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Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease which is considered to be the cause of most of the cases of dementia. It usually begins slowly and gradually worsens over time. Some of the main symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease include difficulty in remembering recent events, problems with language, mood swings and disorientation. In severe cases, with a decline in condition, the patient's bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death. The cause of Alzheimer's disease in most of the cases is found to be genetic. Cognitive tests, blood tests and medical imaging are some of the common tests used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of Alzheimer's disease. From theories to research, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this disease have been included herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The medical speciality concerned with the study of mental disorders, along with their diagnosis, prevention and treatment is known as psychiatry. Problems related to mood, behavior and perception also fall under psychiatry. Psychiatric disorders include among others, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, etc. Psychological tests and physical examinations are often conducted for diagnostic purposes. Psychiatric medication and psychotherapy are two of the most common and effective ways of treating psychiatric disorders. A doctor who has specialized in the field of psychiatry is called a psychiatrist. The topics included in this book on psychiatry are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of psychiatry and its utmost significance in modern times. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

A brain disorder in which there is a compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences is known as addiction. The main features which attract addictive stimuli include the fact that they appear to be reinforcing and intrinsically rewarding. A person addicted to such stimuli will seek repeated exposure to them as these substances generate a feeling of positivity and pleasure. Alcoholism, nicotine addiction, cocaine addiction, gambling addiction, sexual addiction and food addiction are some of the common types of drug and behavioral addictions. The risk of addiction is quite high in the age of adolescence. The topics included in this book on addiction are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It strives to provide a fair idea about this disorder to help develop a better understanding of the clinical advances related to it. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in the study of addiction.

A medical specialty which deals with the comprehensive health care for people of all ages is known as family medicine. A specialist in this field is called a family physician or a family doctor. Such specialists often play the role of a primary care physician. Family medicine is a field of primary care which provides comprehensive health care for the individuals of a family. It deals with patients of all genders and with the treatment of all diseases in general. Primary care ethics are the issues of values which are closely associated with this field. They involve the study of the everyday decisions made by the primary care physicians. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed family medicine and aided its advancement. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards the advancement and evolution of this field are examined in detail. As this discipline is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Autism is a developmental disorder. The main characteristics of this disorder are one's inability to socially interact in a proper manner, and one's restricted and repetitive behavior. Some common behavioral habits of autistic children include stereotyped behaviors, compulsive behaviors, ritualistic behaviors, staying stuck to restricted interests, and self-injury. Autism is a disease with a complex genetic basis. Such complexity arises due to the interaction among multiple genes, epigenetic factors and the environment, which influence gene expression. The diagnosis of autism is based on an examination of behavior. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule are commonly used diagnostic tools. Increasing functional independence and better quality of care are the focus areas of autism management. Intensive and sustained special education programs, along with speech and behavioral therapies, help autistic individuals to achieve better social skills and communication skills. This book contains some path-breaking studies in autism. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to autism. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Psychiatry is a field of science and medicine that deals with mental disorders. It involves the study of several maladaptations related to perception, behavior and mood. Mental disorders and personality disorders are two of the main types of disorders treated under psychiatry. A mental disorder is a behavioral or mental pattern which causes impairment of personal functioning. Disorders related to the maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, inner experience and the act of deviating from the generally acceptable behavior patterns are classified as personality disorder. Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two of the most common ways to treat psychiatric disorders. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of psychiatry and its utmost significance in modern times. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease, characterized by a gradual progression from short-term memory loss, disorientation, problems with language and mood swings to gradual loss of bodily function and death. AD is the cause of around 60-70% of all cases of dementia. In AD, there is a loss of neurons and synapses, in the cerebral cortex and in specific subcortical regions. This leads to neurodegeneration in the temporal and parietal lobe. It can be diagnosed on the basis of a person's medical history and review of neurological and neuropsychological symptoms. However, medical imaging can also be used to rule out other cerebral pathologies. The therapeutic approaches to the management of Alzheimer's disease are palliative in nature. Stimulation-oriented treatments such as pet, art and music therapies work to improve mood and behavior. A number of research directions have emerged over the years related to improved techniques for early diagnosis and drugs that target the underlying disease pathology. The effect of meditation for memory and cognitive function retrieval is also being studied. This book contains some path-breaking studies in Alzheimer's disease. It consists of contributions made by international experts. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on the traditional, current and potential approaches in the management of Alzheimer's disease.

Psychiatry is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. The diagnosis usually begins with a review of the case history of the patient. Other diagnostic methods include mental status examination, physical examinations, psychological tests and neuroimaging. Child and adolescent psychiatry, also known as pediatric psychiatry, is an important sub-field of psychiatry. It is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses in children and adolescents. Some of the common disorders related to child and adolescent psychiatry include learning disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, panic disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and childhood onset schizophrenia. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to child and adolescent psychiatry. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Pediatrics is a branch of science and medicine. It deals with the treatment of diseases affecting infants, children and adolescents. A specialist in this field is known as a pediatrician. Some of the sub-specialties of pediatrics include adolescent medicine, developmental-behavioral pediatrics, headache medicine, hospice & palliative care, pediatric cardiology, pediatric hematology, pediatric rheumatology and pediatric pulmonology, among others. Whether a child meets the developmental milestones in terms of behavior, skills and growth is determined through various tests. Diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis, whooping cough and tetanus are some diseases, which can occur in children. The prevention of these diseases through vaccination and immunization is the best line of defense against them. Therefore, an important role of a pediatrician is to design and recommend the right immunization schedules for children. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pediatrics. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Doctors and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Human physiology refers to the study of the bodily functions. The understanding of the human physiology is applied to diagnose the underlying cause of a clinical condition. This field encompasses the development of physiological tests for medical diagnostics. It also involves tests from related medical specialties such as clinical neurophysiology, nuclear medicine and radiology. An understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological pathways is essential in this domain. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of human physiology in a healthcare setting. It strives to provide a fair idea about clinical physiology and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying physiology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

All neurodevelopmental disorders which include autism and related conditions fall under the category of autism spectrum disorder. Problems in social interaction and repetitive patterns of behavior are the two main symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. There is no specific cause associated with these disorders, but risk factors include neuroanatomical abnormalities, genetic conditions like fragile X syndrome, prenatal and perinatal risk factors like maternal gestational diabetes and a family history of similar condition. The assessment of behavior is the primary way to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) are some of the commonly used diagnostic measurements. Medications include atypical antipsychotic drugs and anticonvulsants. Some alternative therapies and interventions, including CEASE therapy and vaccine detoxing are also used to treat autism spectrum disorders. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of autism spectrum disorders. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied aspects of assessment and treatment of such disorders. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of these disorders.

The branch of medicine concerned with the care of infants, children and adolescents is known as pediatrics. A specialist in this field is called a pediatrician. Hebiatrics is a subfield covered under pediatrics. It focuses on the care of those who are going through the adolescent phase of development in their life. The adolescent phase begins with puberty, which occurs at around the age of 10-11 in girls, and 11-12 in boys. Some of the common issues associated with adolescents, which are covered under the field of hebiatrics include sexually transmitted disease, substance abuse, acne, eating disorders, unintended pregnancy, among others. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of pediatrics. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant aspects of pediatrics.

Pediatric endocrinology is a field of medicine that is concerned with the disorders of the endocrine glands. Such disorders manifest as abnormalities in physical growth and sexual development of a child, such as dwarfism and gigantism, intersex, delayed puberty, gonadal dysgenesis, ovarian and testicular dysfunction, etc. Other conditions in children involving disorders of adrenal, pituitary and thyroid glands include underactive or overactive thyroid gland, childhood obesity, multiple endocrine neoplasia, adrenoleukodystrophy, among others. Depending on the condition, pediatric endocrinologists may design treatment modalities involving intensive insulin therapies, radioactive iodine treatment, personalized nutritional evaluation and psychosocial evaluation, parathyroid and thyroid surgeries, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of pediatric endocrinology. It unfolds the clinical aspects of pediatric endocrine disorders, which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of pediatric endocrinology, as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

The autoimmune and inflammatory conditions affecting the infants, children and adolescents are called pediatric rheumatic diseases. The field of medicine dealing with such diseases is known as pediatric rheumatology. It is an important subfield of pediatrics. A specialist in this field is called a pediatric rheumatologist. Some of the common types of pediatric rheumatic diseases include juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile dermatomyositis, juvenile lupus, mixed connective tissue disease, Kawasaki disease and fibromyalgia. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is a type of arthritis affecting children below the age of sixteen. Juvenile dermatomyositis is a type of inflammatory condition that causes muscle weakness and skin rash. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pediatric rheumatology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this discipline.

The diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites are known as infectious diseases. Children are more susceptible to such diseases as they come in contact with a variety of germs. Some of the common infectious diseases affecting children include influenza, tuberculosis, measles, meningitis, whooping cough and chicken pox, among others. Influenza in an infectious disease caused by influenza virus. Its common symptoms in children include diarrhea and vomiting. The infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria is called tuberculosis. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is the most commonly used vaccine to prevent and reduce the risk of tuberculosis in children. The topics included in this book on infectious diseases in children are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The field of diagnostic pathology is concerned with the causal study of diseases. It addresses primarily four components of a disease- its cause, pathogenesis, morphological changes and clinical manifestations. The study of disease involves a study of varied disease markers using techniques that are specific to organs and tissue types. The fields of anatomical and clinical pathology are intrinsic to diagnostic pathology. Anatomical pathology involves a gross, chemical, immunologic and molecular examination of tissues, organs and whole bodies. It includes cytopathology, dermatopathology, neuropathology, renal pathology, etc. Clinical pathology employs various visual and microscopic tests to analyze the biophysical properties of tissue samples involving cultures and automated analyzers. Immunopathology, hematopathology and radiation pathology fall within the domain of clinical pathology. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It covers in detail some existing theories and innovative practices of diagnostic pathology. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this field.

The diagnosis of diseases based on a laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as urine, blood, etc. and tissue homogenates or extracts, is under the scope of clinical pathology. Such investigations are guided by an understanding of chemistry, hematology, microbiology and molecular pathology. It is aided by tools such as microscopes, analyzers, centrifugal machines and strips, etc. A diagnosis is made by performing a macroscopic examination, a microscopic examination, automated analysis and a culture. The visual examination of a sample is part of the macroscopic analysis, while the microscopic analysis allows a pathologist to determine whether the liquid is normal, infectious, inflammatory or tumoral. The latter stage also allows the determination of the causal infectious agent, if any, such as a mould, yeast, bacterium, parasite or a virus. Automated analyzers measure different chemicals and other parameters with minimal human assistance. Clinical pathology, primarily for medical purposes use a culture media for various examinations. It is a field of medical science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book explores all the important aspects of clinical pathology, in the present day scenario. In this book, using case studies and examples, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of clinical pathology as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

The branch of science which is concerned with the study of hearing and related disorders is called audiology. The doctors who specialize in treating those with hearing loss and other hearing ailments are known as audiologists. Hearing tests, like Weber test and Rinne test, otoacoustic emission measurements, and electrophysiologic tests are commonly used to assess a person's hearing abilities. Hearing aid and cochlear implant are two of the most common devices that assist in hearing disorders. Hearing aid is a device which improves a person's hearing by making sound audible to the indivisual. A surgically implanted neuroprosthetic device which provides a sense of sound to a person having severe hearing loss is known as a cochlear implant. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to audiology. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of audiology and its utmost significance in modern times. This book includes contributions of experts and doctors which will provide innovative insights into this field.

The branch of medicine concerned with the conditions of the ear, nose and throat is known as otolaryngology. Some of its main sub-specialties include facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and neck oncologic surgery, neurotology, pediatric otolaryngology, otology, and rhinology and sinus surgery. Facial plastic and reconstructive surgery is a speciality of otolaryngology. This domain of medicine is concerned with the aesthetic and reconstructive surgery of the face, head and neck. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of head and face medicine and how such concepts have practical applications. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of otolaryngology and its utmost significance in modern times. Researchers, doctors and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The procedure of removing a piece of muscle tissue from the body of an organism and examining it microscopically is known as muscle biopsy. The common issues discovered through a muscle biopsy include problems associated with the connective tissue, vascular system, nervous system and musculoskeletal system. Muscle biopsy is helpful in distinguishing between myopathies and neuropathies. Myopathy is a disease in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. Some of its examples include spasm, muscle cramps and stiffness in the body. In order to diagnose problems with the help of muscle biopsy, a biopsy needle is inserted into the muscle. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to muscle biopsy. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Head and neck surgery is a surgical sub-field of medicine which is concerned with the structures of the head, neck, ear, nose and throat (ENT). Specialist doctors in this field are called head and neck surgeons. Some of the common surgical procedures performed by head and neck surgeons include thyrotomy, thyroplasty and tracheotomy. The procedure involving an incision of the larynx through the thyroid cartilage is known as thyrotomy. Thyroplasty is a procedure used to improve one's voice by altering the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. The procedure involving an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck, which is used to open a direct airway in the trachea, is known as tracheotomy. This book explores all the important aspects of head and neck surgery in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. For all readers who are interested in head and neck surgery, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The surgical sub-specialty of medicine concerned with the conditions related to the ear, nose, throat, and the structures of the neck and head is known as otolaryngology. A specialist in this field is called an otolaryngologist, head and neck surgeon, or ENT surgeon. They deal with the surgical management of tumors and cancers related to the neck and head. Otology and neurotology are two significant sub-fields of otolaryngology. Otology deals with the anatomy and physiology of the ear, and its diseases, along with their diagnosis and treatment. Neurotology focuses on the disorders of the inner ear. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of otolaryngology. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail in this book. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of otolaryngology and how such concepts have practical applications.

All disorders which affect the joints can be termed as arthritis. The common symptoms of arthritis include swelling, redness, joint pain and reduced movement of the affected joints. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the most common forms of arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a disease of the joints that results in the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disorder which results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. There is no known cure for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, physical therapy, orthopedic bracing, lifestyle changes and medications can help in the management of pain. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of arthritis which will be crucial for the progress of evaluation and management of this disorder. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to it. For all those who are interested in arthritis, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Osteoporosis is a disease associated with bone weakness. In osteoporosis, the weakness in bones often increases the risk of a broken bone. The hip bone, the bones of the forearm and the vertebrae in the spine are some of the common bones which usually break due to osteoporosis. It is usually caused in the elderly. Fractures occur commonly in osteoporosis and can potentially result in disability. Osteoporotic fractures generally occur in the shoulder, hip, spine and wrist. Multiple vertebral fractures lead to loss of height, a stooped posture and chronic pain. A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is primarily used to diagnose osteoporosis. Some of the common medications include bisphosphonates and teriparatide. This book will provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of osteoporosis and the recent researches related to it. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Orthopedic surgery is a field of medicine that is concerned with the surgical and nonsurgical management of musculoskeletal trauma, degenerative diseases, sports injuries and congenital disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Some of the procedures of orthopedic surgery are arthroplasty, arthroscopy, ankle replacement, corticotomy, corpectomy, femoral head ostectomy, etc. The surgical domain of traumatology and trauma surgery is a sub-specialty within orthopedic surgery, which is concerned with the operative management of major traumas and fractures. The management of traumas may involve procedures, such as hip arthroplasty, knee arthroplasty and soft-tissue knee reconstruction. Various orthopedic implants are used to support damaged bones or to replace missing joints. Such implants are implanted through internal fixation, and includes Moore's pin, Kuntscher nail, Charnley prosthesis, Baksi's prosthesis and Austin-Moore prosthesis, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of orthopedic surgery, in the present day scenario. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

A break in the continuity of the bone can be termed as a bone fracture. The break can be both partial or complete. A bone fracture is usually caused by high force impact or minimal trauma injury. Some medical conditions, like osteoporosis, bone cancer and osteopenia can also cause bone fracture. The treatment of bone fractures may involve immobilization, pain management and surgery. Many fractures require the alignment of the bone in the right position and immobilizing the fractured limb using a fibreglass cast, plaster or splint. Radiographic imaging, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are some of the common tests used to diagnose bone fracture. Bone fracture may also be coupled with damage to adjacent muscles, nerves or blood vessels. Some fractures can lead to complications such as compartment syndrome, non-union, mal-union, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of bone fracture in the present day scenario. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.

Osteoarthritis is a joint disease, which is caused by a breakdown of the joint cartilage and underlying bone. It mainly affects the joints of the lower back, hips, neck, base of the thumbs, and the ones which are near the ends of the fingers. In osteoarthritis, the joints on one side of the body are usually more affected than the ones on the other side. Its symptoms include joint pain, swelling and stiffness. It is generally caused due to mechanical stress on the joints and low grade inflammatory processes. Medications, including, naproxen and ibuprofen are quite effective in reducing the pain caused due to osteoarthritis. Other treatment methods include physical therapy, joint injections and joint replacement therapy. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to osteoarthritis. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to practicing doctors and medical students.

The pain and injuries of the human musculoskeletal system are categorized as musculoskeletal disorders. Sudden exertion from lifting something heavy, strain from awkward positions and making strenuous repetitive motions can cause such disorders. They can affect several parts of the body, including the hands, feet, neck, arms, legs, shoulders and lower back. Assessment of the patient's medical history, physical examination, lab tests, X-rays and Nordic Questionnaire are usually used by the doctors to diagnose musculoskeletal disorders. Weight loss and frequent weight lifting are quite useful in preventing musculoskeletal disorders related to the lower back and spine. The topics included in this book on musculoskeletal disorders are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of musculoskeletal disorders and the recent researches related to it. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for doctors and experts.

Spinal disease is a condition characterized by the impairment of the backbone, and includes diseases of the spine or back, such as kyphosis. Some spinal diseases are spinal tumors, spinal muscular atrophy, lumbar spinal stenosis, ankylosing spondylitis, spina bifida, etc. Spinal cord disorders can also include spinal fracture, burst fracture, anterior spinal artery syndrome, central cord syndrome, myelopathy, Morvan's syndrome, vascular myelopathy, syringomyelia, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around spinal disorders. It aims to give a general view of the different types of spine disorders, and their medical and surgical treatments, methodologies and pathways. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis. It usually occurs with age. It is a joint disorder which results from the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone. Its symptoms include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, weakness in the joints and reduced motion. Joints near the ends of the fingers, knees, hips and lower back are some of the most commonly affected joints. A genetic involvement is usually found in most of the cases. However, excess body weight, joint injury and abnormal limb development are the most common causes of osteoarthritis. Osteotomy, hemiarthroplasty, joint replacement surgery, arthroscopic surgery and total shoulder arthroplasty are some effective treatment methods for the treatment of osteoarthritis. This book presents the complex subject of osteoarthritis in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.