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Damage to the optic nerve causes gradual vision loss. This may occur due to a group of eye diseases called glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma, closed-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma are some types of glaucoma. Testing for glaucoma comprises of an eye examination with measurements of the intraocular pressure, an anterior chamber angle examination, and optic nerve evaluation. Scanning laser polarimetry, optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy help in assessing the retinal nerve fiber. Vision loss due to glaucoma is permanent. If the disease is detected early, it may be possible to slow or even stop the progression of the disease with the aid of laser treatment, medication or surgery. These treatments seek to lower eye pressure. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this condition have been included herein. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in glaucoma.

The human eye provides a three-dimensional moving image that is normally colored during the daytime. There are many changes in the eye and its surrounding areas due to various disorders and diseases, and aging. Eye tumor, excessive tearing, dry eyes, macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma, etc. are some of the common eye diseases caused by various internal and external factors. The aging process is one of the prominent reasons for certain changes in the eye. The most functionally important changes in the non-diseased eye are the loss of accommodation or focusing capability and a reduction in pupil size. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to ophthalmology have been included in this book. It presents the complex aspects of diagnosis and management of eye diseases in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this field of study.

Perioperative medicine refers to the medical care provided to patients preparing for surgery, undergoing surgery or recuperating from a surgery. Managing operative risks, complications and medical illnesses are the main objectives of perioperative medicine. Various professionals such as anesthesiologists, surgeons, medical consultants and intensivists work in concert in this practice. Many interventions for reducing the adverse outcomes of surgery may be adopted. These may include packages of care for enhanced recovery and maintenance of normothermia. The importance of handling complications in a timely and effective manner as they develop is an important focus of perioperative medicine. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of perioperative medicine. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The branch of genetics, which studies how chromosomes relate to cell behavior and their behavior during mitosis and meiosis, is known as cytogenetics. Molecular cytogenetics is a field involving the combination of cytogenetics and molecular biology. It uses several reagents and focuses on identifying and distinguishing normal and cancer-causing cells. It acts as a vital tool for the treatment of malignancies like brain tumors and hematological malignancies. It includes techniques and methods, like fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of molecular cytogenetics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in it. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery is the medical and surgical care for the treatment of diseases and disorders of the liver, pancreas, biliary tract and duodenum. It provides treatment to patients with primary and metastatic cancers of the liver, pancreas, bile duct and gallbladder, as well as benign conditions such as cysts, bile duct injuries and biliary strictures. The investigation, diagnosis and recommendation of effective treatment strategies, as well as operative procedures and provision of preoperative, perioperative and late postoperative care are within the scope of this field. HPB surgery can include laparoscopic procedures, resections, transplantation surgeries and reconstruction surgeries. A number of specialists may be involved in HPB surgery such as hepatobiliary and transplant surgeons, hepatologists, interventional radiologists and diagnostic radiologists. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

The study of chromosomes and chromosome abnormalities is encompassed in the branch of cytogenetics. A chromosomal abnormality arises due to a structural abnormality in one or more chromosomes or due to occurrence of atypical number of chromosomes. Structural abnormalities in chromosomes can lead to deletions, duplications, inversions, insertions, translocations, etc. in chromosomes. Some of the disorders arising due to this include Jacobsen syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, etc. Numerical disorders include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, etc. Some chromosomal abnormalities are chromosomal rearrangements, aneuploidy and genomic deletion/duplication disorders. Microscopy and array comparative genomic hybridization are widely used for cytogenetic studies. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around cytogenetics. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on cytogenetics have been included herein. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The condition in which high blood sugar levels persist over prolonged periods of time in the human body is known as diabetes or diabetes mellitus (DM). Some of its symptoms are increased thirst and hunger, unintended weight loss and frequent urination. These symptoms may vary for Type 1 and Type 2 DM. Headache, blurred vision, fatigue and itchy skin may also occur. Diabetic emergencies can arise in cases of severe drops in blood sugar levels, diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. DM can also result in long-term complications, such as damage to the eyes, nerves and kidneys, diabetes-related foot problems, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from basic science to clinical practice in the field of diabetes. From theories to research, case studies related to all medical aspects of relevance have been included herein. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Orthopedic surgery is a field of medicine that is concerned with the surgical and nonsurgical management of musculoskeletal trauma, degenerative diseases, sports injuries and congenital disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Some of the procedures of orthopedic surgery are arthroplasty, arthroscopy, ankle replacement, corticotomy, corpectomy, femoral head ostectomy, etc. The surgical domain of traumatology and trauma surgery is a sub-specialty within orthopedic surgery, which is concerned with the operative management of major traumas and fractures. The management of traumas may involve procedures, such as hip arthroplasty, knee arthroplasty and soft-tissue knee reconstruction. Various orthopedic implants are used to support damaged bones or to replace missing joints. Such implants are implanted through internal fixation, and includes Moore's pin, Kuntscher nail, Charnley prosthesis, Baksi's prosthesis and Austin-Moore prosthesis, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of orthopedic surgery, in the present day scenario. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The treatment of the conditions of the heart and lungs, and the surgical treatment of the organs inside the thorax is under the scope of cardiothoracic surgery. Blalock-Taussig shunt creation, aortic coarctation repair, closure of patent ductus arteriosus, bypass surgery, etc. are procedures that fall under the domain of cardiac surgery. Modern heart surgery scales the boundaries of off-pump bypass surgery and minimally invasive surgery or robot-assisted heart surgery. An important surgical procedure involving the removal of the pleura is called pleurectomy, which is used in the treatment of mesothelioma and pneumothorax. Some thoracic surgical procedures are lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), segmentectomy, sleeve/bronchoplastic resection, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various aspects related to cardiothoracic surgery. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of this surgical specialty and associated fields. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Toxicology is the discipline that is concerned with the study of adverse reactions of chemical substances on living organisms. The three principal areas of toxicology are medical, clinical and computational toxicology. Clinical toxicology is concerned with the treatment of patients, who have been exposed to toxic substances. It is closely associated with medical toxicology. It is focused on diagnosis and prevention of poisoning and harmful effects caused by toxicants and biological agents. The assessment and treatment of drug overdoses, substance abuse, chemical exposures and industrial accidents are under this domain. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of clinical toxicology and the recent researches in this field. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of clinical toxicology and related fields. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets students and professionals.

HIV is a syndrome that causes the immune system of the human body to deteriorate, leaving it prone to develop chronic and often fatal diseases. This book on HIV infection discusses the clinical development of the disease as well as its various stages. Infection is followed by a period of latency and preliminary symptoms include fever, rashes, swollen lymph nodes and mononucleosis-like infections. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of HIV. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Stem cell therapy has tremendous scope of treating a range of diseases. The most commonly used stem cell therapy is the transplantation of the bone marrow. It is used in treating patients with diseases like leukemia and lymphoma. Recent research focuses on studying stem cells in order to use them to treat diseases. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of stem cells research and its applications. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The surgical procedures in orthopedics treat the diseases and disorders related to the musculoskeletal system of living organisms. The most significant function of the musculoskeletal system is to support the body and facilitate its motion. It consists of the skeleton, ligaments, joints, muscles and connective tissues. This book provides significant information about orthopedics to help develop a good understanding of the subject and its related fields. The topics covered in this extensive text deal with the core aspects of orthopedic surgery and implants. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by the text.

Drug delivery is the technique of delivering drugs in the body for the desired results. The goal of drug delivery is to achieve a therapeutic outcome. Pharmaceutical drugs may either be consumed orally or injected into the living organism. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of drug delivery. The objective of the book is to give a general view of the different areas of drug delivery and its applications. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subject.

Drug therapy or pharmacotherapy is the branch of medicine, which studies the therapeutic use of pharmaceutical drugs. It is unlike any other therapy as it is based on the efficient, safe, economical and optimum use of drugs to treat ailments. This book explores all the important aspects of drug therapy in the present day scenario. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in this field. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with drug therapy will benefit alike from this book.

The irregularity in the sleep patterns of an individual is known as a sleep disorder. Sleep disorders can be of different types such as parasomnias, circadian rhythm sleep disorders and dyssomnias. Sleep sickness, hypersomnia, sleep apnea are some common sleep disorders. The treatment of the sleep disorders includes psychotherapeutic therapy, medication and rehabilitation. The topics included in this book on sleep disorders are of utmost significance and are bound to provide incredible insights to readers.