produces the thyroid hormones. Due to certain factors, there may arise a disruption in the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. This condition is termed as thyroid disease. When the thyroid gland does not produce sufficient thyroid hormone or produces excess hormone, it leads to the conditions called hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism respectively. Various structural abnormalities of the thyroid gland occur such as in the case of goiter, lingual thyroid and thyroglossal duct cyst. Tumors of the thyroid can also occur and can be cancerous or non-cancerous. Side effects of medicines such as amiodarone, some types of interferon and IL-2, lithium salts, dopamine agonists, etc. can affect the thyroid gland. The diagnosis of thyroid disease is primarily determined through blood tests that measure different thyroid hormones, antithyroid antibodies, thyroidglobulin levels, calcitonin levels, etc. In some cases, ultrasound, radioiodine scanning or biopsy may be required. There are several medication pathways for the treatment of thyroid diseases. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the study of the thyroid gland and associated disorders. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the understanding of thyroid diseases. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The endocrine system is an organ system comprising of the endocrine glands, the hormones that they secrete and the feedback loops that control the release of these hormones. Some endocrine glands are pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, etc. These hormones are important for the regulation of the functions of various target organs and for the maintenance of homeostasis. Endocrinology is a branch of medicine and biology that deals with the study of the endocrine system, its diseases and endocrine hormones. Endocrine disorders may be subdivided into endocrine gland hypersecretion, endocrine gland hyposecretion and tumors. Some examples are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, diabetes, goitre, hypogonadism, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of clinical endocrinology. It presents the complex subject of endocrinology in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

A person may be said to be obese if he/she has a body mass index or BMI of over 30 kg/m2. Obesity is detrimental to the overall health of the individual. It increases the likelihood of various diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, certain cancers and depression. It is a leading cause of death worldwide but it is largely preventable. It is generally caused due to a combination of excessive food intake, genetic susceptibility and lack of physical activity. Certain factors such as endocrine disorders, mental disorders, genes and medications may also influence its incidence. The management of obesity is generally done by making lifestyle and dietary changes. Reducing the consumption of fats and sugars, increasing dietary fiber intake and regular exercising are the most recommended strategies. Medication can also help decrease fat absorption in the body or reduce appetite. In some cases, a surgery may be performed as a potential intervention. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about obesity. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of the causative factors and consequences of obesity as well as the interventions aimed at its management. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and management of life-threatening conditions requiring sophisticated life support and monitoring is known as critical care medicine. Critical care is usually required to support unstable hypertension, acute renal failure, respiratory compromise, potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias, or multiple organ failure. Intensive care is usually based upon a system-by-system approach to treatment. Gastro-intestinal tract, peripheries, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, hematology, microbiology, central nervous system, renal, and respiratory system are the nine key intensive care systems covered under the approach. All these nine key intensive care systems are considered on an observation-intervention-impression basis to produce a daily plan. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of critical care medicine which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Endocrinology is a branch of medicine and biology that is concerned with the diseases and conditions of the endocrine system and the hormones associated with it. Metabolism refers to the life-sustaining chemical reactions occurring in the living organism. Since most organisms live under constantly changing environments, metabolic reactions should be finely regulated to maintain homeostasis. This metabolic regulation further allows organisms to interact actively with the environment and respond to signals. Metabolic regulation occurs extrinsically or intrinsically. In extrinsic control, cells respond to signals from other cells, transmitted in the form of hormones, growth factors and other soluble messengers. A good example of this is the endocrine hormone insulin that regulates glucose metabolism. Therefore, any hormonal imbalance in the endocrine system leads to metabolic syndromes. This book explores all the important aspects of endocrinology and metabolism. It provides significant information of these disciplines to help develop a good understanding of associated endocrine and metabolic disorders. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Diabetes or diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic disorders in which high blood sugar levels persist in the body over a prolonged time period. It is caused when an insufficient quantity of insulin is produced by the pancreas or the body cells do not respond in a normal way to the insulin. Diabetes can be of 3 main types- Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes. Maintaining a healthy diet and a normal body weight, regular exercise and avoiding tobacco are some primary lifestyle changes that can be made for the prevention and management of diabetes. Type 1 diabetic people are treated with regular insulin injections, while type 2 diabetic people can be treated with medications and may even be prescribed insulin depending on the prognosis. Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women. After the birth of the child, the condition resolves in itself. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in diabetes diagnosis and treatment, and understanding of its causative factors. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students, as well as experts.

The medical condition, which poses an immediate risk to a person's life, is known as medical emergency. The type of non-elective surgery performed in the case of a medical emergency, where immediate surgery is the only possible way to solve the problem successfully, is called an emergency surgery. It is done immediately in order to save life, organ or functional capacity. Some of the acute emergencies that can be managed surgically include abdominal emergencies, respiratory obstructions and pleural diseases, urinary obstructions, intestinal obstruction or perforation, etc. Without early treatment and surgical care, mortality rates for these conditions are high. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on emergency surgery have been included in this book. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Care meant for patients suffering from severe and life-threatening illnesses is known as intensive care. The departments in hospitals specifically designed for the care and treatment of patients requiring intensive care are known as intensive care units (ICUs). Intensive care units are usually equipped with advanced medical resources and equipments. The common equipments in an intensive care unit include mechanical ventilators, cardiac monitors, feeding tubes, intravenous lines, nasogastric tubes, catheters, drains and suction pumps. Intensive care is generally offered only in the cases where there is a strong possibility of survival and improvement under the support of intensive care. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of intensive care. The topics included herein on intensive care are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students, doctors and researchers in this field.

Care meant to support the life of extremely ill patients who are almost on the verge of death is known as critical care. An area in a hospital which is meant to provide intensive treatment medicine to critical patients is known as critical care unit. Trauma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure, and sepsis are some of the common conditions which are treated in a critical care unit. Some of the common equipment present in a critical care unit include equipment for performing hemofiltration, mechanical ventilation equipment, and nasogastric tubes. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of critical care which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Doctors, experts, and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Intensive care, also known as critical care, refers to the care and treatment meant for saving the life of critically ill patients. The patients admitted in an intensive care unit are usually the ones who are almost on the verge of death. A coronary care unit (CCU) is a common type of intensive care unit especially designed to take care of critically ill heart patients. Some of the severe heart conditions in which constant monitoring and intensive care are required include heart attacks, cardiac dysrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, unstable angina and heart block. There is a constant availability of telemetry and electrocardiographs in the coronary care units for the proper and regular assessment of the condition of the heart. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of intensive care. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of intensive care. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Critical care medicine is the field of medicine that deals with life support for critically ill patients. Several hospitals have specifically designed intensive care areas for different specialties. Examples include the coronary intensive care unit (CICU) for heart disease and surgical intensive care unit (SICU) for surgeries. Some of the other types of intensive care units are neurological critical care unit, shock/trauma intensive-care unit (STICU), pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), etc. The doctors who have specialized in the care and treatment of critically ill patients are known as intensivists. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and the applications of critical care. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of critical care and related fields. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying critical care as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Mood disorder is a group of conditions in which an individual's mood is affected. It manifests as mania or hypomania, depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. Some psychiatric syndromes or depressive disorders that feature less severe symptoms are cyclothymic disorder and dysthymic disorder. Mood disorders may also be triggered by substance use or may occur as a response to a medical condition. This may be an evolved mechanism of delimiting physical activities for assisting the individual to regain his health. A depressed mood can be a response to life's occurrences, such as death of a child or spouse, divorce, loss of status, etc. Both therapy and medications can work to elevate mental health. Behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy and drugs such as antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics have potential benefits. This book explores all the important aspects of mood disorders in the present day scenario. It attempts to understand the varied mood disorders of modern society and their emotional and psychological implications. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.