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Neural development is an amalgamation of the studies of neuroscience and developmental biology. It describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the emergence and development of complex nervous systems during embryonic development which continues throughout life. During the embryonic stage, the development of the nervous system entails the processes of neurulation, the formation of the brain and the spinal cord. Neurons travel from their points of origin to the final positions in the brain in a process termed as neuronal migration which can occur through the processes of radial migration, tangential migration and axophilic migration. The study of neurogenesis and neurodevelopment in the adult brain is an area of significant research. Such studies as well as the studies focused on neurotrophic factors that regulate and promote neuronal survival in the developing nervous system are the mainstay of research in neural development. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of neural development. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included in this book. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also referred to as intracranial injury, occurs due to trauma to the brain. It can cause a range of physical, cognitive, behavioral, social and emotional symptoms. Its outcome can vary from complete recovery to permanent disability or death. TBI can occur due to an accident, physical violence or a fall. Its diagnosis involves the use of techniques like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography. Depending on the extent of the injury, confirmed through a diagnosis, treatment can be minimal or extensive involving medications, surgery and rehabilitation therapies. This book discusses the fundamental as well as modern approaches in the assessment and management of traumatic brain injury. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this domain.

A spinal cord injury refers to a damage to the spinal cord, which inhibits its function in a temporary or permanent capacity. Some of the symptoms may be loss of muscle sensation, function or autonomic function. Depending on the degree of the loss of muscle function and sensation, spinal injuries can be complete or incomplete. There can be full recovery from the injury or permanent tetraplegia may happen. Complications such as pressure sores, muscle atrophy, breathing problems and infections may also occur. The treatment of such an injury starts by restricting further motion of the spinal cord and maintaining adequate blood pressure. In cases where it interferes with daily activities, spinal injuries require occupational therapy and long-term physical therapy. This book explores all the important aspects of spinal cord injury in the present day scenario. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of the treatment and management of spinal cord injury. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Neuroinflammation refers to the inflammation of the nervous tissue, triggered due to traumatic brain injury, infection, autoimmunity or toxic metabolites. The central nervous system exhibits inflammation due to the activation of microglia. The immune response of the peripheral nervous system is through the expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules. Such an immune response though defensive in nature can present itself as a risk of toxicity and widespread inflammation. There is an association of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. There is thus clinical interest in the strategy of inflammation reduction to reverse neurodegeneration. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches in the study of neuroinflammation. The topics included in this book on neuroinflammation are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Neurodegeneration is a gradual but irreversible process of neuronal damage and neuronal death. It is a common characteristic of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, among others. Research is being conducted to determine the underlying cause of this process. One of the strategies for this involves the study of neurodegenerative conditions and identifying similarities and parallels among these on a sub-cellular level. Finding such similarities allows the development of therapeutic strategies to combat these diseases and manage neural degeneration. Immunotherapy is another emerging area of research. Neurodegeneration is an active area of study that has undergone rapid advancement over the past few decades. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of neurodegeneration. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Neuroscience is the field of science concerned with the study of the nervous system. It deals with the study of neurons at all levels, from cellular and molecular studies to the imaging of the sensory motor tasks occurring in the brain. Neuroscience is a vast subject with diverse focuses pertaining to the nervous system. It branches out into a number of specializations, chief among which are molecular neuroscience, cellular neuroscience, systems neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, etc. Some of the fundamental questions addressed in cellular and molecular neuroscience are how neurons process signals electrochemically and physiologically, and how neurons respond to molecular signals and axons form connectivity patterns. Studies of the nervous system are applied in clinical practice in the domains of psychiatry, neurology, neurosurgery, neuropathology, psychosurgery, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of neuroscience. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of neuroscience from the levels of molecular mechanisms to clinical practice. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The process of neurodegeneration is a progressive degeneration of neuron cells. It can be categorized into varied levels of neuronal circuitry ranging from molecular to systemic levels. Aging is the primary contributor to neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases are caused due to genetic mutations. Protein misfolding is another characteristic that is common in such conditions. Intracellular mechanisms such as protein degradation pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane damage, axonal transport, DNA damage, etc. along with programmed cell death mechanisms are other pathways of neurodegeneration. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neurodegeneration. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, this book makes an effort in highlighting its impact as a modern tool for the understanding of neurodegenerative disorders. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The nervous system is the organ system concerned with the transmission of signals from one cell to the other, or between one body part to another. With the help of neurons and neural networks, the nervous system provides a point-to-point signal transmission and thus offers a high degree of specificity and speed. An incredible aspect of the nervous system is its ability to change with time. The adult brain does not have fixed neuronal circuits. Cortical and subcortical rewiring of these circuits and neurogenesis can persist up to old age. Synapses may weaken or strengthen over time, the proportion of grey matter may change, cortical remapping may also arise as a response to injury, etc. Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in advancing functional outcomes with respect to post-stroke physical therapy. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of the nervous system and neuroplasticity, and the recent researches in this field. The various advancements in these fields are glanced at and their implications as well as ramifications looked in detail. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in these areas at various levels.

The nervous system is an important system of the human body that coordinates its action by transmitting signals from one part of the body to another. It can be divided into the central and the peripheral nervous system. It consists of the brain, spinal cord and the nerves of the body. At the cellular level, the fundamental mechanism is that of the neuron, which transmits signals through axons that trigger the activation of neurotransmitters, which are then released at synapses. This signaling process involves a complicated molecular machinery, which allows the rapid electrical or chemical transmission of signals. Cells that receive a synaptic signal will be excited, inhibited or modulated. The organization of neural pathways, neural circuits and neural networks together build a functioning nervous system. Any abnormality in nervous function can manifest due to a genetic defect, infection, trauma, toxicity, or due to aging. This book provides comprehensive insights into the cellular and molecular basis of the working of the nervous system. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Neurodevelopmental disorder is a mental disorder that affects emotion, self-control, learning ability and memory. It manifests after the individual grows. Such disorders can be genetic, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, fragile-X syndrome, Down syndrome, etc., or caused due to neurotoxicants such as Minamata disease and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders also fall under neurodevelopmental disorders. The development of the nervous system is a tightly regulated genetically encoded process that is influenced by the environment. Any deviation from this process can result in such disorders and lead to potentially distinct pathologies later in life. Deprivation from emotional and social care in children, genetic influences, immune dysfunction, traumatic brain injury and nutritional deficits can cause such disorders. These can be diagnosed using chromosomal microarray analysis. Through support from therapists, counselors, families and groups, such disorders can be managed. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around neurodevelopment disorders. The objective is to give a general view of the different aspects of their pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear colorless fluid found in the brain and the spinal cord. It acts as a cushion for the brain, providing basic immunological and mechanical protection to the brain inside the skull. It serves an important role in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. The brain produces approximately 500 ml of cerebrospinal fluid everyday. The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a selective semipermeable boundary separating the circulating blood from the brain and the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system. It restricts the diffusion of solutes in the blood and hydrophilic molecules into the CSF but allows the diffusion of hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other polar molecules. The blood brain barrier acts to protect the brain from circulating pathogens. In cases where an infection occurs, a drug has to be administered directly into the CSF such that it can cross over into the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood brain barriers. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

A degenerative condition of the central nervous system, which affects the motor system, is called Parkinson's disease (PD). The symptoms of this disease are mostly with respect to motor abilities and expressed in terms of rigidity, shaking, difficulty in walking and slowness of movement. These motor difficulties are collectively termed as 'parkinsonism'. When parkinsonism occurs with no identifiable cause, it is termed as 'idiopathic parkinsonism'. When neurodegenerative disorders occur with parkinsonism, it may termed as 'atypical parkinsonism'. These include dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, etc. Some of the identifiable causes of Parkinson's disease include infections, exposure to toxins, side effects of drugs, brain lesions and metabolic derangement. This book provides comprehensive insights into Parkinson's disease. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact in advancing the understanding of this disease. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Chronic kidney disease is a severe kidney disease in which the functioning of kidney stops gradually over a period of months or years. Its signs and symptoms include loss of appetite, tiredness, vomiting and swelling in the legs. In some cases, the risk factors may even include anemia, high blood pressure, bone disease and cardiovascular disease. Various clinical conditions may be associated with chronic kidney disease and decrease of kidney function, such as uremia, anemia, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, etc. Uremia is a condition in which there are very high levels of urea present in the blood. It often leads to kidney failure. The topics included in this book on chronic kidney disease are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It aims to shed light on some of its unexplored aspects and the recent researches in this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying about chronic kidney disease as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Nephrology is the branch of medicine dealing with the study of kidneys. It is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. Maintaining a healthy diet is an effective way to prevent kidney diseases. Nephrologists are physicians whose expertise lies in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. Some common kidney diseases are kidney stones, acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease. Blood urea nitrogen and other clinical urine tests are some of the commonly preferred tests to evaluate kidney diseases. Dialysis and renal transplantation are two of the most common and effective ways to treat kidney diseases. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of nephrology. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on nephrology have been included in it. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is the damage to the spinal cord, which leads to permanent or temporary changes in its function. Most cases of SCI occur due to physical traumas including gunshots, sports injuries, car accidents, tumors, infection, etc. It is characterized by a loss of muscle function, autonomic function or sensation in different parts of the body, particularly in the areas below the level of the injury. Depending on the injury, damage can extend into a state between paralysis and incontinence. SCI patients need to undergo extended periods of care. However, even with the best possible treatment, SCI generally results in some incurable impairment. There has been tremendous research in the treatment of these injuries such as stem cell implantation, epidural spinal stimulation, engineered materials for tissue support and wearable robotic exoskeletons. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of spinal cord injury medicine. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of spinal cord injuries and the recent researches in their medical management. For all those who are interested in this field, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

A genetic disorder is a genetic condition caused due to abnormalities in the genome. Such conditions are either inherited or acquired. Acquired defects may be caused due to changes in the DNA or due to new mutations. Genetic disorders can be single-gene disorders or multiple gene disorders. Over 6000 diseases are caused due to single gene mutations. Genetic disorders can be complex and multifactorial, involving a number of different genes and highly influenced by the environment. The field of medical genetics is concerned with the diagnosis of genetic disorders and their management. Though there is no known cure for genetic disorders, not all genetic diseases are fatal. Therefore, providing a quality of life and maintaining patient autonomy is the chief objective of medical genetics. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of medical genetics. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the role of genetics in the incidence of varied diseases and disorders. For all readers who are interested in medical genetics, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The in-depth study of kidneys along with their diseases is known as nephrology. Nanonephrology and onconephrology are two significant and upcoming branches of nephrology. Nanopherology deals with the study of kidney cells and the nanoparticles which are useful in treating several kidney diseases. Onconephrology deals with the study of kidney diseases in cancer patients. Kidney diseases cause a loss of kidney function which can potentially result in renal failure and the complete loss of kidney function. The most common and the most effective treatments for treating kidney diseases include renal replacement therapy, proper diet and medications. Renal replacement therapy involves dialysis and kidney transplantation. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of nephrology which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this field at various levels.

Allergic diseases are the conditions of the human body that are induced due to a hypersensitivity of the immune system, usually in response to non-toxic substances in the environment. Some allergic diseases are anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, food allergies and hay fever. Some symptoms of such allergic diseases are sneezing, an itchy rash, shortness of breath, red eyes or swelling. Allergens such as pollen, metals, medications and insect stings can also cause allergic reactions. The diagnosis of this is based on a review of the medical history of a person or through testing of the blood or skin. Allergic diseases are treated by the use of medications such as antihistamines and steroids, epinephrine, allergen immunotherapy, etc. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around allergic diseases and their management. The objective of this book is to give a clinical view of the different aspects of allergic diseases. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Immunology is involved with the study of the immune system and related conditions. Research in immunology is making it increasingly clearer that the development of many disorders, whether metabolic, neurodegenerative or cardiovascular has an immunological contribution. Besides these, infectious diseases such as hepatitis, dysentery, tuberculosis, pneumonia, etc. have a direct correlation with the immune system. The immune conditions affecting the human body can be classified as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity and immunodeficiencies. Hypersensitive responses or allergies can be diagnosed with a patch test, allergy blood test, skin test, etc. The treatment of immunological conditions depends on the severity and type of condition. Immunosuppressants, anti-inflammatory drugs and NSAIDs are used for the management of autoimmune diseases. Treatment strategies for boosting the immune system are employed for immune deficiency states. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of immunology. It outlines the principles and applications of immunology in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis is known as tuberculosis (TB). Some common symptoms of this disease are cough characterized by blood-containing sputum, along with night sweats, weight loss and fever. It can be diagnosed by chest X-rays, tuberculin skin test, culture and microscopic examination of body fluids. Tuberculosis majorly affects the lungs. The tuberculosis that does not affect the lungs is known as extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. BCG vaccine is a commonly used vaccine for preventing TB. It has certain limitations due to which constant research is ongoing to develop better vaccinations along with medications to treat multi-drug resistant TB. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the diagnosis, prevention and management of tuberculosis. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to practicing doctors and medical students.

A number of surgical procedures are available for the treatment of malignant and benign liver conditions. Many techniques have evolved over the years to make liver surgery more effective, simpler and safer. It is now possible to perform complicated, major and more involved liver surgical procedures within a few hours and without the requirement of blood transfusions. The most common type of liver surgery is liver resection, which involves the complete or partial removal of the liver. It is mostly performed for the purpose of removing a tumor. Liver tumors can also be addressed using minimally invasive, catheter-based procedures and treatments. Surgeries for the treatment of liver lesions such as cysts, hemangiomas and adenomas can be done laparoscopically or in a conventional open surgical procedure, depending on the location of the lesion. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different operative techniques of liver surgery, and their applications. It strives to provide a fair idea about liver surgery and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this surgical specialization. It will be a vital reference text for hepatologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons and students alike.

When excessive fibrous connective tissue forms in the liver, the condition is termed as liver fibrosis. In its advanced stage, liver fibrosis results in liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension and liver failure. Liver fibrosis occurs due to a chronic damage to the liver. The main causes of this are alcohol abuse, viral infections and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The pathological basis of cirrhosis is the replacement of normal parenchyma with scar tissue. The damage to the parenchyma acts to activate stellate cells, thereby increasing fibrosis and proliferating connective tissue. This fibrotic material in the extracellular matrix does not get broken down in the liver owing to the action of the stellate cells. Chelation therapy, interferon and corticosteroids may be prescribed for its management. Treatment of liver cirrhosis and liver failure often requires liver transplantation, whereby a diseased liver is replaced with a healthy liver. This book explores all the important aspects of liver fibrosis in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this disorder and to help develop a better understanding of its symptoms, mechanisms and management. Those with an interest in liver fibrosis would find this book helpful.

The human liver is susceptible to a number of diseases and infections. Hepatitis is a common condition affecting the liver. Chronic hepatitis B or C is the leading cause of liver cancer. Globally, hepatitis B virus infects around 248 million people, while hepatitis C virus infects nearly 142 million people. Hepatitis A and E generally resolve and do not become chronic. Hepatitis D infects only in the presence of hepatitis B, and afflicts around 20 million people globally. Any blockage of the hepatic veins causes Budd-Chiari syndrome, which causes ascites, liver enlargement and abdominal pain. Many liver diseases, such as progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, biliary atresia, alagille syndrome, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, etc., affect babies and young children. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of liver diseases. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on liver diseases. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Systemic sclerosis or systemic scleroderma is an autoimmune disease affecting the connective tissues of the body. It is characterized by injuries to small arteries and thickening of the skin caused by an accumulation of collagen. Systemic scleroderma affects the skin of the hands, feet and the face, but also progresses to the kidneys, lungs, heart and gastrointestinal tract. Some of the common symptoms of systemic sclerosis include the CREST syndrome, hardening and scarring of the skin, impairment in lung function, joint pains, etc. Diagnosis is based on the presence of autoantibodies or through a biopsy examination. Therapies for systemic sclerosis include immunosuppressive drugs as well as glucocorticoids. This book explores the clinical aspects of systemic sclerosis in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this disorder and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in the understanding of this disease. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Chronic liver disease refers to a series of stages in the liver condition that involves progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma, thereby leading to cirrhosis and fibrosis. This progression usually lasts over a period of six months. Chronic liver disease may be caused by viral agents such as Hepatitis B and C, right heart failure, drugs and toxins such as alcohol, paracetamol, methotrexate, nitrofurantoin, amiodarone, etc. Metabolic conditions such as haemochromatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Wilson's disease, and autoimmune response such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis are also associated with chronic liver disease. Some of the factors that may enhance the risks of developing chronic liver disease are obesity, certain prescription medications, excessive alcohol use, metabolic syndrome such as raised blood lipids, etc. Liver biopsy, ultrasonography and liver function tests may help diagnose the liver condition. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around chronic liver disease. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different clinical aspects along with the medical and surgical treatment strategies of chronic liver disease. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in the treatment of chronic liver disease.

The liver is a vital organ of the human body. It supports all other organs. It is prone to a number of diseases and infections passing from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity. Hepatitis is a common medical condition characterized by an inflamed liver. It is caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D and E infections. Herpes simplex virus may also be responsible for such inflammation. Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections are the main cause of liver cancer. An accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream can cause hepatic encephalopathy, which can be fatal. The excessive consumption of alcohol leads to a host of alcoholic liver conditions, such as alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis and fatty liver. The susceptibility of each individual to such diseases varies and may depend on genetics, gender and liver insult. Many liver conditions are typically accompanied by jaundice. All such diseases can be diagnosed by liver function tests and blood tests. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of hepatology. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different conditions of the liver and their management strategies. The extensive content herein provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Liver cirrhosis is a liver condition in which the liver fails to function properly, due to irreversible liver damage. This is caused by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scar tissue. Some of the consequences of abnormal functioning of liver cells include spider angiomata, gynecomastia, hypogonadism, etc. The scar tissue in liver cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow resulting in portal hypertension. Damage to the hepatic parenchyma triggers the activation of stellate cells, which obstructs hepatic blood flow and increases fibrosis. As the disease progresses, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and bruising and bleeding may occur. Liver biopsy, blood test for platelet count, ultrasound and various other lab tests can help diagnose liver cirrhosis. Out of all liver cirrhosis cases, 57% may be attributed to hepatitis B and C. 20% of such cases are due to alcohol consumption. Abstaining from alcohol, prescription of corticosteroids and interferon, chelation therapy, etc. slows the progression of the disease and also helps to manage its symptoms. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the area of liver cirrhosis and its related diseases. It provides significant information of the pathophysiology, prognosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis. Those with an interest in hepatology and gastroenterology would find this book helpful.

Health care is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of health. Its main goals are to ensure good quality of life, to provide high quality medical resources and assistance to those needing them, to cure diseases and to extend life expectancy. Women's health is often influenced by factors such as poverty, gender differences, family responsibilities and employment. Breast cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer are some of the most common chronic diseases in women. Other common health conditions in women include anemia, dementia, osteoporosis and depression. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of women's health and its utmost significance in modern times. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on health care have been included herein. This book is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

Hematology is concerned with the treatment of diseases that affect blood production and its components. Some of these components include blood proteins, bone marrow, blood vessels, spleen, blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, etc. Hematology is a distinct branch of medicine but sometimes it may overlap with oncology. A hematologist is a physician who specializes in hematology. Hematologists are concerned with the care and treatment of patients with blood disorders such as hematological malignancies, coagulopathies, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, etc. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about hematology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

The pulmonary circulation is the part of the circulatory system, which transports deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, and then returns the oxygenated blood to the left ventricle and atrium of the heart. The vessels involved in pulmonary circulation are pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary circulation can be affected by a number of conditions, chief among which are pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolus, vascular resistance, cardiac shunt and pulmonary shunt. Any disease that damages the lungs and affects their function may be called a chronic lung disease. It encompasses a number of clinical conditions which include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, etc. Studies have shown a strong association of certain gene variants with impaired lung function. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to pulmonary diseases. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of the role of genetics in the incidence of these disorders. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.