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The field of surgery that deals with the disorders associated with the musculoskeletal system is called orthopedic surgery. Some of the common procedures associated with orthopedic surgery include astragalectomy, bone grafting and corpectomy. Astragalectomy refers to the surgical procedure used for removing the talus bone for the stabilization of the ankle. The surgical procedure which is used to replace a missing bone for repairing complex bone fractures is called bone grafting. Corpectomy is a type of surgical operation which is concerned with the removal of all or part of the vertebral body. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of orthopedic surgery. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of orthopedic surgery and its applications. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Arthritis refers to the disorders which affect the joints. Some common symptoms include joint pain, redness, stiffness, swelling and reduced motion of affected joints. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are two of the most common types of arthritis. Usually arthritis is a common disorder in old age. Blood tests and X-rays are two primary ways to assess joint problems associated with arthritis. Treatment methods of arthritis generally involve alternate application of heat and ice on the affected area, weight loss, joint resting, joint replacement and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the treatment of arthritis. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of arthritis and the recent researches in this field. For all readers who are interested in arthritis, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Musculoskeletal disorders refer to the pain, disorders and injuries in the human musculoskeletal system, including the joints, nerves, ligaments and muscles. Such disorders result from sudden exertion caused due to the lifting of heavy objects, repetition of same motions, or awkward postures. Some common musculoskeletal disorders include tension neck syndrome, tendinitis, epicondylitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. In order to diagnose musculoskeletal disorders, doctors often use lab tests, Nordic questionnaire, physical examination, X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging. Electrical muscle stimulation is used to prevent disuse muscle atrophy from occurring after musculoskeletal injuries. This book provides significant information of musculoskeletal disorders to help develop a good understanding of their evaluation, care and management. The topics included herein on musculoskeletal disorders are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The field of surgery dealing with the conditions of the musculoskeletal system is called orthopedics. Musculoskeletal system is responsible for the facilitation of movement in humans. It gives form, support and stability to the human body. Its main functions include supporting the body, allowing motion and protecting the body's vital organs. Medical practitioners who are specialists in the field of orthopedics are called orthopedic surgeons. They treat an array of diseases and disorders including degenerative diseases, congenital disorders, musculoskeletal trauma, sports injuries and spine disorders. Some of the common procedures performed by orthopedic surgeons include knee arthroscopy, hip replacement, shoulder arthroscopy, laminectomy and chondroplasty. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of orthopedics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. With state-of-the-art-inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The field of medicine concerned with the eye, its functioning, structure, and disorders is known as ophthalmology. A specialist doctor or surgeon in this field is called an ophthalmologist. Pediatric ophthalmology is a subset of ophthalmology. It studies the diseases related to eye, visual development and vision care in children. Ocular diseases in children include conjunctivitis, strabismus, amblyopia, pediatric cataracts, pediatric glaucoma, and blocked tear ducts, among others. The inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye along with the inner surface of the eyelid is known as conjunctivitis. Acute conjunctivitis mostly occurs in the elderly, infants and school-age children. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of ophthalmology and how such concepts have practical applications. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Doctors, researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Orthopedics refers to the field of surgery which studies the conditions related to the musculoskeletal system. Some common orthopedic conditions include spine disorders, degenerative diseases, congenital disorders, sports injuries, musculoskeletal trauma, tumors and infections. Knee replacement is one of the most common procedures performed by an orthopedic surgeon. It is concerned with the replacement of knee joint to relieve pain and disability. It is usually done to treat patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. The goal of modern orthopedics is to make surgery as minimally invasive as possible. The ever growing need of advanced medical treatments is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of orthopedics in recent times. The various advancements in orthopedics are glanced at in this book and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Students, doctors, experts and all associated with orthopedics will benefit alike from this book.

Cataract surgery is the procedure done for the removal of the opacified natural lens of the eye and its replacement with an artificial intraocular lens. Unless treated, cataract leads to a loss of vision or vision impairment. During cataract surgery, the cloudy cataract lens is removed by emulsification or by cutting it out. High volume, minimally invasive, small incision phacoemulsification is the standard cataract surgery procedure. Cataract surgeries are performed under local anesthesia and usually done in an outpatient setting. After the surgery, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic eye drops are used. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of cataract surgery. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. For all readers who are interested in cataract surgery, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The human eye and its associated structures are susceptible to several diseases and disorders, and age-related changes. Eye infections, such as conjunctivitis are characterized by inflammation, pain, scratchiness, burning and itchiness. It is a fairly common infection occurring in children, people wearing contact lenses and people infected with chlamydia or gonorrhea. It is primarily caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Keratitis is another infection of the eye in which the cornea of the eye becomes inflamed. It is characterized by photophobia, impaired eyesight, red eye and pain. It can be acute or chronic. Such infections can be caused due to bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic agents. Endophthalmitis is another eye infection in which the interior of the eye gets inflamed. It can potentially lead to a loss of vision and the eye itself. Although it is triggered by a viral or fungal infection, it can occur due to a penetrating trauma, intravitreal injections and retained intraocular foreign bodies. Antibiotic and steroid eye drops are used to treat eye infections or to prevent them from occurring after eye surgeries. The branch of medicine and surgery that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of eye infections is known as ophthalmology. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the various infections of the eye. The various advancements in ophthalmology, in relation to eye infection diagnosis and management, are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Macular degeneration is a condition of the eye, characterized by loss of central vision caused due to a damaged macula. Signs and symptoms generally occurring in people with macular degeneration are distorted or blurred vision, loss in contrast sensitivity, visual hallucinations and flashing lights, drastic decrease in visual acuity, etc. In macular degeneration, there arises a progressive accumulation of drusen in the various parts of retina, leading to its damage over time. It can be divided into early, intermediate and late stages, depending on its progression. A complete eye exam can establish a diagnosis of the condition. There are no treatments for reversing the effects of macular degeneration. Innovative interventions such as cell based therapies involving bone marrow stem cells, retinal pigment epithelial transplantation and use of associated genetic markers are being explored for the management and early prediction of macular degeneration. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the various clinical aspects of macular degeneration. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing diagnosis and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying macular degeneration as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Eye surgery or ocular surgery is the surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa, including the eyebrows, eyelids and lacrimal apparatus. It is a sensitive procedure requiring extreme care, before, during and after the procedure to prevent or minimize any damage. Conditions of the eye, such as myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism can be addressed through a laser eye surgery. Cataract surgery is a widely practiced type of eye surgery. It is performed to correct any opacification or cloudiness of the eye lens. Other common procedures such as refractive surgery, vitreo-retinal surgery, corneal surgery, oculoplastic surgery, etc. are performed to treat abnormalities in the eye. Due to the dense network of nerves in the eye, ocular surgery is always performed under anesthesia, whether local, topical or general. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of eye surgery. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible language. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying ocular surgery and ophthalmology, as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The branch of medicine dealing with the structure, function and diseases of the eye is known as ophthalmology. The subspecialities which fall under ophthalmology deal with certain eye parts or specific diseases. Examples include glaucoma, anterior segment surgery, vitreo-retinal surgery, ocular oncology, neuro-ophthalmology, ophthalmic pathology, etc. Some of the common ways to assess the condition of the eye include ultrasonography, intraocular pressure, optical coherence tomography, slit lamp examination, fluorescein angiography, and retina examination. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of ophthalmology. The various sub-fields of ophthalmology along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in it. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Head and neck cancer is a group of cancers that consists of oral cancer, nasopharynx cancer, tumors of the hypopharynx, laryngeal cancer, throat cancer, etc. It is classified on the basis of its histology or cell structure, and by the location in the oral cavity and neck. The stage at which the cancer is diagnosed plays a determining influence in its prognosis. Metastasis of the cancer can affect many cells and organs of the body, such as the bone marrow, the circulatory system and nervous system. Nearly 50% of all cases of head and neck cancer have advanced stage of the disease, which typically has a poor prognosis. The size of the tumor influences the probability of cure. In a significant percentage of people who have been cured of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, there has been development of second primary tumors, which are a major threat to survival. Tremendous research is occurring to increase the survival rates and achieve adequate management of symptoms and complications pertaining to head and neck cancer. One such dimension explores immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. This book contains some path-breaking studies in head and neck cancer. It covers in detail the current researches and challenges of head and neck cancer. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important type of cancer.

Oncology is a branch of medicine which is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. The term, cancer, refers to the diseases associated with the abnormal cell growth in the body, which have the potential to invade or spread to other parts. A medical practitioner who has specialized in this field is called an oncologist. Smoking or the intake of tobacco in other forms is considered to be the leading cause of cancer. Other risk factors include obesity and alcohol consumption. Cancer can be potentially treated by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy and synthetic lethality. The preferred mode of treatment varies according to the location and stage of the disease. The performance status of the patient is also taken into consideration. Cancer patients experience pain due to the tumor infiltrating or compressing nearby body parts, or due to the treatment or diagnostic procedure performed. Cancer pain management is therefore an essential aspect of cancer care. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of oncological medicine. Such selected concepts that redefine oncological medicine have been presented in it. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in the field of oncological medicine.

Hematologic cancers are the cancers affecting the blood, lymph, bone marrow and the lymphatic system. These systems are intimately connected with each other through the circulatory and immune system. Thus, a cancer in one element affects the others as well. Malignancies in the hematological system are malignant neoplasms, derived from myeloid and lymphoid cell lines. Chromosomal translocations are a primary reason of hematologic cancer. For the diagnosis of a hematological malignancy, biopsy from a lymph node or a bone marrow biopsy, a blood film and complete blood count may be performed. The treatment of hematologic cancers may be addressed with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or a bone marrow transplant. If partial or complete remission has been achieved, a follow-up of the patient is undertaken at regular intervals to monitor for secondary malignancies and recurrences. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about hematologic cancers and their treatment. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques of cancer treatment. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on this domain.

Radiation therapy or radiotherapy is a cancer therapy using ionizing radiation that is aimed at killing or controlling malignant cells of a tumor. It may be curative if the cancer is localized to one part of the body. It can also be used as a part of adjuvant therapy in order to prevent tumor recurrences after surgery, along with other systemic therapies such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy and immunotherapy. Ionizing radiation acts against the cancer by damaging the DNA of cancerous tissue therefore resulting in cellular death. The primary types of radiation therapy are external beam radiation therapy, intraoperative radiotherapy, brachytherapy, contact X-ray brachytherapy, etc. Radiotherapy may be used as a palliative treatment or as a therapeutic treatment. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of radiation oncology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. Scientists and students actively engaged in radiation oncology will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Surgical interventions used for the treatment of cancer are under the scope of surgical oncology. Palliative surgery, minimally invasive procedures and neo-adjuvant treatments characterize modern surgical oncology. Surgical procedures can be palliative or curative. Palliative surgery is the surgical intervention that is targeted at relieving a patient's symptoms and making a positive impact on the patient's quality of life. It can involve simpler procedures to extensive debulking. Tumor debulking can also be performed for curative intent, as in cytoreduction or cytoreductive surgery. It is also performed to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Adrenalectomy, clitoridectomy, coccygectomy, cystoprostatectomy, colectomy, esophagectomy, etc. are some surgical procedures concerned with the removal of certain body parts where a tumor has developed. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of surgical oncology. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to surgical oncology. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Gynecology is the field of medicine that deals with female reproductive health pertaining to the uterus, vagina and ovaries. Gynecological cancers can occur in the ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, cervix and vulva. Pap test, biopsy, CT and MRI scans, etc. assist the diagnosis of such cancers. Gynecologic ultrasonography for the imaging of the pelvic organs particularly the ovaries, the uterus and the fallopian tubes is used extensively to diagnose gynecological cancers. Radical hysterectomy involving a complete removal of the cervix, upper vagina, uterus and parametrium is a common treatment strategy. Ovaries, lymph nodes and fallopian tubes are often removed in such cases. Another gynecological procedure is the vulvectomy. It involves the partial or complete removal of the vulva to manage certain cancers. An inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy may be performed in addition to a radical vulvectomy procedure if metastasis of a cancer is suspected. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about gynecological cancers. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core clinical aspects of such conditions. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Leukemia is a group of cancer, which occurs in the bone marrow and results in abnormal growth of white blood cells. Such cells are called blasts or leukemia cells. Bleeding and bruising, fever, tiredness and increased infections are some of the symptoms of leukemia. It can be classified as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. The diagnosis of leukemia is usually determined by blood tests or though a bone marrow biopsy. A variety of factors may contribute to its incidence, among which are smoking, genetics, chemical exposure, etc. Leukemia is treated with a multi-drug chemotherapy regimen, pharmaceutical medication or with radiation therapy. A bone marrow transplant is also an important strategy to treat such a cancer. This book provides comprehensive insights into leukemia. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Skin cancer is of three main types, squamous-cell skin cancer, basal-cell skin cancer and melanoma. Basal-cell cancer grows slowly and damages the tissue around it but is not lethal. Squamous-cell skin cancer can spread to other body parts. It is characterized by a hard lump with a scaly top. Melanomas are the most aggressive cancers and may present themselves as a mole, which changes shape, size, color, are itchy or bleeds. The use of sunscreens and decreasing exposure to ultraviolet radiation are effective means of preventing squamous-cell skin cancer and melanoma. Apart from a standard biopsy and histopathological examination, imaging techniques like dermoscopy, sonography, Raman spectroscopy, etc. also aid in the diagnosis of skin cancer. A surgical procedure called Mohs' micrographic surgery is used to remove skin cancer with little damage to the surrounding tissues. Biologic immunotherapy agents, MEK inhibitor and BRAF inhibitors may be used for metastatic melanoma. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different forms of skin cancer, their pathophysiology, and diagnostic and management techniques. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The field of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer is known as oncology. The subfield of oncology which deals with the treatment of cancer by chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and hormonal therapy is called medical oncology. The branch of oncology concerned with the surgical treatment of cancerous tumors is known as surgical oncology. Some of the common types of cancer include blood cancer, bone cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and oesophageal cancer. Treatment methods of such cancers include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new techniques and applications of medical oncology and surgery. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of these fields are examined in detail. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with medical oncology and oncological surgery will benefit alike from this book.

Surgery is the primary mode of treatment for solid, isolated tumors. It can have a significant impact in the prolongation of survival and palliation. After a biopsy is performed on the affected area to determine the presence or absence of the cancer along with the stage of cancer, surgery is performed. In localized cancer, surgery is done to remove the entire mass and in certain cases the lymph nodes. Such an intervention is deemed sufficient in some cases, while in others, treatment modalities such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, etc. are also put to use. The branch of surgery that is concerned with the surgical management of cancerous tumors is known as surgical oncology. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around surgical oncology. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied practices of surgical oncology and the recent advances in this domain. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Most cancers are diagnosed either due to the appearance of signs and symptoms, or via screening. Some signs that are symptomatic of a cancer include a lump, unexplained weight loss, prolonged cough, abnormal bleeding, etc. Tissue from the area under suspicion is examined using x-rays, blood tests, endoscopy and contrast CT scans. Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) are routinely used for diagnosis and detection of cancer. Immunohistochemistry and cytogenetics are some other kinds of tissue tests. Diagnosis of the tissue through a biopsy allows insight into the kind of proliferating cell, the associated genetic abnormalities, histological grade, etc. These tests allow information about molecular changes in fusion genes, chromosome number and mutations, thus enabling better assessment or prognosis and good treatment. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide a clinical perspective of cancer imaging. It covers in detail some existing techniques and innovative practices concerning cancer imaging. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the elaborate content of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subject.

Gynecological oncology is a specialization of gynecology that deals with cancers related to the female reproductive system. After breast cancer, cervical cancer is the second most common cause of female-specific cancer occurring globally. The greatest cause associated with cervical cancer is infection with HPV. Uterine cancer is the tenth most common cause of death due to cancer globally. Vaginal cancer can occur in women of all ages, even in infants. Children diagnosed with cancers can be treated with radiation therapy, surgery and chemotherapy. Vaginectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of the complete or part of the vagina. It is performed for the treatment of vaginal cancer. Depending on the severity of the cancer, it can be radical or partial. After a radical vaginectomy, vaginal reconstruction or vaginoplasty may be performed for preserving normalcy in terms of aesthetics. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of gynecological oncology. From theories to research to clinical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into the current status and future perspectives of this field.

The cancer of the breast or breast cancer develops in the cells of the lining of milk ducts or in the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. The most noticeable symptom of breast cancer is a lump in breast tissue. Some of the other signs of breast cancer are a change in breast shape and size, dimpling of the skin, fluid secretion from the nipple, red or scaly patch of skin and a newly inverted nipple. When the cancer spreads, swollen lymph nodes, yellow skin and shortness of breath may be witnessed. The tumor can be removed usually through a surgery, after which a breast reconstruction surgery can be done to improve the aesthetic appearance of the operated area. Women with breast cancer experience and cope with the illness in different ways. Premenopausal women might have to confront the issue of the early onset of menopause. Women can reduce the risk of breast cancer by adhering to a healthy lifestyle with increased physical activity, reducing alcohol use, maintaining a healthy weight and breast-feeding. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of breast cancer with a woman-centered approach. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the clinical assessment and management of breast cancer. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

Chemotherapy is a form of cancer treatment which uses anti-cancer drugs as part of a cancer treatment regimen. It may be administered with a curative intent or as a palliative therapy for prolonging life and managing symptoms. Chemotherapy drugs directly affect the immune system. They are applied to target the overactivity of the immune system as in the case of diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus, among others. Radiation therapy or radiotherapy (RT) is a cancer therapy that uses ionizing radiation to kill or control malignant cells. It is used to target cancer that is localized to a certain area of the body, or to prevent tumor recurrence after surgery. It can be used in combination with chemotherapy. Like chemotherapy, radiotherapy administration also varies for curative, palliative, adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapeutic intent. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in these fields. For all readers who are interested in oncology and cancer care, the case studies included in this book will serve as excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The group of cancers that begin in the throat, mouth, nose, salivary glands, sinuses and larynx are collectively called head and neck cancer. Some of the common symptoms are neck pain, sinus congestion, mass in the neck, bad breath, enlarged lymph glands, hoarse voice, etc. The diagnosis of head and neck cancer is done ideally through a needle biopsy of the lesion and a histopathological investigation. Depending on the tumor site, health issues, previous primary tumor occurrence, relative morbidity of treatment options, etc., an appropriate treatment strategy is devised. Most head and neck cancers are treated through surgical resection and radiation therapy. Chemotherapy may also be combined with other treatment strategies for better survival and control of the cancer. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the diagnosis and management of head and neck cancer. It elucidates new treatment techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

The condition that arises when cells in the pancreas begin to multiply uncontrollably and form a mass is called pancreatic cancer. Such cancerous cells can start to invade other parts of the body with time. There are different kinds of pancreatic cancer, principal among which are adenocarcinomas and non-adenocarcinomas. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is not easily diagnosed in the early stages, as symptoms do not appear. Unexplained weight loss, nausea, tiredness and vomiting characterize the disease. More than 50% of all pancreatic adenocarcinomas occur in people over the age of 70. The risk factors associated with pancreatic cancer are smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus and certain dietary and genetic factors. This book explores all the important aspects of pancreatic cancer in the present day scenario. It provides significant information of this type of cancer to help develop a good understanding of the challenges of this condition. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

When cells in the pancreas multiply uncontrollably and form a mass, the condition is called pancreatic cancer. When cancer arises in the part responsible for the production of digestive enzymes, it is termed as exocrine pancreatic cancer. When it arises in the hormone-producing tissue of the pancreas, it is called pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PanNET). The common symptoms associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are the occurrence of jaundice, diabetes, pain in the upper abdomen, unexplained weight loss, etc. PanNETs give rise to symptoms that are consistent either with the over-production of different active hormones or only show symptoms when it has spread to other parts of the body, depending on the type of the PanNET. Pancreatic cancer is diagnosed by a combination of blood tests, medical imaging techniques such as CT or ultrasound, and biopsies. The treatment of pancreatic cancer is based on the stage of the cancer. It can be treated through the modes of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy or a combination of these. This book provides comprehensive insights into pancreatic cancer. It provides significant information of the clinical aspects of pancreatic cancer from diagnosis to treatment. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Gastroenterology is a sub-field of medicine, which focuses on the gastrointestinal tract and the alimentary canal. It is concerned with the diseases and disorders that affect these organs. Hepatology is the branch of medicine focused on the disorders related to the pancreas, biliary tree, gallbladder and liver. Hepatology is often regarded as a sub-specialty of gastroenterology. Hepatitis B and C are the most common infectious diseases treated by hepatologists. The topics included in this book on hepatology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It also elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to gastroenterology. As these fields are emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subjects.

Headache refers to the pain in the region of the head or neck. It is one of the most commonly experienced physical discomforts. There are more than 200 types of headaches, some benign while others are life-threatening. They are classified into primary and secondary headaches. Primary headaches are recurrent headaches, which are not caused by an underlying condition, whereas secondary headaches are caused due to a different condition such as an infection, vascular disorder, head injury, brain bleed or tumors. Although most headaches can be evaluated based on the clinical history itself, it can be challenging to differentiate between a low-risk and high-risk headache. Mild to moderate headaches are treated with NSAIDs or acetaminophen. The treatment of secondary headaches requires the treatment of the underlying condition, such as chemotherapy or surgery for a person with brain tumor. The topics included in this book on headache and pain research are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.