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The majority of all proteins undergo co- and/or post-translational modifications, crucially altering physical and chemical properties, folding, conformation distribution, stability, activity, and, consequently, the function of the proteins.

This volume discusses the latest developments in cellular, molecular, biochemical, and imaging assays to study the biology and functions of T-cells. The chapters in this book cover topics such as LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions in T-cell motility; using 3D-SIM to dissect signaling cross-talks in motile T-cells; GapmeR-mediated gene silencing in motile T-cells; activity of cellular kinases in migrating T-cells; and computational analysis of protein-protein interactions in motile T-cells. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and comprehensive, T-Cell Motility: Methods and Protocols is an essential resource for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and principal investigators working in the fields of immunology, T-cell biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and imaging.

This volume provides readers with wide-ranging coverage of CRISPR systems and their applications in various plant species. The chapters in this book discuss topics such as plant DNA repair and genome editing; analysis of CRISPR-induced mutations; multiplexed CRISPR/Cas9 systems; CRISPR-Cas12a (Cpf1) editing systems; and non-agrobacterium based CRISPR delivery systems. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Comprehensive and thorough, Plant Genome Editing with CRISPR Systems: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for any researcher interested in learning about and using CRISPR systems in plants.

This detailed volume addresses the challenge of how to instruct stem/early progenitor cells to progress through appropriate steps to generate functional 3-dimensional organs, one of the outstanding issues in regenerative medicine.

This third edition volume expands on the previous editions with new topics that cover drug discovery through translational bioinformatics, informatics, clinical research informatics, as well as clinical informatics.

This detailed second edition volume expands upon the prior edition by addressing newly emerged technologies as well as improved existing protocols in nucleic acid delivery via nanotechnology.

This volume describes cell culture protocols for the maintenance, propagation, manipulation, and analysis of primary explanted cells from various mouse organ systems.

This volume aims to provide clear and detailed methods to probe glutamate receptor function. Chapters in this book feature methods to study synaptic ultrastructure, receptor dynamics/receptor interactions and trafficking, cellular plasticity, receptor gene regulation, epigenetics, and clinical applications. In addition, it includes overview chapters that provide critical reviews and historical perspectives on particular techniques and fields of study. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and cutting-edge, Glutamate Receptors: Methods and Protocols covers well-established glutamate receptor techniques, as well as new and cutting-edge techniques designed so that students, researchers, and clinicians can gain an understanding of the issues surrounding each experimental technique and its potential applications.

This open access book addresses the challenge of analyzing and understanding the evolutionary dynamics of complex biological systems at the genomic level, and elaborates on some promising strategies that would bring us closer to uncovering of the vital relationships between genotype and phenotype. After a few educational primers, the book continues with sections on sequence homology and alignment, phylogenetic methods to study genome evolution, methodologies for evaluating selective pressures on genomic sequences as well as genomic evolution in light of protein domain architecture and transposable elements, population genomics and other omics, and discussions of current bottlenecks in handling and analyzing genomic data. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detail and expert implementation advice that lead to the best results. Authoritative and comprehensive, Evolutionary Genomics: Statistical and Computational Methods, Second Edition aims to serve both novices in biology with strong statistics and computational skills, and molecular biologists with a good grasp of standard mathematical concepts, in moving this important field of study forward.

This book aims to provide examples of applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) using biological samples, showing different methods for AFM sample preparation, data acquisition and processing, and avoiding technical problems. Divided into two sections, chapters guide readers through image artifacts, process and quantitatively analyze AFM images, lipid bilayers, image DNA-protein complexes, AFM cell topography, single-molecule force spectroscopy, single-molecule dynamic force spectroscopy, fluorescence methodologies, molecular recognition force spectroscopy, biomechanical characterization, AFM-based biosensor setup, and detail how to implement such an in vitro system, which can monitor cardiac electrophysiology, intracellular calcium dynamics, and single cell mechanics. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and cutting-edge, Atomic Force Microscopy: Methods and Protocols is useful for researchers at different stages, from newcomers to experienced users, interested in new AFM applications.

This book provides thorough coverage of transgenic plants with methods on plant transformation, biotechnological application of transgenic plants, and future developments.

This book details recently developed technologies and conventionally employed cytological proceduresfor the study of X-Chromosome Inactivation. Chapters detail live imaging, bioinformatic methods, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence, and procedures to optimize the study of molecular mechanism underlying X chromosome inactivation. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and cutting-edge, X-Chromosome Inactivation: Methods Protocols aims to be useful for researchers in the field of epigenetics, chromatin, noncoding RNA, and nuclear architecture.

This second edition presents methods and protocols to aid readers in the design and execution of experiments used to define critical elements associated with innate immune system function. New and updated chapters detail protocols on in vitro and ex vivo studies in key cell types associated with innate immunity and with in vivo protocols used to study immune system function in the mouse. Additionally, chapters describe methods to evaluate innate immune function and new protocols associated with autism, cancer, microfluidics platforms, and CRISPR systems. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easy to use, Mouse Models of Innate Immunity: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition will serve the research community by providing expert advice and protocols that allow both experienced and novice investigators to successfully plan, implement, and assess disease processes associated with the innate immune system.

This volume presents modern and enhanced methods that detail techniques to perform proteomics analyses dedicated to biomarker discovery for human health.

This volume looks at various approaches to study the pleiotropic roles of b-arrestins (b-arrs) in the control of signal transduction, and the resulting cellular and in vivo consequences that arise.

This volume details established experimental protocols on the isolation, characterization, and detection of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules as well as methods to study the activity and role of ECM components on various biological functions, the formation of exosomes, and tissue surrogates.

This volume provides methods to analyze the meningococcus and its interactions with biologically relevant host cells and sites, to interrogate the population structure and biology of the meningococcus that defines its capacity to cause disease, and to aid in vaccine development and surveillance.

This volume presents valuable techniques for studying the class of ligand-activated transcription factors known as nuclear receptors. After a brief overview of the history of the field, chapters cover methods to detect the receptors and their mRNAs in various tissues, protocols to characterize nuclear receptor modulators and activities, their signaling and roles in certain pathogenesis, molecular modeling of nuclear receptor-ligand interactions, as well as the utility of informatics in the field of nuclear receptors. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Nuclear Receptors: Methods and Experimental Protocols seeks to aid researchers working toward furthering our understanding of these vital receptors and their role in numerous pathological conditions.

The chapters, which cover a wide range of topics, are organized into six parts: Part one discusses the cultivation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro;

This book describes the current techniques used to study functional disulphides and to exploit them for therapeutic outcomes. Beginning with how disulphide bonds are classified and how to study their evolution, the volume then continues with protein chemical, molecular dynamics, and force spectroscopy techniques used to identify functional disulphides and/or study their behavior, then focuses on techniques employed in the study of the factors that cleave and/or form disulphide bonds. Methods to study how particular functional disulphides are assayed in mouse and human tissues are likewise examined, amongst many other subjects. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Functional Disulphide Bonds: Methods and Protocols serves as a vital guide to this evolving area of study.

This extensive volume began as a short course primarily geared toward toxicologists who want to expand their understanding of toxicologic pathology in order to be better study directors while also proving to be of great interest to other drug development scientists and regulatory reviewers. The overall goal is to help non-pathologists understand, contextualize, and communicate the pathology data and interpretations from the study pathologist in a practical and usable format. Within the book, readers will find an overview of general pathology concepts that include fundamental vocabulary and the basics of pathophysiological processes, along with numerous chapters devoted to pathology in specific organ systems as well as topics such as biomarkers, correlation of clinical pathology endpoints (chemistry and hematology) with microscopic changes, and well-known pathology findings for classes of toxic substances. Authoritative, practical, and comprehensive, Toxicologic Pathology for Non-Pathologists aims to help non-pathologists understand, converse in, and apply a basic understanding of pathology in their day-to-day careers.

This detailed volume provides a single, valuable reference source formethods that definitively identify and accurately quantify apoptosis. Itcontinues with multi-parametric and phased apoptosis assays for detecting earlyand late apoptosis or distinguishing apoptosis from necrosis and autophagy.

This detailed volume explores the continuing techniques ofstudying RNA-protein complexes and interactions as research in these areasexpand. After an introductory chapter,the book continues with ways to purify RNA-protein complexes assembled in cellsor in isolated cellular extracts, methods for measuring various biochemicalactivities of RNA-interacting proteins or ribonucleoproteins, biochemicalmethods for measuring direct RNA-protein contact, as well as various new orinnovative methods pertinent to the subject. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series,chapters contain brief introductions to their respective topics, lists of thenecessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratoryprotocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and up-to-date, RNA-ProteinComplexes and Interactions: Methods and Protocols provides a set of usefulprotocols, both basic and advanced, designed to inspire researchers workingwith RNA and RNA-interacting proteins.

With a focus on Alzheimer's disease, the firstsections of the book examine immunotherapeutic approaches for theaforementioned disease as well as for Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease,amongst others.

This volume expands on statistical analysis of genomic data by discussing cross-cutting groundwork material, public data repositories, common applications, and representative tools for operating on genomic data.

This text provides a practical guide providing step-by-step protocol to design and develop vaccines. Volume 2: Vaccines for Veterinary Diseases includes vaccines for farm animals and fishes, vaccine vectors and production, vaccine delivery systems, vaccine bioinformatics, vaccine regulation and intellectual property.

This text provides a practical guide providing step-by-step protocol to design and develop vaccines. The design of human vaccines for viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic and prion diseases as well as vaccines for drug abuse, allergy, and tumor vaccines are also described in this volume.

Divided into several sections, the book delves into animal-pathogen interaction, microbe-microbe interaction, as well as plant-pathogen interaction.

This Methods in Molecular Biology(TM) book offers techniques for studying the Permeability Barrier. Includes lists of necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.