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This book is the second volume of the Updates in Volcanology and presents review style chapters as well as stand alone research works on volcanological problems that could be used as valuable resource for both researchers and graduate research students. The book presents chapters arching over a broad field of volcanology among many are considered to be dynamically developing subject areas such as volcano morphology, volcanic terrain evolution or volcaniclastic-hosted mineral resource analysis. The book also takes the reader to areas such as the Russian Far East or sedimentary basins in China which are very remote and generally less known for the global community. This book demonstrates the dynamic evolution of volcanology in the past decades.

In recent years, the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis has undergone tremendous changes due to methotrexate and biologics in large part. Until a decade ago, avoiding joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis was not realistic for rheumatologist. However, prevention of joint deterioration is now possible, and the quality of life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in long-term has been able to improve by advances in treatment. However, there are still many problems to be overcome before achieving the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. All of review articles presented on this book are explaining treatment, basic research, and patient care of rheumatoid arthritis with innovative perspective and ideas. I hope that the ideas that have been described in these articles help the reader to resolve the outstanding issues in rheumatoid arthritis.

This book aims at attracting the interest of researchers and practitioners around the applicability of meta-heuristic algorithms to practical scenarios arising from different knowledge disciplines. Emphasis is placed on evolutionary algorithms and swarm intelligence as computational means to efficiently balance the tradeoff between optimality of the produced solutions and the complexity derived from their estimation. In summary, this book serves as a good start point for early-stage investigators in the initial steps of their research on meta-heuristics, grounded on both a thorough literature review and the practical orientation of its contents.

Gastritis, as a medical term, exists for the last 150 years, however, terminology and etiology (including the prognosis ) has changed. Gastritis related medical problems are in the focus of different sub-disciplines: internists , gastroenterologists, pathologists, immunologists, bacteriologists, genetics, biologists etc. After the publications by Marshall and Warren most of the clinicians accepted only the etiopathological role of Helicobacter pylori in the development of gastric and duodenal ulcer , as well as in the gastric cancer.This book presents chapters abou the history of gastritis terminology, animal models, epidemiology, new gastric mucosal endogenous defensive neural mechanism (capsaicin-sinsitive afferentation), different research and clinical methods applied to the background studies and the molecular pathology, biochemistry and genetics involved in the pathways from Helicobacter pylori infection to development of gastric cancer. Intended audience of this book are internists, gastroenterologists, pathologists, bacteriologists, pharmacologists, genetics, biologists , immunologists and other interested researchers.

Among the components of the limbic system, the amygdala is a fascinating structure that is involved in the processes of liking and disliking and in the ways our emotions drive our actions and affect the strength of our memories. Combined with new conceptual breakthroughs, the very latest data obtained by leading world experts in amygdala function that are reviewed in this book have helped to understand how the amygdala contribute to these processes and also to a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric pathologies.Of course, due to the rate of research advancement, all the chapters presented here correspond to precise questions addressed by experts using highly specific techniques. Therefore, each chapter should be viewed as pieces of a puzzle that represent all the different research areas that have to be taken into consideration in discussing the role of the amygdala in emotion and memory.Although the primary goal of this book is to inform experts and newcomers of some of the latest data in the field of brain structures involved in mechanisms underlying emotional learning and memory, we hope it will also help to stimulate discussion on the functional role of the amygdala and connected brain structures in these mechanisms.

This book is broadly divided into five sections and 17 chapters, highlighting recent advances in aflatoxin research from epidemiology to molecular genomics and control measures, biocontrol approaches, modern analytical techniques, economic concerns and underlying mechanisms of contamination processes. This book will update readers on several cutting-edge aspects of aflatoxins research with useful up-to-date information for mycologists, toxicologists, microbiologists, agriculture scientists, plant pathologists and pharmacologists, who may be interest to understanding of the impact, significance and recent advances within the field of of aflatoxins with a focus on control strategy.

The book "Plant Science" consists of 12 chapters divided into three sections authored by many researchers from different parts of the Globe. Section-I: Plant and Environment, describes the relationship between plants and environment, particularly enumerating species-environment relationship and response of plants to different environmental stress conditions. Section-II: Plant-Microbe relation, embodies broadly on both positive and negative aspects of microbes on plants. Section-III: Plant Biotechnology, shed light on current biotechnological research to develop modern technology for producing biologicals and also increasing plant immunity in present environmental conditions. The book "Plant Science" will be helpful to a wide group peoples; readers, scientists, researchers and allied professionals. We recommend it to you; enjoy reading it, save the plant and save life!

The book "Applied Fracture Mechanics" presents a collection of articles on application of fracture mechanics methods to materials science, medicine, and engineering. In thirteen chapters, a wide range of topics is discussed, including strength of biological tissues, safety of nuclear reactor components, fatigue effects in pipelines, environmental effects on fracture among others. In addition, the book presents mathematical and computational methods underlying the fracture mechanics applications, and also developments in statistical modeling of fatigue. The work presented in this book will be useful, effective, and beneficial to mechanical engineers, civil engineers, and material scientists from industry, research, and education.

Human genetics is the medical field with the most rapid progress. This book aims to provide an overview on some of the latest developments in several genetic diseases. It contains 14 chapters focused on various genetic disorders addressing epidemiology, etiology, molecular basis and novel treatment options for these diseases. The chapters were written by 41 collaborators, from 8 different countries in Europe, Asia, and America, with great expertise in their field. Chapters are heterogeneous, offering a welcomed personalized view on each particular subject. The book does not offer a systematic overview of human genetic disorders. However, they are a valuable resource for medical practitioners, researchers, biologists and students in various medical sciences.

Important factor in political decision-making is a public opinion as well. Therefore, it is very important to raise global ecological awareness and wider public education regarding ecology. Goal of this book is to bring closer to the readers new drive technologies that are intended to environment and nature protection. The book presents modern technique achievements and technologies applied in the implementation of electric vehicles. Special attention was paid to energy efficiency of EV's. Also today's trends, mathematical models and computer design elements of future cars are presented.

A water supply system is an interconnected collection of sources, pipes, and hydraulic control elements delivering consumers prescribed water quantities at desired pressures and water qualities. This book incorporates selected topics on theory, revision, and practical application models for water supply systems analysis, including: guidelines for transient analysis, sustainable management of regional water supply systems, infrastructure asset management, optimal pump scheduling, demand uncertainty, errors in water meter measuring, and indicators for water mains rehabilitation.

The progression from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to type 2 diabetes involves intermediate stages of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), also known as prediabetes. The pathophysiology underlying the development of these glucose metabolic alterations is multifactorial, leading to an alteration in the balance between insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Our knowledge of the molecular basis of the signaling pathways mediating the various physiologic effects of insulin is steadily advancing. New substrates and signaling molecules have been identified and potential mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes have been revealed. This book summarises the current state of knowledge on the pathophysiology underlying the progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes and therapeutic advances in the improvement of glycaemic control in prediabetic and diabetic states.

Human genetics is the medical field with the most rapid progress. This book aims to provide an overview on some of the latest developments in several genetic diseases. It contains 14 chapters focused on various genetic disorders addressing epidemiology, etiology, molecular basis and novel treatment options for these diseases. The chapters were written by 41 collaborators, from 8 different countries in Europe, Asia, and America, with great expertise in their field. Chapters are heterogeneous, offering a welcomed personalized view on each particular subject. The book does not offer a systematic overview of human genetic disorders. However, they are a valuable resource for medical practitioners, researchers, biologists and students in various medical sciences.

The olive (Olea europaea) is increasingly recognized as a crop of great economic and health importance world-wide. Olive growing in Italy is very important, but there is still a high degree of confusion regarding the genetic identity of cultivars. This book is a source of recently accumulated information on olive trees and on olive oil industry. The objective of this book is to provide knowledge which is appropriate for students, scientists, both experienced and inexperienced horticulturists and, in general, for anyone wishing to acquire knowledge and experience of olive cultivation to increase productivity and improve product quality.The book is divided into two parts: I) the olive cultivation, table olive and olive oil industry in Italy and II) Italian catalogue of olive varieties. All chapters have been written by renowned professionals working on olive cultivation, table olives and olive oil production and related disciplines. Part I covers all aspects of olive fruit production, from site selection, recommended varieties, pest and disease control, to primary and secondary processing. Part II contains the chapter on the description of Italian olive varieties. It is well illustrated and includes 200 elaiographic cards with colour photos, graphs and tables.

Ferroelectricity is one of the most studied phenomena in the scientific community due the importance of ferroelectric materials in a wide range of applications including high dielectric constant capacitors, pyroelectric devices, transducers for medical diagnostic, piezoelectric sonars, electrooptic light valves, electromechanical transducers and ferroelectric random access memories. Actually the ferroelectricity at nanoscale receives a great attention to the development of new technologies. The demand for ferroelectric systems with specific applications enforced the in-depth research in addition to the improvement of processing and characterization techniques. This book contains twenty two chapters and offers an up-to-date view of recent research into ferroelectricity. The chapters cover various formulations, their forms (bulk, thin films, ferroelectric liquid crystals), fabrication, properties, theoretical topics and ferroelectricity at nanoscale.

In the last years we have witnessed how the field of Cosmology has experienced a metamorphosis. From being essentially the search for three numbers (the expansion rate, the deceleration parameter, and the cosmological constant), it has become a precision science. This scientific discipline is determined to unravel the most minute details of the elementary processes that took place during the most primitive stages of the Universe and also of the mechanisms driving the cosmic expansion and the growth of structures at the largest scales. To achieve these goals one needs not only the development of new experimental and observational techniques but also a deep understanding of the underlying theoretical frameworks. This book gathers the work of leading experts in these fields and provides a broad view of some of the most relevant open questions faced by Cosmology at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

The generation of wastes as a result of human activities has been continuously speeding up since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Hence, both optimized waste water treatment technologies and modern tools to assess the effects of pollution sources are necessary to prevent the contamination of aquatic ecosystems The book offers an interdisciplinary collection of topics concerning waste water treatment technologies, water quality monitoring and evaluation of waste water impact on natural environments. We hope that this publication will be helpful for graduate students, environmental professionals and researchers of various disciplines related to waste water.

As one class of the most important steroid hormones, glucocorticoids have long been recognised and their therapeutic benefits have been widely used in clinical treatment, especially in anti-inflammation cases. Glucocorticoids regulate various processes in the body including the mobilization of energy stores, immune functions, gene expression, and maintenance of the homeostasis as well as the stress response, this is not surprising that the concept of "glucocorticoids" is mentioned in almost all medical text books that focus on specific organs or systems such as the cardiovascular system, the immune system, and the neuroendocrine system. The book of Glucocorticoids - New Recognition of Our Familiar Friend aims to introduce the latest findings relating to glucocorticoids, either freshly from the laboratory or from clinical case studies, and to open up a new angle of looking at the issue of balancing the therapeutic benefits and side effects brought up by glucocorticoids.

This book is divided into different research areas relevant in Bioinformatics such as biological networks, next generation sequencing, high performance computing, molecular modeling, structural bioinformatics, molecular modeling and intelligent data analysis. Each book section introduces the basic concepts and then explains its application to problems of great relevance, so both novice and expert readers can benefit from the information and research works presented here.

Digital filters, together with signal processing, are being employed in the new technologies and information systems, and are implemented in different areas and applications. Digital filters and signal processing are used with no costs and they can be adapted to different cases with great flexibility and reliability. This book presents advanced developments in digital filters and signal process methods covering different cases studies. They present the main essence of the subject, with the principal approaches to the most recent mathematical models that are being employed worldwide.

Quality control has an emerging importance in every field of life. Quality control is a process that is used to guarantee a certain level of quality in a product or service. It might include whatever actions a business deems necessary to provide for the control and verification of certain characteristics of a product or service. With the improvement of technology everyday we meet new and complicated devices and methods in different fields. Quality control should be performed in all of those new techniques. In this book "Latest Research Into Quality Control" our aim was to collect information about quality control in many different fields. The aim of this book is to share useful and practical knowledge about quality control in several fields with the people who want to improve their knowledge.

The Aim of "Current Concepts of General Thoracic Surgery" is to provide a brief overview of several topics in this field. It includes a collection of contributions from many outstanding Authors who provide their knowledge and experience from many countries around the world. We apologize for the chapters reviewed that have were not chosen for publication in this book; however, according to the single centres experience, the final result offers thorough and precious information on the several topics evaluated by the Authors. The wide range of subjects discussed goes from CT assessment of solitary pulmonary and metastatic nodules to prospective studies of drug delivery in thoracic surgery including surgical risk prediction, stress reaction, robotic pulmonary and cardiac procedures, vascular and thoracic reconstruction techniques, thoracic trauma and mediastinal fistula. I believe that this book represents an enhancement in the knowledge and in the involvement of individuals dedicated to these areas of study. It is my duty and pleasure to thank colleagues who helped me in the interesting and stimulating review process; Dr. Stefano Pasquino for cardiac surgery and Professor Francesco Puma for his many worthwhile suggestions.

This edition aims to present some relevant topics in the histopathology area that may be of interest for medical doctors and for other professionals interested in pathology. Histopathology applies basic knowledge obtained from biologic and anatomic science to make diagnosis, to determine the severity and progress of a condition and to evaluate the possible response to certain therapies. Thus, it is not surprising that this discipline constantly expands with progresses produced in biology. In addition, novel technologies that have been recently incorporated, and the adoption of the histopathological methods by different areas, contribute to enlarge the fields that may apply the histopathological methodology. The papers selected for this book comprise a cross-section of topics that reflect the variety of perspectives that histopathology contemplates. Selected representative reviews of topics that are considered relevant or introduce novel concepts are included in this book.

This book provides a wealth of new information, ideas and analysis on some of the key unknowns in hurricane research. Topics covered include the numerical prediction systems for tropical cyclone development, the use of remote sensing methods for tropical cyclone development, a parametric surface wind model for tropical cyclones, a micrometeorological analysis of the wind as a hurricane passes over Houston, USA, the meteorological passage of numerous tropical cyclones as they pass over the South China Sea, simulation modelling of evacuations by motorised vehicles in Alabama, the influence of high stream-flow events on nutrient flows in the post hurricane period, a reviews of the medical needs, both physical and psychological of children in a post hurricane scenario and finally the impact of two hurricanes on Ireland.Hurricanes discussed in the various chapters include Katrina, Ike, Isidore, Humberto, Debbie and Charley and many others in the North Atlantic as well as numerous tropical cyclones in the South China Sea.

This book, the third in the InTech Tsunami series, has been published in order to deepen efforts towards the understanding of tsunami dynamics that seems to be never enough. As the previous books in this series, "The Tsunami Threat - Research and Technology" (January 2011) and "Tsunami - A Growing Disaster" (December 2011), this multi-disciplinary volume compiles a collection of scientific papers showing the state-of-the-art of tsunami research at different levels. The various contributions cover an array of themes that span from geological evidence to post-trauma human care, encompassing pre-tsunami analyses and modeling to post-tsunami management and preparedness techniques. As its counterparts, "Tsunami - Analysis of a Hazard: from physical interpretation to human impact" continues to present evidence and case studies from different regions of the World: from the isolated Hawaiian Islands and Northern Indian Ocean, to the edges of the Atlantic and Eastern Mediterranean.

Today's wind energy industry is at a crossroads. Global economic instability has threatened or eliminated many financial incentives that have been important to the development of specific markets. Now more than ever, this essential element of the world energy mosaic will require innovative research and strategic collaborations to bolster the industry as it moves forward. This text details topics fundamental to the efficient operation of modern commercial farms and highlights advanced research that will enable next-generation wind energy technologies. The book is organized into three sections, Inflow and Wake Influences on Turbine Performance, Turbine Structural Response, and Power Conversion, Control and Integration. In addition to fundamental concepts, the reader will be exposed to comprehensive treatments of topics like wake dynamics, analysis of complex turbine blades, and power electronics in small-scale wind turbine systems.

It is my great honor and pleasure to introduce this comprehensive book to readers who are interested in carbohydrates. This book contains 23 excellent chapters written by experts from the fields of chemistry, glycobiology, microbiology, immunology, botany, zoology, as well as biotechnology. According to the topics, methods and targets, the 23 chapters are further divided into five independent sections. In addition to the basic research, this book also offers much in the way of experiences, tools, and technologies for readers who are interested in different fields of Glycobiology. I believe that readers can obtain more than anticipated from this meaningful and useful book.

In recent years, biometrics has developed rapidly with its worldwide applications for daily life. New trends and novel developments have been proposed to acquire and process many different biometric traits. The ignored challenges in the past and potential problems need to be thought together and deeply integrated. The key objective of the book is to keep up with the new technologies on some recent theoretical development as well as new trends of applications in biometrics. The topics covered in this book reflect well both aspects of development. They include the new development in forensic speaker recognition, 3D and thermo face recognition, finger vein recognition, contact-less biometric system, hand geometry recognition, biometric performance evaluation, multi-biometric template protection, and novel subfields in the new challenge fields. The book consists of 13 chapters. It is divided into four sections, namely, theory and method, performance evaluation, security and template protection, and other applications. The book was reviewed by editors Dr. Jucheng Yang and Dr. Shanjuan Xie. We deeply appreciate the efforts of our guest editors: Dr. Norman Poh, Dr. Loris Nanni, Dr. Dongsun Park, Dr. Sook Yoon and Ms. Congcong Xiong, as well as a number of anonymous reviewers.

This book on internal combustion engines brings out few chapters on the research activities through the wide range of current engine issues. The first section groups combustion-related papers including all research areas from fuel delivery to exhaust emission phenomena. The second one deals with various problems on engine design, modeling, manufacturing, control and testing. Such structure should improve legibility of the book and helps to integrate all singular chapters as a logical whole.

Steroids - From Physiology to Clinical Medicine covers contemporary basic science on steroids research, along with steroids practical application in clinical medicine. We start by describing physiological and pathophysiological roles of steroids, with reference to production and action of gonadal steroids, role of steroid sulfonation, sex specific and steroids-dependent mechanism of hippocampal function, and the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for the modulation of tissue glucocorticoid availability. We then covered different aspects of steroids application in clinical environment, such as endocrine function after ovarian transplantation, diagnostic significance of salivary assessment of androgens, drawbacks of steroids use in sport, analysis of serum steroid hormone profiles in patients with adrenocortical tumors, and correlation between salivary and serum cortisol responses after alcohol intake. In response to the need to address novel and valuable information on steroids science and medicine, we sincerely hope that this book will enable readers to comprehend this fast-growing and exciting scientific discipline.