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This book provides an enthusiastic view of how compactified string/M-theories, plus data that may be reachable, have the possibility of leading to a comprehensive underlying theory describing our physical world, particle physics and cosmology, gravity and quantum theory, perhaps soon.

Physics of Cancer focuses on the mechanical properties of cancer cells and their role in cancer disease and metastasis. It discusses the role of the mechanical properties of interacting cells and the connective tissue microenvironment and describes the role of an inflammation during cancer disease. This outstanding book is the first to describe cancer disease from a biophysical point of view without being incomplete in describing the biological site of cancer. Originating in part from the author's own courses on tumor biology and cellular biophysics, this book is suitable for both students and researchers in this dynamic interdisciplinary field, be they from a physical, biological or medical sciences background.

Emerging Laser Technologies for High-Power and Ultrafast Science includes chapters from leading experts devoted to the most recent achievements in the field. Including cutting-edge topics such as high energy/high average power laser systems, the most current developments for high repetition rate high average power infrared fiber laser systems, breakthroughs of the development of CPA based on chromium doped zinc selenide gain material, infrared/mid-infrared laser systems based on high average power Ytterbium pumped OPCPA, and generation of ultrashort laser pulses in the UV spectral range. This book will serve as an important reference for students, researchers, scientists, and engineers interested in the development of next generation of ultrafast laser technologies.Key FeaturesContributions from leaders in the field of ultrafast science.Discusses the recent developments including high average power/peak power laser technologies.Includes recent developments of optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers for the amplification of few-cycle pulses.Presents hollow core fiber compression for the generation of few-cycle pulses.Provides important references and discusses different approaches for the development of next generation of ultrafast laser technologies.

Offering a one-stop reference, this book provides an understanding of the physical phenomena, process principles, latest achievements, and applications from the key researchers and research groups that focus on precision micro- and nano-scale laser processing.

This book describes two aspects of fusion plasma physics that are usually treated separately. Written in tutorial form, the first part of the book presents some of the essentials of magnetically confined plasma physics that are necessary for an in-depth understanding of the basic principles and underlying phenomena, in a consistent and comprehensive way. The second part is focused on existing powerful sources of high-frequency coherent radiation used for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), electron cyclotron resonance current drive (ECRCD), as well as for plasma ignition, control, and diagnostics in different fusion devices such as ITER and DEMO that are currently under development.Key FeaturesIntroduces a topic of increasing importance in fusion science and technologyDescribes the essential elements of magnetically confined fusion plasma physics as well as the sources of coherent radiation used for heating, control, and diagnosticsGives an overview of Gyrotron and CARM technologyProvides a design primer for high-frequency heating devices

This is a substantially revised and expanded second edition of a book published in the Concise series. The book has been considerably extended and a number of corrections have been made to the text and diagrams. A new chapter (7) has also been added on distortion mode analysis. Many new diagrams have been added and the topics have been explained more fully and with more attention to detail.

Applying the general deterministic approach of systems computational biology, the monograph considers questions related to the biomechanics of the human urinary bladder in conjunction with the peripheral and central nervous systems. The step-by-step development of mathematical models of separate structural elements and their assembly into a unique self-regulatory system offers, for the first time, a holistic overview and allows the investigation of the dynamics of the lower urinary tract system at its hierarchical levels. This book provides a coherent description and explanation for intertwined intracellular pathways in terms of spatiotemporal, whole body, tractable representations which are supported by numerous computational simulations.Key FeaturesIt reconstructs accurately the cytoarchitecture and morphofunctional relationships between the elements of the central nervous (brain) and genitourinary (urinary bladder system).Offers for the first time a both quantitative and qualitative, assessment of the neurohormonal and mechanobiological processes involved in the process.Provides a comprehensive description for intertwined regulatory pathways in terms of spatiotemporal dynamic representations.Encourages the reader to develop and apply a unique holistic approach to solving complex biomedical problems in the area of growth and remodeling of the urinary bladder through application of modern methods of computational biology.

Quantum Entanglement Engineering and Applications, the first of its kind, focuses on the practical mathematical tools necessary to handle quantum entanglement and requirements to design optical configurations for quantum entanglement-based systems in quantum communications and quantum computing.

As a broad area of science and technology, modeling and computational photonics is an ever-growing and developing topic. Covering the crucial foundations of photonics, as well as delving into the more complex aspects of the field, Modeling and Design Photonics by Examples with MATLAB(R) is a comprehensive study of computational photonics that will bridge the gap between academic and industrial worlds. Using MATLAB(R) code to help provide solutions, this book will help readers to use modelling as an effective tool for designing and optimizing photonic systems.Key FeaturesBridges the gap between academic descriptions and real modeling works in photonics.Provides details of physics and mathematical models of the problems.Includes MATLAB(R) codes for some important problems that are still new to many readers.Presents detailed explanations of the physics and solutions from the modeling results.Helps readers to use modeling as a tool for designing and optimizing photonics systems.

This reference text brings together comprehensive reviews of the latest research in the field of bionanomaterials, with a focus on fundamentals and biomedical applications. The major applications covered include nanobiosensing, nanomedicine, diagnostics, therapeutics, tissue engineering and green bionanotechnology.

This course text provides an accessible introduction to thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, at a level that is suitable for both physics and engineering majors. The book acts as a core text for undergraduate courses, particularly for students who find the topics challenging.

The last few decades have seen significant progress in our understanding of the occurrence of magnetic fields in stars with radiative envelopes, in particular in massive stars and in intermediate mass stars at early evolutionary stages. This book provides a comprehensive review of the most recent achievements in the measurements of stellar magnetic fields in O, B and A stars. These include the archetypes of stellar magnetism, the chemically peculiar Ap and Bp stars, O- and early B-type stars with their magnetospheres, accreting Herbig Ae/Be stars, Wolf-Rayet stars and high-mass X-ray binaries, among others. It provides an overview of the underlying physics for the interpretation of the data and identifies the requirements, both observational and theoretical, for improving our understanding of the origin of the magnetic fields in early-type stars. It aims to educate scientists working on stars, who are not yet experts in magnetic field studies, assuming that the reader is already familiar with basic terms and concepts of stellar astrophysics.Key FeaturesProvides a comprehensive review of the field for researchers and studentsGives an overview of the underlying physics for the interpretation of dataIdentifies requirements for understanding the origin of magnetic fields in early-type starsFirst research-level book on the topicWritten by experts in the field of stellar magnetism

The purpose of this textbook is to provide the necessary science overview of optical design detection essentials but in a context of use applied to the design process. Application case studies are included to illustrate one or more practical concepts as well as example problems and end-of-chapter problems.

This book presents the state-of-the-art in radiation detection of light and heavy ions, beta particles, gamma rays and neutrons. It will be invaluable to PhD students in experimental nuclear physics and nuclear technology, as well as undergraduate students encountering projects based on radiation detection for the first time.

The purpose of this book is to help semiconductor inspection equipment users and manufacturers understand what nano dimensional standards are used to calibrate their equipment and how to employ them effectively. Reviewing trends and developments in nanoscale standards, the book starts with an introductory overview of nanometrological standards before proceeding to detail pitch standard, step height, line width, nano particle size, and surface roughness. This book is essential for users making quantitative nanoscale measurements, be that in a commercial or academic research setting, or involved in engineering nanometrology for quality control in industrial applications. Here the author provides an approachable understanding and application of the nanoscale standards in a practical context across a range of common nanoscale measurement modalities, including 3D, with particular emphasis on applications to AFM, an exceptional and arguably the most common technique used in nanometrology due to the ease of use and versatility of applications.Key featuresPractical guide for users and practitionersPuts nanoscale standards in a practical context.Covers a range of measurement modalities.2D and 3D measurements.

The relentless pace of innovation in biomedical imaging has provided modern researchers with an unprecedented number of techniques and tools to choose from. While the development of new imaging techniques is vital for ongoing progress in the life sciences, it is challenging for researchers to keep pace. Imaging Modalities for Biological and Preclinical Research is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of currently available biological and preclinical imaging methods, including their benefits and limitations. Experts in the field guide the reader through both the physical principles and biomedical applications of each imaging modality, including description of typical setups and sample preparation.Volume 2 focuses on in vivo imaging methods, including intravital microscopy, ultrasound, MRI, CT and PET. Correlative multimodal imaging, (pre)clinical hybrid imaging techniques and multimodal image processing methods are also discussed. The volume concludes with a look ahead to emerging technologies and the future of imaging in biological and preclinical research.Key Features∩╗┐Provides an overview of fast-evolving in-vivo imaging technologies.Bridges biological and preclinical imaging.Written by imaging specialists with extensive expertise in their respective fields.

This book explains the Lorentz mathematical group in a language familiar to physicists. This new edition extends applications to optical sciences and includes five new chapters on applications in statistical physics, condensed matter physics. quantum optics and quantum information and artificial intelligence.

This edited book is written for students, postdocs and established investigators who want to enter the field of single-particle cryo-EM. This is a recently developed method to determine high-resolution structures of biological macromolecules. A major strength is the fact that cryo-EM does not require prior crystallization of protein complexes. It is especially well suited for larger complexes and molecular machines. This book, provides a comprehensive, accessible and authoritative introduction to the field. It covers all necessary background, ranging from the underlying concepts to practical aspects such as specimen preparation, data-collection, data analysis, and the final validation of results.Key featuresWritten for students, postdocs and established investigators who want to enter the field of single-particle cryo-EMProvides a comprehensive, accessible and authoritative introduction to the field of high-resolution structure analysis by single-article cryo-EMCovers all necessary background, ranging from the underlying concepts to practical aspects such as specimen preparation, data-collection, data analysis, and the final validation of resultsAuthors of individual sections of this book have been recruited from among the most authoritative leaders in each topic

Optical Radiation and Matter provides a deeper look at electricity and magnetism and the interaction of optical radiation with molecules and solid materials. The focus is on developing an understanding of the sources of light, how light moves through matter, and how external electric and magnetic fields can influence the way light waves propagate through materials.Classroom tested for over 30 years and now revised and expanded, this textbook provides introductory chapters reviewing the basics before moving into more advanced topics. With an introduction, worked examples, and end-of-chapter problems for each chapter, this textbook is suitable for readers with a background in electricity and magnetism at an advanced undergraduate level and will complement any course on advanced electricity and magnetism, electro-optics, and radiation and matter.Key FeaturesStarts with the key basic concepts of electricity and magnetism.Includes many fundamental concepts of both optical radiation and materials.Addresses applications of a wide variety of optical radiation principles. Worked examples throughout. Exercises at the end of each chapter.

Semiconductor Integrated Optics for Switching Light, Second Edition provides concise description of the physics and engineering of semiconductor optical waveguides for photonic and electronic switching with a focus on optical communication applications. It provides Python notebooks that illustrate the concepts discussed in the book.

This book introduces field theory models from a classical point of view where symmetries are easy to understand and reformulates them with tensorial methods suitable for quantum computations. It is targeted at graduate students and researchers in high-energy, condensed matter and atomic physics.

Spectroscopy and sensor technology is routine in water quality evaluation, coupling with artificial intelligence is opening a new era of quality monitoring and predictive analysis. This book acquaints readers with recent advances and applications for sectors including environmental protection, industry, agriculture, and drinking water provision.

This is the first book to lay the physical foundations of quantum cosmology, complete with an introduction to space-time physics, quantum theory, and the main approaches to quantum gravity. It is an essential guide for researchers in quantum gravity and astrophysicists interested in fundamental aspects of cosmology.

This book is dedicated to the study of theoretical tools in spin models in magnetism. It presents the basic tools to treat spin models in magnetic systems such as: spin waves, Schwinger bosons formalism, Self-consistent harmonic approximation, Kubo theory, Perturbation theory using Green's function. Some important areas of interest in magnetism today are spin liquids and magnon topological insulators, both of which are discussed in the book.

This research text provides a concise overview of the technical approaches to the synthesis and characterization of hybrid nanoparticles, with a focus on one of the most promising 'bottom-up' techniques for designing tailored hybrid nanoparticles based on the practical magnetron-sputtering inert-gas-condensation (MS-IGC) method. A modified MS-IGC system is presented, and its performance under different conditions is evaluated.This fully revised second edition provides the latest developments in the design and characterization of hybrid nanoparticles produced by gas phase methods and includes a new chapter that explains how the design of the modified MS-IGC system is contributing to the shape transformation of nanoparticles (0D) to form nanorods (1D) with different aspect ratios.Key features- Provides insight into one of the most promising 'bottom-up' techniques for producing tailored hybrid nanoparticles based on the practical magnetron sputtering inert-gas-condensation (MS-IGC) method.- Displays the fundamentals behind the design and tailoring of nanoparticles produced by the MS-IGC method.- Shows how the morphology, size and properties of the nanoparticles can be modulated by tuning the deposition parameters.- Provides a multidisciplinary view relevant to physics, materials science, biophysics and process engineering.- Fully updated with the latest advances and includes a new chapter on the contribution of the MS-IGC system to the shape transformation of nanoparticles (0D) to form nanorods (1D) with different aspect ratios.

This book aims to present a concise introduction, for graduate students and researchers, to powerful techniques and important concepts in condensed matter physics. Key conceptual elements include the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, the theory of critical phenomena (both classical and quantum) and the renormalization group. The book focuses on the Green''s functions method and the real space renormalization group (RG).  The Green''s function method has been used extensively to study a large variety of problems in physics. In the book we present a generalized version of this method that allows one to use perturbation theory including time dependent perturbations. This can be used to treat a variety of new fundamental problems in condensed matter, such as quantum and topological phase transitions. The real space renormalization group is a highly intuitive method to introduce main concepts in statistical mechanics and the theory of phase transitions. The book discusses the notion of scale invariance, stable and unstable fixed points, flow in parameter space, crossover and relevant and irrelevant perturbations. These will be illustrated with several examples. The book illustrates that the real space RG is very useful for treating problems such as percolation and localized magnetism as described, for example, by the Ising model.The book considers problems in both pure and disordered condensed matter systems and discusses the new effects introduced by the latter.  The book presents the solutions of some fundamental problems in condensed matter physics using the methods and tools introduced in the chapters. The calculations will be carried out with step-by-step details to help readers master the techniques. Finally, the book explores how the Green''s functions and real space RG techniques detailed can be used to study modern problems arising from the consideration of topological aspects of condensed matter. Key Features:Provides a generalization of the Green''s function method that allows for the treatment of a much larger variety of problems, which should encourage people to study and use it.Suitable for readers who want to learn about real space renormalization group (RG), whilst avoiding Feynman diagrams and perturbation expansions. The ideas and methods will be introduced by considering different examples.Contains material that can be covered within a semester and is therefore not too long.Provides the reader with the tools to tackle their own problems.Considers actual problems in condensed matter physics such as; quantum phase transition, topological aspects of condensed matter and the effect of disorder on physical properties.

This is a companion textbook for an introductory course in physics. The purpose is to thoroughly link the theories students learn in class with actual problem-solving techniques. In other words, it addresses the common complaint that ''I feel like I understand the concepts, but I can''t do the homework''. This book covers the fundamentals that comprise the majority of a physics course in as simple and concise terms as possible, with a particular emphasis on how the fundamental concepts and equations allow students to solve problems. In addition to updates across the board, this edition includes new material relating to waves, optics, fields, magnetism, and circuits. Each section focuses on a deeper understanding of the equations you will be using along with problem-solving skills. Remember that equations themselves are merely tools and you will be in much better shape if you know what tool you are looking for before you start looking. The book will equip you with the problem-solving techniques and conceptual explanations that can be applied to almost anything in your introductory physics course.Key Features∩╗┐Extensively updated and extendedStudent-friendlyTargeted and concise descriptions of each themeWorked examplesIntroduces problem-solving techniques and conceptual explanations that can be applied to almost anything in an introductory physics course

Biophysics of the Senses (Second Edition) connects fundamental properties of physics to biological systems, relating them directly to the human body. It includes discussions of the role of charges and free radicals in disease and homeostasis, how aspects of mechanics impact normal body functions, human bioelectricity and circuitry, forces within the body, and biophysical sensory mechanisms. This is an exciting view of how sensory aspects of biophysics are utilized in everyday life for students who are curious but struggle with the connection between biology and physics. Updates to the first edition include two new chapters covering the mechanics of sound and hearing and power tools.Key Features∩╗┐Bridges the gap between physics and biology.Easy to follow for those that are new to the field.Highlights real-world applications of physics.Includes step-by-step examples.

This book provides an introductory overview of warm dense matter research for new postgraduate students entering the field. Author David Riley, based at the Centre for Plasma Physics at Queen''s University Belfast, covers a broad range of topics with an emphasis on experimental techniques.The text begins with an introduction to the basic physics of warm dense matter and its important features, then moves on to discuss the principal techniques for creating warm dense matter and approaches to diagnosing it. Topics covered include the generation of warm dense matter via laser driven shocks and X-ray sources, explosives, gas guns and ion beams, as well as X-ray free electron lasers. Principal optical and X-ray diagnostics are also discussed. The book concludes with an overview of the large-scale facilities that are most commonly used for warm dense matter research and the technologies they employ.Key FeaturesWritten by a leading expert in the field.Includes discussion of the principal methods for creating and diagnosing warm dense matter.Covers recent advances in the field and new technologies.Provides an overview of research facilities currently in use and under development.

Ultrafast lasers are increasingly used in science by people who are not specialist laser physicists. This book clearly, and without dense physics or mathematics, presents the fundamental concepts of ultrafast lasers and optics that are needed to effectively work in a laser lab.