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Sexual Dimorphism- Various biological studies on the subject of sex differences have been published. The subjects of these studies are not only humans, but also other mammals, birds, amphibians, insects, extending to ostracoda in the Paleozoic era. Moreover, original methods in individual studies have been used. This book provides convincing reasons which explain sex differences. The book also shows that, even if considered that some living things do not have sex differences, in reality they do. The somewhat different data on sex differences in this book will offer new ideas not only to life scientists and biologists, but social and cultural scientists as well.

Water is an important natural resource which forms the core of the ecological system. Human use of water depends on ambient water quality and human alterations of the landuse have an extensive influence on water quality. Water is typically referred to as polluted when its quality is adversely affected by contaminants and undergoes a marked shift in its capability to support the biological communities.The book is written for research scholars, hydrologists and environmentalists and especially students.

The prognosis for individuals with liver cancer is frequently poor. Cancers include those which have metastasized to the liver from elsewhere, reflecting advanced stage disease where cure is rarely possible. Similarly, primary liver cancer frequently complicates chronic liver disease, which further limits therapeutic options. Despite these dismal facts, there are signs that change is imminent. Not only have imaging modalities and surgical techniques improved, but preventive strategies and medical therapies show promise. The topic of liver tumors is comprehensively reviewed in this book, with a focus on recent developments relevant to both researchers and clinicians.

Glaucoma is a specialty in ophthalmology that includes a group of diseases that affect the optic disc and visual fields and is usually accompanied by increased intraocular pressure. This book addresses new topics in glaucoma that have not been included and expands topics that have been included in the previous glaucoma books published by InTech. The book is a product of balance between expedited publication and the will to encompass the whole field and therefore contains the latest developments and new perspectives in glaucoma. It is intended for glaucoma specialists, general ophthalmologists, trainees and researches to increase the knowledge and understanding these complex diseases and to encourage further investigation for the benefit of the entire human community.

The book "The Mediterranean Genetic Code - Grapevine and Olive" collects relevant papers documenting the results of research in grapevine and olive genetics, as a contribution to overall compendium of the existing biodiversity for both species with insight into molecular mechanisms responsible for their desirable and important traits. Book encompasses a broad and diverse palette of different topics related to grapevine and olive genetics, with no areal or any other strict limitation, keeping the title as a loose frame for borderless science. Divided in four sections it takes us for a "molecular walk" through different levels of genetic variability, uncovering the remains of still existing wild populations and treasures of neglected local peculiarities, weaving the network from plant to product and back to the beginning, to the hearth of all questions asked and answers hidden in genetics.

The chapters in this book review the latest advances in the molecular mechanisms of autophagy, highlighting some of the most challenging research topics. The focus is mainly on how this basic cell defense mechanism comes into play in various pathologies, including liver diseases, myopathies, infectious diseases, cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. In these diseases, the contradictory autophagy roles of cell survival versus cell death emphasize the necessity of taking into account this double-edged nature in future development of already promising, autophagy- modulating, therapies.

During the last decades, numerous studies about stem cells and regenerative medicine highlighted new therapeutic approaches to treat several neurological disorders. It is noteworthy that the current optimism over potential stem cell therapies is driven by new understandings of stem cell biology leading to specific cell fate decision. The objectives of this book were: 1) to offer a general understanding of signaling pathways underlying the capacity of differentiation of several types of stem cells into neurons, during the development; 2) to understand how those pathways are altered in pathological conditions; 3) to describe advances in cellular therapy that could be use to restore central nervous system dysfunction in pathological conditions.

Understanding the rapid changes in the evaluation and management of peripheral neuropathies, as well as the complexity of their mechanism, is a mandatory requirement for the practitioner to optimize patient's care. The objective of this book is to update health care professionals on recent advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy. This work was written by a group of clinicians and scientists with large expertise in the field.

This book gives a comprehensive overview of HIV and AIDS including NeuroAIDS, as well as general concepts of pathology, immunity and immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology and etiology to current clinical recommendations in management of HIV/AIDS including NeuroAIDS, highlighting the ongoing issues, recent advances and future directions in diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies.

This book provides a collection of in-depth reviews broadly related to the mechanisms of viral replication as applied to various viruses of critical relevance for human or animal disease. Specifically, this book contains six different chapters: 1) Influenza A Virus Multiplication and the Cellular SUMOylation System; 2) West Nile Virus: Basic Principles, Replication Mechanism, Immune Response and Important Genetic Determinants of Virulence; 3) Hepatitis B Virus Genetic Diversity: Disease Pathogenesis; 4) An Overview of the Immune Evasion Strategies Adopted by Different Viruses With Special Reference to Classical Swine Fever Virus; 5) Viral Replication Strategies: Manipulation of ER Stress Response Pathways and Promotion of IRES-Dependent Translation; 6) Antiviral Replication Agents. This book is aimed at students, scholars, professors, and investigators who are peripherally related to, or somehow intrigued by, the different areas of virology covered in this book, as well as at those individuals with greater expertise and knowledge in the topics herein presented who may want up-to-date in depth reviews related to such topics.

Data are rapidly accumulating from all over the world regarding the efficacy of standardized treatment regimens for drug-sensitive, drug-resistant TB and latent TB infection. While we are facing the menace of multi drug-resistant TB [MDR-TB], extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis [XDR­ TB] has emerged threatening to undermine global efforts at TB control. Hence we have included chapters to cover all aspects of the diagnosis and management of MDR TB. This book will cover all these developments in great detail.With the widespread availability of internet globally various standard web resources available on TB have also been included so that the readers may get the comprehensive and updated guidelines from these resources. The changing clinical presentation of TB, advances in laboratory, imaging diagnostic modalities, therapeutic measures and emergence of MDR TB all suggest a pressing need to have a updated book on TB. Furthermore, while all physicians encounter the TB disease in their clinical practice, there have been a lot of controversies and misconceptions over various issues for the diagnosis and management of TB.Paucity of a well referenced, updated, standard book of TB has prompted us to undertake this venture sharing the clinical experience of global experts of TB.Our book contains chapters on epidemiology, immune-pathology, diagnosis, treatment and latest advances for TB, highlighting the global perspective of tuberculosis. World-wide resurgence of MDR TB indicates that the battle against this foe of mankind will continue in the coming years. TB still remains to be a research priority of paramount importance from medical, social and financial aspects and we have attempted to highlight all the aspects for the treatment of TB.We believe that this book will serve as a practical guide for the diagnosis and management of TB for practicing physicians (especially pulmonologists and internists) and all those who are involved in the management of TB.

The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards represents a key role in the modern society. The main goal of this book is to present 9 scientific papers focusing on new research and results on earthquake seismology. Chapters of this book focus on several aspect of seismology ranging from historical earthquake analysis, seismotectonics, and damage estimation of critical facilities.

This book highlights the important need for more efficient and environmentally sound combustion technologies that utilise renewable fuels to be continuously developed and adopted. The central theme here is two-fold: internal combustion engines and fuel solutions for combustion systems. Internal combustion engines remain as the main propulsion system used for ground transportation, and the number of successful developments achieved in recent years is as varied as the new design concepts introduced. It is therefore timely that key advances in engine technologies are organised appropriately so that the fundamental processes, applications, insights and identification of future development can be consolidated. In the future and across the developed and emerging markets of the world, the range of fuels used will significantly increase as biofuels, new fossil fuel feedstock and processing methods, as well as variations in fuel standards continue to influence all combustion technologies used now and in coming streams. This presents a challenge requiring better understanding of how the fuel mix influences the combustion processes in various systems. The book allows extremes of the theme to be covered in a simple yet progressive way.

This book covers the recent development and progress of the wind energy conversion system. The chapters are contributed by prominent researchers in the field of wind energy and cover grid integration issues, modern control theories applied in wind energy conversion system, and dynamic and transient stability studies. Modeling and control strategies of different variable speed wind generators such as switched reluctance generator, permanent magnet synchronous generator, doubly-fed induction generator, including the suitable power electronic converter topologies for grid integration, are discussed. Real time control study of wind farm using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) is also included in the book, along with Fault ride through, street light application, integrated power flow solutions, direct power control, wireless coded deadbeat power control, and other interesting topics.

Human society depends on liquid freshwater resources to meet drinking, sanitation and hygiene, agriculture, and industry needs. Improved resource monitoring and better understanding of the anthropogenic threats to freshwater environments are critical to efficient management of freshwater resources and ultimately to the survival and quality of life of the global human population. This book helps address the need for improved freshwater resource monitoring and threat assessment by presenting current reviews and case studies focused on the fate and transport of contaminants in the environment and on the sustainability of groundwater and surface-water resources around the world. It is intended for students and professionals working in hydrology and water resources management.

Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics - Novel Approaches in Biomarkers Discovery and Therapeutic Targets in Cancer presents comprehensive reviews of the most common cancers from bench to bedside applications by an international team of experts. This book will contribute to the scientific and medical community by providing up-to-date discoveries of oncogenomics and their potential applications in cancer translational research. It is intended for students, scientists, clinicians, oncologists and health professionals working in cancer research.

The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards represents a key role in the modern society. The mitigation of such kind of hazards spans from detailed studies on seismicity, evaluation of site effects, and seismo-induced landslides, tsunamis as well as and the design and analysis of structures to resist such actions. The study of earthquakes ties together science, technology and expertise in infrastructure and engineering in an effort to minimize human and material losses when they inevitably occur. Chapters deal with different topics aiming to mitigate geo-hazards such as: Seismic hazard analysis, Ground investigation for seismic design, Seismic design, assessment and remediation, Earthquake site response analysis and soil-structure interaction analysis.

Sediment Transport Processes and their Modelling Applications is a book which covers a wide range of topics. The effective management of many aquatic environments, requires a detailed understanding of sediment dynamics. This has both environmental and economic implications, especially where there is any anthropogenic involvement. Numerical models are often the tool used for predicting the transport and fate of sediment movement in these situations, as they can estimate the various spatial and temporal fluxes. However, the physical sedimentary processes can vary quite considerably depending upon whether the local sediments are fully cohesive, non-cohesive, or a mixture of both types. For this reason for more than half a century, scientists, engineers, hydrologists and mathematicians have all been continuing to conduct research into the many aspects which influence sediment transport. These issues range from processes such as scour, erosion and deposition, to how sediment process observations can be applied in sediment transport modelling frameworks. This book reports the findings from recent research in applied sediment transport which has been conducted in a wide range of aquatic environments. The research was carried out by researchers who specialise in the transport of sediments and related issues.

The Engineering Management book synthesises the engineering principles with business practice, i.e. the book provides an interface between the main disciplines of engineering/technology and the organizational, administrative, and planning abilities of management. It is complementary to other sub-disciplines such as economics, finance, marketing, decision and risk analysis, etc.This book is intended for engineers, economics and researchers who are developing new advances in engineering management, or who employ the engineering management discipline as part of their work. The authors of this volume describe their pioneering work in the area or provide material for case studies successfully applying the engineering management discipline in real life cases.

Endoscopy has had a major impact in the development of modern gastroenterology and other medical specialties. The field of endoscopic procedure has developed over the last decade. By using different data it provided a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms, described new entities and used for early detection, diagnostic procedures and therapeutic procedures. The advantages of many technical advances and modern-endoscopic equipments, endoscopy has had a developed spectacularly. Furthermore, endoscopy has surpassed its function as an examination tool and it became a rapid and efficient therapeutic tool of low invasiveness. The efficacy and usefulness of endoscopy has yet been established.

The present book is a collection of ten original research articles and reports, associated with selected topics in agricultural chemistry. The discussed issues are organized in four sections: Classification and labeling of active substances in plant protection products, Environmental and stress plant physiology and behavior, Antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of plant extracts, and Pollutants analysis and effects.The information provided in this book should be of interest for academic researchers and for agriculturalists.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technology that provides high resolution cross-sectional images in many fields of medicine and engineering. OCT images are constructed by measuring the intensity of reflected or back scattered light that is scanned across the tissue and material. This book aims to provide readers with comprehensive information of OCT in ophthalmology, oncology, atherosclerosis and engineering.

"This book is not intended to cover all known abiotic stresses or every possible technique used to understand plant tolerance but, instead, to describe some of the widely used approaches to addressing such major abiotic stresses as drought, salinity, extreme temperature, cold, light, calcareous soils, excessive irradiation, ozone, ultraviolet radiation,and flooding, and to describe major or newly emerging techniques employed in understanding and improving plant tolerance. Among the strategies for plant stress survival, examples of both avoidance and tolerance are presented in detail and comprehensive case studies of progress and directions in several agricultural crops such as apple, walnut, grape andwheat are included."

The latest diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in the management of coronary artery disease by coronary artery bypass graft surgery and by percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting and in the interventional management of other atherosclerotic vascular disease have led to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This book entitled Artery Bypass provides an excellent update on these advances which every physician seeing patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease should be familiar with. This book includes 27 chapters written by experts in their topics.

Acoustic emission (AE) is a phenomenon in which elastic or stress waves are emitted from rapid, localized change of strain energy in material. The practical application of the AE first emerged in the 1950's, but only in the last 20 years the science, technology and applications of AE have progressed significantly. Currently AE has become one of the most important non-destructive testing techniques. This interdisciplinary book consists of nine chapters, which is a proof of the fact that the AE method is continuously and intensively developing and widely applied in: on-line monitoring of civil-engineering structures (e.g. highway bridges, skyscrapers, dams etc.), fatigue cracks detection and location in pressure vessels and pipelines, damage assessment in fibre-reinforced polymer-matrix composites, monitoring welding applications and corrosion processes, bearing condition diagnostics, partial discharge sources detection and location in power transformers and generators, monitoring the drying process of materials, quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables and in otoacoustic emission analysis.

The pace of research on Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) has expanded exponentially in recent years. It is difficult for anyone to keep up with all developments. This book will assist the experienced and non-specialist reader to keep up with recent developments. The book opens with a focus on the evolutionary aspects of autism and then focuses on the public's attitude towards autism including the stigma issue. Then there is a focus on cortical modularity and electrophysiology followed by treatment issues including sensory, medical and community-based interventions. Finally, forensic issues are dealt with and the importance of the built environment is focused on. The book will be relevant to psychiatrists, psychologists, paediatricians, social workers, speech and language therapists, occupational therapists and care workers.

Vasculitis, an inflammation of blood vessels, can be idiopathic or secondary to other conditions. Infections may also mimic idiopathic vasculitis, and the differential diagnosis is of paramount importance for the practicing physician. Vasculitides are not rare diseases. In fact, some vasculitides, such as giant cell arteritis, cutaneous vasculitis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis are relatively common in everyday practice. Vasculitis may rapidly lead to organ failure, and put patient's life in danger. Therefore, physicians of different specialties should diagnose vasculitis early, because early institution of treatment is crucial for the favorable outcome. In recent years progress has been made in the pathophysiology and treatment of vasculitis. This book reflects all new advances in pathogenetic mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of different types of vasculitis. The international panel of authors helps in achieving a balanced view on different aspects of vasculitis.

This is a must-have book for those interested in reproduction. It provides a full account of our current knowledge of the hormones intimately associated with testicular and ovarian function. Each chapter is carefully organized to cover basic concepts and recent advances in gonadotropin synthesis and secretion. The information is presented in a sequence that provides researchers, teachers, and students with a logical integration of the reproductive axis. Practical applications associated with reproductive management of domestic species are also provided. Taken together, this book is a comprehensive combination of fundamental endocrine concepts and original findings in the area of gonadotropin function.

Over the last decade, photovoltaic (PV) technology has shown the potential to become a major source of power generation for the world - with robust and continuous growth even during times of financial and economic crisis. That growth is expected to continue in the years ahead as worldwide awareness of the advantages of PV increases. However, cost remains as the greatest barrier to further expansion of PV-generated power, and therefore cost reduction is the prime goal of the PV and solar cell investigation. This book intends to contribute to such a purpose by covering a wide range of modern research topics in the solar cell physics and technology fields. The already established -1st generation- silicon solar cell technology, the 2nd generation thin film and the 3rd generation dye sensitized solar cells, including new technologies with very high perspectives for reducing the cost of solar electricity such as CZTS, organic polymer and tandem solar cells based on III-V compounds -under concentrated sunlight- are studied in this book by experts in the field from around the world. At the end, two chapters are also dedicated to the systems engineering, providing a complete PV energy research and application perspectives panorama