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Due to the growth of computer technologies and web technologies, we can easily collect and store large amounts of text data. We can believe that the data include useful knowledge. Text mining techniques have been studied aggressively in order to extract the knowledge from the data since late 1990s. Even if many important techniques have been developed, the text mining research field continues to expand for the needs arising from various application fields. This book is composed of 9 chapters introducing advanced text mining techniques. They are various techniques from relation extraction to under or less resourced language. I believe that this book will give new knowledge in the text mining field and help many readers open their new research fields.

Liver biopsy is a procedure that involves obtaining a small piece of liver tissue, which is then analyzed in the laboratory. Liver biopsy may be used to evaluate a mass seen on images, diagnose unexplained liver diseases or abnormal liver function tests, and to determine the severity of the liver disease including hepatitis, fibrosis, and steatosis. Liver biopsy is an invasive procedure, and its complications are rare but potentially lethal. Therefore, it is necessary to perform liver biopsy safely from clinical aspect and to take specimen steadily from a pathological one. I hope this book addresses the future aspects of liver biopsy including role, indication, technique and evaluation. Furthermore, this book introduces new non-invasive alternatives including elastography and computer analysis of liver fibrosis.

This book describes the state-of-the-art advancement in the field of organic electroluminescence contributed by many researchers with internationally established expertise in the field. It includes original contributions on the synthesis of suitable organic materials, fabrication of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) and organic white light emitting devices (WOLEDs), characterization of these devices and some designs for optimal performance. All chapters are self-sufficient in presenting their contents. The cost effective chemical technology offers many exciting possibilities for OLEDs and organic solar cells (OSCs) to be futuristic solutions for lighting and power generation. A common flexible substrate can be used to fabricate OLEDs on one side facing a room and OSCs on the other side facing the sun. The device thus fabricated can generate power in the day time and light a room/house at night. The book covers developments on OLEDs, WOLEDs and briefly on OSCs as well.

The highly specialized nature of marine mammals when compared with their terrestrial counterparts, the environment in which they live, and the impact of humans on them throughout history and at the present, have made of the scholarship on these creatures something unique in itself. Therefore, it is not surprising that many researchers have also taken a distinctive approach to their study.This volume is aimed at providing a glimpse at such diversity of views and approaches while delivering valuable information on marine mammalogy. Given the increasing concerns regarding issues of anthropogenic factors affecting these animals, it is not surprising that the majority of chapters in this book deal with this subject.

Telomeres, located at the ends of linear chromosomes, are essential for genome stability and integrity. Advances in telomere researches have linked telomere dysfunction with cellular aging and a number of age-related human diseases. Recent studies further expanded our knowledge of telomere functions - telomeres are shown to be important for microbial pathogen virulence and telomere proteins have important non-telomeric cellular functions. This book includes current opinions on selected aspects of telomere research and their implication, in hope to help us focus better on future studies and enhance our research progress.

Steganography is the art and science of communicating which hides the existence of the communication. Steganographic technologies are an important part of the future of Internet security and privacy on open systems such as the Internet. This book's focus is on a relatively new field of study in Steganography and it takes a look at this technology by introducing the readers various concepts of Steganography and Steganalysis. The book has a brief history of steganography and it surveys steganalysis methods considering their modeling techniques. Some new steganography techniques for hiding secret data in images are presented. Furthermore, steganography in speeches is reviewed, and a new approach for hiding data in speeches is introduced.

This book contains information about the technological development of ion exchange in their application for industrial processes. Widely used and well known fields of ion exchange like chromatography and electromembrane technology are described in this book with experimental details. Designing new materials for nanotechnology and nanomaterials as ion exchanger are also explained by experimental proofs. Ion exchange book is suitable not only for postgraduate students but also for researchers in chemistry, biochemistry and chemical technology.

Soil loss for erosion is a natural phenomenon in soil dynamics, influenced by climate, soil intrinsic properties, and morphology, that can both trigger and enhance the process. Anthropic activities, like inappropriate agricultural practices, deforestation, overgrazing, forest fires and construction activities, may exert a remarkable impact on erosion processes or, on the other hand, contribute to soil erosion mitigation through a sustainable management of natural resources.The book is the continuation of previously published "Soil Erosion Studies"; it is organized in a unique section collecting nine chapters focusing on a variety of aspects of the erosion phenomena.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex, progressive disease, which is accompanied by multiple complications. It is a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system and listed among the most common disorders in both developed and developing countries. It has a global metabolic epidemic and it is estimated that the number of people affected by the disease will rise from the current 150 to 230 million by 2025. Hyperglycaemia is a characteristic feature of diabetes mellitus and chronic hyperglycaemia could lead to long-term complications in the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. Interestingly, this book examines the pathophysiology and selected complications in diabetes mellitus.

The importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can hardly be overemphasized in today's academic and professional arena. More professionals and academics have been using GIS than ever - urban

This book covers the areas of fundamentals in energy conservation and its applications in selected industries. There are nine chapters in this book which have been written by leading experts in energy from all over the world. The topics range from energy fundamentals from cosmic radiation, tidal waves and dams. The chapters examine the potential of utilizing energy from sustainable resources and how energy consumption may be conserved from various new technologies. The contents of this book include space energy, barotropic and baroclinic tidal energy, understanding energy conservation in biological context, Earth shelters, hydro power, biofuel from groundnut oil and low energy consumption in industrial production. This book is suitable as a reference for students, educators, researchers, scientists, engineers and energy practitioners. It will also be a useful for the understanding of energy fundamentals, design and applications.

Although there were many books and papers that deal with gasification, there has been only a few practical book explaining the technology in actual application and the market situation in reality.Gasification is a key technology in converting coal, biomass, and wastes to useful high-value products. Until renewable energy can provide affordable energy hopefully by the year 2030, gasification can bridge the transition period by providing the clean liquid fuels, gas, and chemicals from the low grade feedstock.Gasification still needs many upgrades and technology breakthroughs. It remains in the niche market, not fully competitive in the major market of electricity generation, chemicals, and liquid fuels that are supplied from relatively cheap fossil fuels.The book provides the practical information for researchers and graduate students who want to review the current situation, to upgrade, and to bring in a new idea to the conventional gasification technologies.

The complex world of polysaccharides is a compilation of the characteristics of a variety of polysaccharides from plants, animals and microorganisms. The diversity of these polysaccharides arises from the structural variations and the monosaccharide content which is under genetic control. The chemical and physical properties have made them useful in many pharmaceutical, food and industrial applications. These properties of the polysaccharides determine their biological activity and their function in various applications. The role played by polysaccharides in preservation and protection of food, as carriers of nutrients and drugs, their ability to interact with molecules both for efficient delivery as well as improving textures of food colloids and their use as therapeutics are some of the functions discussed.

Heat transfer calculations in different aspects of engineering applications are essential to aid engineering design of heat exchanging equipment. Minimizing of computational time is a challenging task faced by researchers and users. Methodology of calculations in some application areas are incorporated in this book, such as differential analysis of heat recoveries with CFD in a tube bank, heating and ventilation of equipment and methods for analytical solution of nonlinear problems. Numerical analysis is the prerequisite of design and for the manufacture of heat exchanging equipment. Some numerical and experimental information are presented with utmost skill. Similarly, the analytical solution of heat transfer is touched in this book. Study of heat transfer phenomena and applications are equally emphasized in this issue.

Urology is currently the most rapidly expanding surgical superspecialty. The reason for this exponential propulsion of this field, especially over the last two decades, is the dual role of scientific breakthroughs and the successful coupling of engineering and technology for diagnostics and treatment. The role of minimally invasive approaches to surgical extirpation and reconstruction has been unprecedented and paramount. Not only is there rapid development within each substrata of urology but these developments are continuously evolving. This book is the first in a series that explores the current evolving trends in urology. The focus of the book is broad and includes strata of the field including stone disease, telerobotic surgery and surgical simulation. The role of internet based "Apps" are also explored. Some chapters explore leading edge concepts while others capture the evolving trends and future concepts.

Nowadays, Chromatography is the most versatile and widespread technique employed in modern chemical analysis and plays a vital role in the advancement of chemistry, biology, medicine and related fields of research. Because of the inherent simplicity and ease of operation, it can be used together with a wide range of detection systems, including electrochemical, photometric and mass spectrometry, being an invaluable laboratory tool for the separation and identification of compounds. The purpose of this book is not only to present the latest state and development tendencies of chromatography, but to bring the reader useful information on separation sciences to enable him to use chromatography on his research field. Taking into account the large amount of knowledge about chromatography theory and practice presented in the book, it has three major parts: applications, theory and sample preparation. The book is also intended for both graduate and postgraduate students in fields such as chemistry, biology, biotechnology, forensic, medicine, pharmacology and engineering, and as a reference for professionals and practitioners.

Including some of the newest advances in the field of neurophysiology, this book can be considered as one of the treasures that interested scientists would like to collect. It discusses many disciplines of clinical neurophysiology that are, currently, crucial in the practice as they explain methods and findings of techniques that help to improve diagnosis and to ensure better treatment. While trying to rely on evidence-based facts, this book presents some new ideas to be applied and tested in the clinical practice. Advances in Clinical Neurophysiology is important not only for the neurophysiologists but also for clinicians interested or working in wide range of specialties such as neurology, neurosurgery, intensive care units, pediatrics and so on. Generally, this book is written and designed to all those involved in, interpreting or requesting neurophysiologic tests.

Pain has been there since man has existed and whatever the method or technique of its relief, if successful will always lead to a special place in the heart of the person receiving it and also to the person delivering it. "Pain in Perspective" takes us into a journey of how it all began and then leads us to understand the various concepts of pain relief today. From musculoskeletal pain to complex shoulder pain and from neurological examination to charting out pain, this book describes new ideas and latest descriptions of pain concepts and their treatment.

Different aspects of metal forming, consisting of process, tools and design, are presented in this book.The chapters of this book include the state of art and analysis of the processes considering the materials characteristics.The processes of hydroforming, forging and forming of sandwich sheet are discussed. Also, a chapter on topography of tools, and another chapter on machine tools are presented. Design of a programmable metal forming press and methods for predicting forming limits of sheet metal are described.

This book is one of the most comprehensive and up-to-date books written on Energy Efficiency. The readers will learn about different technologies for energy efficiency policies and programs to reduce the amount of energy. The book provides some studies and specific sets of policies and programs that are implemented in order to maximize the potential for energy efficiency improvement. It contains unique insights from scientists with academic and industrial expertise in the field of energy efficiency collected in this multi-disciplinary forum.

Nanotechnologies have already attracted massive interest in multiple fields of science and industry. In the past decades, we have witnessed the progress in micro-level experimental techniques that revolutionize the material science. Designing new materials based on the knowledge of mechanics of their building blocks and microstructure manipulations at nanometer scale have become a reality. Nanoindentation, as a leading micro-level mechanical testing technique, has attracted wide attention in numerous research fields and applications. Nowadays, an extensive variety of testing areas ranging from classical thin coatings in machinery engineering, electronics and composites to far fields of civil engineering, biomechanics, implantology or even agriculture can be covered with this universal testing tool. The book aims to be a walk through achievements in some of the distant fields and to give a brief overview of the current frontiers in nanoindentation. Although it is not possible to cover the whole width of the possible themes in one book, it is believed that the reader will benefit from the topics variety and the book will serve as a useful source of literature references.

Asking Google for different applications of electrolysis, interesting results can be noticed: electrolysis and hair removal - about 284 000 000 web pages, water electrolysis - about 7 440 000 web pages and industrial electrolysis - about 2 540 000 results. In this book three most important applications of technological electrolysis are discussed - water electrolysis (hydrogen production), industrial electrolysis and environmental electrolysis. Authors of the chapters are recognized specialists in their respective research fields and the presented material is not only from reviews and literature sources, but also original results. We hope that the reader will find useful information in the chapters of this book and are certain that the science can reveal unexpected discoveries even tomorrow, if current progress is at hand or on a shelf.

Bearings (both plain and rolling element) are used as important supporting elements for locating rotating components and confining their motion in desired direction. In order to ensure their operational reliability and desired life, these need to be properly designed/selected for an application more so because of ever increasing operational speeds. This requires the careful performance evaluation of different types of bearings considering aspects such as thermal stability, lubrication, contaminants in lubricants and controlling mechanism etc. The title of this book was specifically chosen as Performance Evaluation of Bearings. The present book is a compilation of different aspects contributing towards the performance evaluation of plain bearings (both journal and thrust), rolling element bearings and magnetic bearings.

Free radicals are constantly formed in living cells and removed by antioxidant defenses. Antioxidant enzymes are the main line of defense against free radicals in animal and plant cells. Uncontrolled generation ROS are involved in a number of human disease states, including diabetes and cancer due to disturbance in cellular and molecular processes including cell growth, differentiation and proliferation. When cells are exposed to oxidative stress a defense system endorses the expression and regulation of number of antioxidant enzymes as a defense mechanism to protect them from the damage induced by free radicals. Based on this fact, the book "Antioxidant Enzymes" was designed to overview the importance of the antioxidant enzymes in human and plant cells against toxic free radicals, their relationship with several pathophysiologic processes and their possible therapeutic application.

Optical communication is very much useful in telecommunication systems, data processing and networking. It consists of a transmitter that encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel that carries the signal to its desired destination, and a receiver that reproduces the message from the received optical signal. It presents up to date results on communication systems, along with the explanations of their relevance, from leading researchers in this field. The chapters cover general concepts of optical communication, components, systems, networks, signal processing and MIMO systems. In recent years, optical components and other enhanced signal processing functions are also considered in depth for optical communications systems. The researcher has also concentrated on optical devices, networking, signal processing, and MIMO systems and other enhanced functions for optical communication. This book is targeted at research, development and design engineers from the teams in manufacturing industry, academia and telecommunication industries.

Addiction, increasingly perceived as a heterogeneous brain disorder, is one of the most peculiar psychiatric pathologies in that its management involves various, often non-overlapping, resources from the biological, psychological, medical, economical, social, and legal realms. Despite extensive efforts from the players of these various fields, to date there are no reliably effective treatments of addiction. This may stem from a lack of understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of this disorder as well as from the lack of interest into the potential differences among patients in the way they interact compulsively with their drug. This book offers an overview of the psychobiology of addiction and its current management strategies from pharmacological, social, behavioural, and psychiatric points of view.

Ultra wideband (UWB) has advanced and merged as a technology, and many more people are aware of the potential for this exciting technology. The current UWB field is changing rapidly with new techniques and ideas where several issues are involved in developing the systems. Among UWB system design, the UWB RF transceiver and UWB antenna are the key components. Recently, a considerable amount of researches has been devoted to the development of the UWB RF transceiver and antenna for its enabling high data transmission rates and low power consumption. Our book attempts to present current and emerging trends in-research and development of UWB systems as well as future expectations.

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a signal-processing method to extract independent sources given only observed data that are mixtures of the unknown sources. Recently, Blind Source Separation (BSS) by ICA has received considerable attention because of its potential signal-processing applications such as speech enhancement systems, image processing, telecommunications, medical signal processing and several data mining issues.This book brings the state-of-the-art of some of the most important current research of ICA related to Audio and Biomedical signal processing applications. The book is partly a textbook and partly a monograph. It is a textbook because it gives a detailed introduction to ICA applications. It is simultaneously a monograph because it presents several new results, concepts and further developments, which are brought together and published in the book.

Sepsis is the major cause of death in non-cardiologic intensive care units around the world. Every year, billions of dollars are consumed in the treatment of sepsis and in research to understand its complex pathophysiology and therefore obtain future therapeutic opportunities. Despite the efforts of the scientists and medical practitioners, the mortality rates are still high and the incidence of sepsis is increasing. In this book we provide an update on several aspects of sepsis. Starting from the history of the disease and finishing with treatment of sepsis-associated organ dysfunctions, this book offers a wide scope of well-written and complete reviews concerning pathophysiological and therapeutic characteristics of sepsis. We hope that the work of the authors will provide a significant forum of discussion on the topic, and increase the awareness of the healthcare team regarding the important aspects of early recognition and treatment of this severe condition.