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Cardiac electrophysiology is the science concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of the electrical activities of the heart. It may involve the study of cardiac responses to programmed electrical stimulation (PES) or invasive catheter recording of spontaneous activity. Such studies are done to assess arrhythmias and the risk of developing arrhythmias, evaluate abnormal electrocardiograms, elucidate symptoms and design treatment strategies. Echocardiography is a diagnostic technique used to create images of the heart. It allows insight into the size and shape of the heart, pumping capacity and the extent and location of tissue damage, if any. Calculation of the diastolic function of the heart, the cardiac output and ejection fraction is also possible through echocardiography. Cardiac electrophysiology and echocardiography are innovative diagnostic tools of medical science that have undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the applications of these diagnostic techniques for the diagnosis of cardiac conditions. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Vascular medicine is a specialization in the field of medicine that is concerned with the management, treatment, prevention and diagnosis of diseases of the circulatory system and the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of the veins, arteries and lymphatic vessels. Disorders of the arteries or arterial diseases affect the aorta and arteries that supply blood to the hands, legs, brain, kidneys and intestines. Some arterials disorders are aneurysms, embolism, arterial thrombosis, vasospastic disorders and vasculitides. Venous diseases may include varicose veins, venous thrombosis and chronic venous insufficiency. Lymphatic diseases include varied forms of lymphedema as well as modification of cardiovascular disease risk factors such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around vascular medicine. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible language. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) refers to an abnormal heart condition that is characterized by the irregular and rapid beating of the atria. Certain risk factors associated with it include valvular heart disease, high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy, heart failure and congenital heart disease. Factors such as diabetes, excessive alcohol intake, smoking, thyrotoxicosis, obesity, sleep apnea, etc. can lead to atrial fibrillation. It is diagnosed by checking the pulse or by an electrocardiogram (ECG). The principal pathologic change due to atrial fibrillation is the progressive fibrosis of the atria. This triggers a chain of events, which leads to atrial remodeling and fibrosis along with the loss of muscle mass in the atrium. Management of AF aims to prevent circulatory instability and stroke. Anticoagulants, cardioversion, beta-blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are recommended to control the heart rate. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the management of atrial fibrillation. It presents researches and studies performed on the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation by experts across the globe. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about atrial fibrillation.

Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are diseases of the heart or the blood vessels, such as coronary artery diseases (CADs) which include myocardial infarction and angina. Conditions such as heart failure, stroke, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, venous thrombosis, etc. are also cardiovascular diseases. The mechanism involved in the manifestation of each CVD is different for each disease. A variety of factors can contribute to the incidence of CVDs, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, lifestyle choices and excessive alcohol consumption, among others. Most of these conditions are preventable. However, cardiovascular diseases remain the dominant cause of death in the world today. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the study of cardiovascular disorders. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of CVDs and the recent researches in this domain. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important set of diseases.

Angiogenesis is the process through which new blood vessels develop from pre-existing ones. It is an important process of growth and development and aids in wound healing and formation of granulation tissue. Angiogenesis may be stimulated mechanically and chemically. Though mechanical stimulation is not well characterized, chemical stimulation is done using angiogenic proteins such as integrins and prostaglandins, and growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), etc. The application of angiogenesis in medicine is as a therapeutic target for the management of abnormal vasculature or poor vascularization and cardiovascular disease. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of angiogenesis. It aims to give a general view of the physiology and pathology of angiogenesis. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Hypertension, also termed as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by persistent elevation of blood pressure in the arteries. Hypertension that persists for a long-time is considered a major risk factor for heart failure, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, chronic kidney disease, dementia and coronary artery disease, among others. Hypertensive crisis may also occur due to severely elevated blood pressure, which can cause damage to kidney, brain, heart and lungs. Making the right lifestyle choices such as maintaining a steady and healthy weight, regular exercising, adopting a healthy diet and decreased salt intake can reduce blood pressure and prevent health complications. Hypertension usually does not cause clear identifiable symptoms and hence its identification usually occurs through screening. Physical examination involves screening for changes in the optic fundus using ophthalmoscopy. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of clinical hypertension and the recent researches in this field. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

The treatment of the conditions of the heart and lungs, and the surgical treatment of the organs inside the thorax is under the scope of cardiothoracic surgery. Blalock-Taussig shunt creation, aortic coarctation repair, closure of patent ductus arteriosus, bypass surgery, etc. are procedures that fall under the domain of cardiac surgery. Modern heart surgery scales the boundaries of off-pump bypass surgery and minimally invasive surgery or robot-assisted heart surgery. An important surgical procedure involving the removal of the pleura is called pleurectomy, which is used in the treatment of mesothelioma and pneumothorax. Some thoracic surgical procedures are lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), segmentectomy, sleeve/bronchoplastic resection, etc. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various aspects related to cardiothoracic surgery. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of this surgical specialty and associated fields. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Geriatric medicine is aimed at the promotion of health in older adults. There is no particular age at which patients are placed under the care of a geriatrician. It depends on the patient's needs. Owing to a physiologic decline in organs, older adults develop certain diseases and complications from even minor problems. Sometimes, even multiple problems can compound, often leading to polypharmacy. This can lead to adverse drug reactions and drug interactions. Geriatric medicine can have several specializations, depending on the care provided to the elderly. Some of such specializations are geriatric nephrology, geriatric dentistry, geriatric rheumatology, geriatric urology, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of geriatric medicine. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

An aged human body differs from a younger body in physiology, particularly due to the gradual decline of the different organ systems with age. This decline is significantly influenced by past medical history and lifestyle choices. Some of the major impairments in the elderly include incontinence, immobility, instability and impaired memory/intellect. Elderly people may suffer from multiple complications and hence need special focus on medications. Geriatrics or geriatric medicine is a specialization in healthcare medicine, which is concerned with the treatment and prevention of diseases and disabilities in the elderly. Some of the geriatric-related services or specializations in geriatric medicine include cardiogeriatrics, geriatric nephrology, geriatric oncology, psychogeriatrics, etc. A geriatrician aims to achieve independence, continued functional abilities and quality of life in their patients. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of geriatrics. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the clinical diagnosis and treatment techniques of geriatric medicine. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The medical condition in which excess body fat accumulates in the body such that it has a negative impact on human health is known as obesity. It is the condition that is characterized by a body mass index or BMI that exceeds 30 kg/m2. It can occur due to excessive food intake, genetic susceptibility and lack of physical activity. Certain endocrine disorders, mental disorders and medications can also cause it. It has a negative effect on the health as it enhances the likelihood of developing various cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, depression, cancer, etc. The management strategy of obesity is generally by making committed life style changes, adopting a diet and exercise regime and through appropriate medication. This textbook is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of obesity. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on the assessment, impact and management of obesity have been included herein. This textbook is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

The field concerned with the application of engineering for advancements in medicine and biology is known as biomedical engineering. It strives to develop solutions for healthcare issues so as to improve therapy, monitoring and diagnosis. It also involves equipment maintenance, testing, disposal and decommissioning. Prominent applications of biomedical engineering are the development of biocompatible prostheses, regenerative tissue growth, therapeutic and diagnostic medical devices, imaging technologies such as MRIs and ECGs, etc. This textbook is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of biomedical engineering. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies have been included herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Nursing is a health care profession that involves the promotion of health, prevention of illness and provision of care to disabled, sick and dying individuals. To achieve these objectives, nursing integrates principles of social science, technology, physical science, and nursing theory. Nurses help in patient care by coordinating with other physicians, therapists, dieticians, etc. It also involves treating patients, taking records of their medical history, providing emotional support and follow-up-care. This book covers in detail some existing theories and modern approaches to nursing. Selected topics that redefine this profession have been presented in this book. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

Drug discovery is a significant part of medicine, pharmacology and biotechnology, which is concerned with the discovery of new and improved drugs. The process involves high-throughput screening (HTS), which refers to the testing of chemicals for their ability to modify the target. Other methods of drug discovery include de novo drug design, fragment-based lead discovery and protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Drug development is the process of launching new drugs into the market after the lead compounds are identified during the drug discovery process. This stage involves two processes namely, pre-clinical development and clinical phase. Drug development ensures that all parameters of safety, pharmacokinetics, metabolism and toxicity of the new drug are analyzed prior to clinical trials. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe in the fields of drug discovery and drug development. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in these areas of study.

The profession of educating people about health is referred to as health education. The areas included in this form of profession are reproductive health, spiritual health, emotional health, intellectual health, social health and environmental health. Some of the areas of concern that fall under this discipline are assessing individual and community needs for health education, planning and implementing health education strategies, interventions and programs, conducting evaluation and research related to health education, etc. The topics included in this book on health education are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on health education have been included herein. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The musculoskeletal system refers to the muscular and skeletal systems of humans that facilitate the support, stability and movement of the body. It also provides protection to the vital organs of the body. The musculoskeletal system comprises of muscles, bones of the skeleton, tendons, joints, ligaments and other connective tissue that binds tissues and organs together. Many diseases and disorders affect the system. Musculoskeletal disorders can arise due to sudden exertion, repetitive strain or awkward posture. Some examples are carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, tension neck syndrome, epicondylitis, etc. Musculoskeletal injury refers to the damage to the musculoskeletal system, and can include arthritis, rheumatic diseases, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights in this domain. It is an essential guide for both academicians, orthopedic surgeons, physical therapists, physiatrists and students who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Toxicology is the discipline that is concerned with the study of adverse reactions of chemical substances on living organisms. The three principal areas of toxicology are medical, clinical and computational toxicology. Clinical toxicology is concerned with the treatment of patients, who have been exposed to toxic substances. It is closely associated with medical toxicology. It is focused on diagnosis and prevention of poisoning and harmful effects caused by toxicants and biological agents. The assessment and treatment of drug overdoses, substance abuse, chemical exposures and industrial accidents are under this domain. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of clinical toxicology and the recent researches in this field. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of clinical toxicology and related fields. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets students and professionals.

Anesthesia is a state that is characterized by a temporary loss of sensation and awareness. It facilitates the execution of painful medical procedures that can cause severe distress and pain to the patient. Anesthesia is classified into three categories namely, general anesthesia, sedation and local anesthesia. Drugs that are used in anesthesia include general anesthetics, neuromuscular-blocking drugs, analgesics, sedatives, narcotics and hypnotics. The types and degree of anesthesia vary depending upon the medical procedure to be performed. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of anesthesia and the recent researches in this field. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to anesthesia have been included herein. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Orthopedic surgery is a branch of surgery that involves both surgical and nonsurgical procedures to deal with musculoskeletal trauma, degenerative diseases, sports injuries, spine diseases, tumors, etc. Sub-specialties of orthopedic surgery include shoulder and elbow surgery, total joint reconstruction, musculoskeletal oncology, orthopedic trauma, spine surgery, etc. Common procedures involved in these include knee replacement, arthroscopy of shoulder and knee, hip replacement and repair of fractures, besides many others. Research in orthopedic surgery seeks to develop less invasive surgical procedures and construct durable and more efficient implanted components. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied procedures and sub-specialties that fall under orthopedic surgery. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this field and aided its advancement. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Orthopedic surgery is a branch of surgery that is concerned with the treatment of conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Both surgical and nonsurgical methods are used to treat sports injuries, bone tumors, congenital limb deformities or degenerative diseases. Fractures and major trauma can be dealt with from the specialized domains of trauma surgery and traumatology. The damage caused to skeletal systems or muscular systems because of a strenuous activity is known as musculoskeletal injury. Carpel tunnel syndrome, back pain, hand-arm vibration syndrome, tendinitis, etc. are some common examples of such injuries. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of orthopedic surgery and injury assessment. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of orthopedics. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Pharmacology is a branch of biology. It studies drug action and explores the interactions between living organisms and chemicals that have an influence on normal or abnormal biochemical function. Drugs can be man-made, natural or endogenous. The field of pharmacology studies the design, composition, properties and synthesis of drugs. Toxicology and pharmacology are interrelated areas of study. The field of toxicology studies the adverse reactions of chemical substances on living organisms as well as the diagnosis and treatment of exposures to toxins and toxicants. Dosage, route of exposure, age, sex, species and the environment are significant factors that determine chemical toxicity and its effect. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the disciplines of pharmacology and toxicology and aided their advancement. It also covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts of these fields. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying pharmacology and toxicology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology are closely associated fields. They are concerned with the design and synthesis of drugs for the pharmaceutical industry. These drugs are generally organic compounds and can be divided into classes of biologics and small organic compounds. Medicinal chemistry is focused on the production of small organic molecules such as atorvastatin, fluticasone, clopidogrel, etc. The principles of synthetic organic chemistry, computational chemistry, enzymology, structural biology and chemical biology are integrated in medicinal chemistry. The study of drugs and their effects on the living body are explored in pharmacology. It involves the research, discovery and characterization of the chemicals that exhibit a biological effect. All therapies that are designed to target diseases, defects and pathogens and also advance preventive care, diagnostics and personalized medicine are a result of tremendous research in pharmacology. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the fields of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. The various advancements in these fields are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying pharmaceutical science and medicinal chemistry.

Public health management focuses on the improvement of health of the community. It generates awareness of physical, psychological and the social well being in the public. Some of the measures taken are delivery of vaccinations, promoting healthy practices such as hand washing, suicide prevention, etc. Some significant sub fields of public health are epidemiology, health economics, mental health, health services, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to public health. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch.

HIV and AIDS are diseases that currently have no cure. Therapies that slow down the effects of the disease as well as its progression into AIDS are proving to be very successful. Drugs that can combat HIV viruses are collectively called antiretroviral therapies. These can reduce the multiplication of the virus by blocking its mutation. The concept of "treatment as prevention" has also become a recommended practice to reduce cross-infection. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in this field. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying HIV treatment and therapies as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Neurology is the branch of medicine which studies the treatment, diagnosis and cure of disorders related to the nervous system. The two main divisions of the nervous system are central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Some of the neurological disorders are dementia, Alzheimer's, autism spectrum, dyslexia, lateral medullary syndrome, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to neurology. It is a vital tool for all those who are researching or studying neurology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Eating disorders are mental disorders which result in unnatural eating habits, like binge eating disorder or anorexia nervosa. These diseases result in deteriorated mental state and cause physical damage to the body of the patient. Usually the patients dealing with eating disorders also suffer from depression, anxiety and substance abuse. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of this field which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. It attempts to understand the varied types of eating disorders, their diagnosis and treatment. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this area.

HIV is a syndrome that causes the immune system of the human body to deteriorate, leaving it prone to develop chronic and often fatal diseases. This book on HIV infection discusses the clinical development of the disease as well as its various stages. Infection is followed by a period of latency and preliminary symptoms include fever, rashes, swollen lymph nodes and mononucleosis-like infections. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of HIV. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Echocardiography is the procedure by which a sonogram of the heart is produced. This procedure allows cardiac physiologists to study in detail the structures of the heart as well as calculate blood flow and relaxation functions. The overall health of the heart can be studied by using this technique. Those who develop cardiovascular disorders and need to undergo surgeries greatly benefit from this technique. Transthoracic echocardiogram, transesophageal echocardiogram, stress echocardiogram, three-dimensional echocardiography, etc. are some common types of echocardiography. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying echocardiography as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and technologies. It is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

Stem cell therapy has tremendous scope of treating a range of diseases. The most commonly used stem cell therapy is the transplantation of the bone marrow. It is used in treating patients with diseases like leukemia and lymphoma. Recent research focuses on studying stem cells in order to use them to treat diseases. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of stem cells research and its applications. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Oral health deals with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and study of the diseases affecting the oral cavity, oral mucosa, maxillofacial area and the temperomandibular structure. Oral health is a vast area of study that includes sub-branches like geriatric dentistry, endodontics, oral medicine, periodontology, orthodontics, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of dentistry. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in the book. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. For all those who are interested in oral health, the text can prove to be an essential guide.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a disorder found in children between the age of six months to twelve years. It includes problems such as paying attention, hyperactivity, difficulty in controlling behavior, etc. Genetics and environmental factors play an important role in developing ADHD. This book provides significant information of this topic to help develop a good understanding of ADHD and related topics. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the treatment and management strategies related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.