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This valuable book presents clinical experiences and research of bone grafting. Bone grafting is an essential technique practiced by craniofacial, maxillofacial, orthopedic, neuro, reconstructive and oral surgeons. Bone grafting can be used for reconstruction and restoring missing bone in trauma and tumor surgery of the facial bone or in road traffic accidents with multiple injuries and in post-traumatic missile war injuries to the face or limbs. Bone grafts, in the form of Kummoona Chondro-Ossous graft or Costo-Chondral graft, are used for reconstruction of damage TMJ for restoration of growth, function, and repair. Bone grafting is a surgical procedure where the iliac crest or rib or tibia is used to perform grafting. In this book, we examine the experimental studies on rabbits to understand the cellular changes associated with bone grafting. From this, we noticed that mesenchymal stem cells and growth factor are released from platelets and these play an important role in healing the bone graft. We recommend this valuable book to all cranio-maxillofacial, orthopedic, plastic, reconstructive, neuro and oral surgeons and to all postgraduate students studying bone grafting.

This book contains selected peer-reviewed chapters that cover novel information on cognitive disorders and updated information on dementias written by international researchers. In this project, we discuss the effect of metabolic disorders on the development of cognitive disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In another chapter, the authors highlight the usability of an assistive software application developed for patients with dementia. On the other hand, an extensive review of novel information on different types of dementia is made. This chapter covers the novel aspect of dementia without ignoring its foundation. Therefore, apart from classic issues that cannot be missed in any textbook about cognitive disorders, we introduce updated information on the commonest dementias. The current situation of the prisoner population with dementia in a correctional setting is analyzed in another chapter, and specific recommendations to improve the health outcomes for prisoners are delivered. In more than one chapter, our authors wrote about a copious microtubule-associated protein (tau) as a biological fluid biomarker and tauopathies leading to cognitive disorder and cancer. Finally, the role of the hypothalamus in Alzheimer's disease is discussed. We look forward with confidence and pride to the remarkable role that this book will play for a new vision and mission.

The TDS technique is a practical, easy, and powerful tool for well test interpretation. It uses characteristic features and points found on the pressure derivative versus time plot, so that reservoir parameters can be easily calculated by using several analytic expressions. Most calculations can be verified more than once and applied to systems where the conventional straight-line method has no applications. This book deals with well tests run in elongated systems, partially completed/penetrated wells, multirate tests, hydraulically fractured wells, interference tests, and naturally fractured reservoirs. This technique is used in all commercial well-testing software. Its use is the panacea for well test interpretation and can also be extended to rate-transient analysis, although not shown here.

Since conventional cooling techniques are increasing falling short of meeting the ever-growing cooling demands of high heat generating devices, thermal systems, and processes, advanced and innovative cooling technologies are of immense importance to deal with such high thermal management. Hence, this book covers a number of key topics related to advanced cooling approaches, their performance, and applications, including: Evaporative air cooling; Spray impingement cooling; Heat pump-based cooling; Modular cooling for photovoltaic plant; Nucleate pool boiling of refrigerants; Transient flashing spray cooling and application; Compressor cooling systems for industry. The book is aimed at a wide variety of people from graduate students and researchers to manufacturers who are involved or interested in the areas of thermal management systems, cooling technologies, and their applications.

As physicians, we have a constant passion for improving and maintaining patient's care and safety. The book is divided into three parts focusing on the essentials of general concepts, diagnosis, and management of accident and emergency medicine, as well as an academic approach to teaching in the emergency setting. The chapters selected for this book are written by an excellent group of recognized emergency surgeons and physicians from different countries and cultures facilitating a comprehensive and interesting approach to the problems of emergency treatment. We hope this book will be helpful and used worldwide by medical students, clinicians, and researchers enhancing their knowledge and advancing their objectives by a book that intends to become a reference text for research and practice within accident and emergency medicine.

Urban and regional planning is a spatial design practice that brings limitations to the intervention in natural areas to ensure a balance between population growth, housing, and employment in residential areas. It includes spatial design that enables living creatures to live while planning the interventions to ensure suitability to ecology, geology, climate, and land structure since intervention in nature should be balanced. In this context, the profession generally includes regional, spatial and urban planning, urban transformation that involves the urban decline areas in the city, urban renewal and protection, urban transportation, and urban management. Therefore, it is believed that this book will be useful for those who work in this area on a practical or academic basis and follow the innovations in the profession.

Cerebral palsy is a common pediatric problem and is the leading cause of childhood disability. It occurs at a rate of 3.6 cases per 1000 children, and represents a major social and psychological impact on both family and society. It is a group of disorders with movement difficulties being common for all affected patients. Its severity and extent are variable from one patient to another. Additionally, the impacts of cerebral palsy on daily activities, communications, and requirements are also variable. Recent advances in clinical research increase our knowledge and understanding of causal pathways, possible preventive measures, specific intervention strategies, and the value of new treatment modalities such as botulinum toxin and intrathecal baclofen in the management of cerebral palsy.

The molecular deprivation of oxygen is manifested by hypoxia, a deficiency of oxygen and anoxia, or the absence of oxygen supply to the tissues. This book entitled Hypoxia and Anoxia will cover a broad range of understanding on hypoxia and anoxia from molecular mechanisms to pathophysiology. Hypoxia and anoxia stimulate multiple systems through specific cell signal transduction pathways and regulate several transcriptional factors like HIF-1, REST to encode genes for VEGF, Epo, etc. This book will also highlight different types of hypoxia and anoxia along with their impact on apoptosis, cardiovascular pathophysiology, and glucose regulatory mechanisms. This book will be a ready reckoner to give a deep understanding of the oxygen-sensing environment in vivo for researchers, academicians, and clinicians throughout the world.

The grass or Poaceae family includes all cereal crops and forage grasses. Hence, they play a significant role in the economy of both the developed and developing world. Similar to other crop types, grasses are continuously challenged by a variety of environmental constraints. These constraints include a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, and an enabling environment, which mainly refers to policy-related issues that affect productivity. In this book, the importance of selected cereal crops and grasses as well as associated constraints are presented. In addition, techniques proven to improve the productivity of these groups of crops are discussed. The techniques include variety development, soil and crop management practices, and biological control of fungal pathogens using different types of bacterial strains.

Cancer is a DNA disease in which the early stage is represented by the inactivation of suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes, which result in transformed cells that grow out of biological control. Tumor progression is locally favored by mitogenic effects of hormones, or growth factors that stimulate the tumor's growth, or by inducing angiogenesis. The book contains chapters written by experts in the topic, and exhibits current developments in the methodology of cell and molecular biology, which have deeply advanced the understanding of cancer's prevention and prognosis. We hope that it will be helpful for physicians, researchers, and students in life sciences, and will stimulate discussion and research for new therapeutic approaches against cancer.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field experiencing constant growth and change, with a long history. The challenge to reproduce human behavior in machines requires the interaction of many fields, from engineering to mathematics, from neurology to biology, from computer science to robotics, from web search to social networks, from machine learning to game theory, etc. Numerous applications and possibilities of AI are already a reality but other ones are still needed to reduce the human limitations and to expand the human capability to limits beyond our imagination. This book brings together researchers working on areas related to AI such as speech and face recognition, representation of learning and acoustic scenarios, fuzzy inference and data exploration, cellular automata applications with a special interest in the tools and algorithms that can be applied in these different branches of the AI discipline. The book provides a new reference to an audience interested in the development of this field.

Cryopreservation has many biotechnological applications in different fields. This has led to an increase in importance of cryobiology as a science that examines the effect of ultra-low temperatures on cells, tissues, organs and organisms and also the freezability of these structures, while maintaining their viability. Nowadays it is well known that this form of biotechnology can be used to solve a lot of problems such as human infertility, life threatening diseases, preservation of gametes and DNA and also biodiversity conservation. Cryopreservation Biotechnology in Biomedical and Biological Sciences describes principles and application of cryopreservation biotechnology in different research areas and includes seven chapters that have been written by experts in their research fields. The chapters included in this book are thought to improve the current understanding of the different areas of using cryopreservation biotechnology.