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Copper has been an important metal throughout history. Initially, it was used as raw material for the manufacture of tools, weapons, ornamental objects, and more. The later discovery of copper alloys, such as bronze and brass, extended the use of this metal alloy to many different fields based on its mechanical, corrosion, and wear resistance. Nowadays, copper is mainly used in the electrical and thermal conductivity fields, although new uses are being discovered. This book provides a comprehensive overview of copper in two sections on copper mining and processing and copper applications.

Dive deep into the transformative world of digital services with E-service Digital Innovation, a masterful blend of academic rigor and real-world insights. This text dissects the complexities of user motivation, the symbiotic dance between digital innovations and societal structures, and the collaborative essence of value co-creation. Venture into the heart of banking¿s digital metamorphosis and unravel the strategies shaping today¿s digital business models. With chapters dedicated to the revolutionary Industry 5. 0, the transformative powers of AI and blockchain, and the resilience imperative in business continuity, this book stands as a beacon for scholars and practitioners alike. Beyond the urban digital realms, discover the nuanced dynamics of rural digital adoption and the future of e-service in higher education. Grasp the intricacies of instructional learning design, data monetization ethics, and the innovative potential of IoT in urban planning. E-Service Digital Innovation invites you to engage, learn, and emerge as a contributor to the ever-evolving digital landscape. Your journey toward understanding and shaping the digital future starts here. Key Advantages: ¿Comprehensive coverage: From user psychology to the avant-garde applications of digital innovation ¿Scholarly rigor: A seminal text for academics, researchers, and industry experts ¿Practical wisdom: Real-world insights to navigate and shape the digital future ¿Diverse perspectives: Topics range from AI in e-commerce to the transformative potential of self-financing cities

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool that enables engineers and scientists to simulate fluid flows in a variety of applications, including thermal engineering, biomedical engineering, and environmental modeling. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to CFD, encompassing fundamental theory, mathematical and numerical techniques, and practical applications. The book begins by systematically introducing the basic concepts and terminology of CFD, such as the continuity equation, Navier-Stokes equations, energy equation, source/sink terms, and types of grids. The mathematical and numerical methods utilized to solve the CFD governing equations, including the finite difference method and the finite volume method, are then described in a beginner-friendly manner, accompanied by vivid and straightforward graphical illustrations. In addition to covering the foundation of CFD theory, the book presents several practical applications of CFD in diverse fields such as biomedical modeling, renewable energy, and thermal engineering. To extract useful information, the simulated CFD results need to be analyzed and visualized. Therefore, the book demonstrates common post-processing and visualization techniques, such as contour plots, streamlines, vectors, and charts. Overall, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to CFD, encompassing the essential theory, methods, and applications, making it an ideal choice as a textbook for graduate and post-graduate students or a reference for researchers and engineers working on CFD simulations.

This book assembles the latest knowledge linked to urban environments and urban socio-eco-technological systems including urban, energy, transport, material, and ecosystems. Urban environments and systems affect every person¿s life in many ways and can have negative impacts on the local and global environment. They create value but sometimes with a high environmental cost from a lifecycle perspective. Therefore, scientists and global leaders call for an urban transition to create more urban environments and systems that are climate-positive, sustainable, and healthy, which is necessary for society to function within the planetary boundaries. This is a great challenge. Huge transformations and new ways of thinking regarding the design and co-existence of technical, social, and ecological systems are necessary to turn the present challenge into opportunities. This book, Urban Transition - Perspectives on Urban Systems and Environments, explores this challenge and several different topics related to possible, probable, or necessary urban transitions in the urban environment. It assembles a variety of authors who present many aspects and the latest knowledge linked to urban transitions of the urban environment and urban socio-eco-technological systems - including urban-, energy-, transport-, building- material- and eco-systems. Furthermore, the importance of urban systems and urban environments is seldom clearly linked to their impact on the environment and humans. This book examines this gap, the crucial issues relating to how urban systems influence the urban structure, and how they can be formed and designed to become more sustainable. It explores the link between the complex systems in cities, the physicality of the built environment, and the living environments for the people. The book proposes a rich garden of ideas to provoke and develop current research, debate, and new forms of practice.

The global environment has been rapidly deteriorating because of global warming, and a large population is facing severe water and food shortages. In addition to global warming, soil and groundwater contamination by heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and chromium due to industrial development and excessive use of pesticides is also rapidly increasing. Remediation is necessary for replenishing drinking water and food, and remediation using microorganisms (bioremediation) and plants (phytoremediation) is one of the most feasible and economical methods. This book deals with strategies for efficient bioremediation and phytoremediation procedures. The authors discuss effective remediation technology, thus providing important information and new ideas for fighting the deterioration of our global environment.

Human health is closely linked with the health of the soil, which is both a vital resource for feeding the burgeoning global population via agriculture and vital to realizing most of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, increased salinization is significantly impacting the health of soil due to excess accumulation of varied salts (e.g., toxic ions including Cl¿ of Na+, HCO3¿, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and sometimes SO42¿ and CO32¿). Unfortunately, soil salinization has already affected about 20% of total arable land and 33% of irrigated land. Soil salinization negatively affects the health and productivity of plants and crops and thus threatens agriculture and food security worldwide. Moreover, it is predicted that by 2050, 16. 2 million ha of land will be affected by salt, which is predicted to cause 30%¿50% yield losses worldwide. Making Plant Life Easier and Productive Under Salinity - Updates and Prospects provides a comprehensive overview of salinity and its major impacts. Chapters discuss important approaches for making plant life easier and more productive under salinity, the scale and complexity of salinity impacts on Sri Lankan rice farming systems, salinity stress responses of major metabolites, in vitro production of terpene in plants, the major mechanisms underlying phytohormone-mediated control of salinity impacts in plants, and genomics-assisted breeding approaches for achieving salinity tolerance in cereal crops.

Wood is one of the traditional materials used in construction applications, and there is a wide range of engineered wood products available for construction. Engineered wood is a wood product derived from wood waste and byproducts such as sawdust from hardwoods and softwoods. Engineered wood types include particleboard, plywood, fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), glued laminated timber (GLT), and cross-laminated timber (CLT). This book provides a detailed introduction to the development history of engineering wood and its raw materials, applications, and advantages and disadvantages. It also compares different types of engineering wood and discusses modification of engineering wood, testing standards for mechanical properties of engineering wood, anti-corrosion, and degradation.

Never has the reality of climate change and its ramifications been so obvious around the world. Humankind is currently living in times when the reality of global climate change is unequivocal. The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR6 report further depicts the veracity of climate change by highlighting historically changing patterns of precipitation and temperature across the world, amidst heightened and varied levels of vulnerability around the world. This book is planned along the increasingly complex and daunting nature of climate change. The broad scope is intentional and aims at eliciting scholarship from across the globe and from varied areas of climate change research. Thus, as varied and broad as the intentions are, so too are the book¿s contents. The thirteen peer-reviewed chapters are organized into four sections. Section 1 introduces the concept of climate change and other global perspectives and trends. Section 2 focuses on climate risk, resilience, and vulnerability. Section 3 explores varied perspectives on climate risks, sensitivity, and exposure with a focus on monitoring and assessment. Finally, Section 4 explores climate change adaptation and mitigation. The multidisciplinary nature of this book will appeal to a varied readership including governments, municipal authorities, and daily grassroots users of environmental resources.

In the mid-19th century, the scientific community was convinced that physics had been fully discovered and only isolated, peripheral issues remained unexplained. One of these was black body radiation (CDC) and the transformation of electromagnetic waves. In 1893, Wien proved that the wavelength at which CDC radiates the greatest amount of energy is inversely proportional to body temperature. Surprisingly, the formula resulting from current, reliable physics describes CDC radiation very well only at low frequencies. For ultraviolet frequencies, the obtained function was constantly upwards. Planck proposed the distribution of the CDC radiation spectrum, assuming that the radiation can only be emitted in precisely defined portions known as quanta. This was the year of the creation of quantum physics, one of the foundations of modern physics. Aristotle recognized that there is a distinctive frame of reference. This view was challenged by Galileo, who concluded that the speed and position of the body are relative. The Galilean transformation became the foundation of Newtonian physics. However, Maxwell¿s equations describing electromagnetic waves were not subject to the Galilean transformation but rather to the Lorentz transformation. The biggest problem at the beginning of the 20th century was the incompatibility of the laws of dynamics and electromagnetism. The theory of relativity is another foundation of modern physics. The last year of the 19th century debunked the myth of full understanding of the laws of nature. It quickly turned out that the knowledge about the universe at that time was very little. This lack of knowledge led to a rapid reconstruction of physics in the first half of the 20th century. is book discusses some of these subjects, including spinor fields, 5D relativity, dissipative quantum system and energy balance, centrifugal acceleration in relativistic astrophysics, and time-dependent photoluminescence.

This book discusses health and educational success from a variety of perspectives. It discusses the management of various health conditions, such as diabetic mellitus, epilepsy, mental health, hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS. It covers a broad range of topics, including strategies that can be used in a healthcare setting in communication as well as transmission of knowledge from one generation to another. The focus of the chapters is on patients and their families, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, biokinetics, nursing, medical students and their facilitators, educators, and institutions of higher education. As such, this book is relevant to a variety of sectors in health and education.

Access to safe and nutritious food is key to keeping communities healthy and improving individual well-being. Food Safety - New Insights brings awareness to food safety practices. It includes eight chapters organized into five sections that discuss the safety of food, various types of safety hazards and food safety systems, the effect of changing climate on food safety, and food safety in restaurants.

This book includes six chapters on wind turbine icing. For wind turbines operating in cold regions, icing often occurs on blade surfaces in winter. This ice accretion can change the aerodynamic shape of the blade airfoil, causing performance degradation and loss of power generation, even leading to operational accidents. This book focuses on the recent research progress on wind turbine icing. Chapters address such topics as the effect of icing conditions on the icing distribution characteristics of a blade airfoil for vertical-axis wind turbines, power loss estimation in wind turbines due to icing, wind turbine icing prediction methods, especially those using machine learning, the icing process of a single water droplet on a cold aluminum plate surface, the main theories of the icing adhesive mechanism, and theoretical and experimental studies on the ultrasonic de-icing method for wind turbine blades. This book is a valuable reference for researchers and engineers engaged in wind turbine icing and anti-icing research.

This book offers a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of obesity. The chapters are authored by prominent scholars in the field with direct knowledge, through practice and research, of the real-world problems associated with obesity. Chapters address such topics as obesity in children, stigmatization of people with obesity, metabolic effects of obesity, recent advances in pharmacology and surgical interventions for obesity, and more.

Floristic Diversity - Biology and Conservation invites you to embark on a remarkable exploration of our planet¿s rich tapestry of plant life, from the arid deserts to the aquatic realms. This book is a call to action, a passionate plea to become stewards of our natural world. Delve into the intricate beauty of our flora and aquatic ecosystems, and together, let us ensure a thriving biodiversity for future generations.

This book represents the collective expertise and dedication of numerous scholars and professionals from around the globe who share a keen interest in hydrocephalus. As a specialized text, it delves into the most advanced concepts and technological developments in the diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus. This book offers an extensive introduction to the history of hydrocephalus treatment, the current state of therapeutic approaches, diverse treatment methods, common complications associated with hydrocephalus, and the diagnosis and treatment of several rare forms of the condition. While the book consolidates traditional viewpoints, it places even greater emphasis on presenting the most recent diagnostic and treatment concepts in hydrocephalus. The innovative inductive summaries of certain rare or unique types of hydrocephalus are particularly noteworthy. This comprehensive approach allows readers to gain a more profound and well-rounded understanding of the evolution and future trajectory of hydrocephalus. Catering to a diverse audience, this book is not only appropriate for junior neurosurgeons seeking a foundational understanding of hydrocephalus but also serves to satisfy the more in-depth inquiries of experienced senior neurosurgeons exploring the subject matter.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of cultural heritage, including urban and architectural heritage in cities worldwide. It highlights the importance of studying ¿urban conservation¿ and the effects of increasing population growth in contemporary cities, which causes expansion of modern urban land use, especially towards the historical centers and districts of cities. Preserving architectural and urban heritage is very important in illustrating the concept of ¿dual cities,¿ in which the old parts preserve their architectural style while the modern part of the city is being developed in the same heritage style. The book is organized into three sections on: ¿Urban Heritage within Urban Renewal Policies¿, ¿Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage¿, and ¿Loss of Identity, Cultural and Architectural Heritage¿.

This book portrays the phenomenon of cultural diversity in its true context and helps readers to understand a variety of multicultural and intercultural issues. It also explores how cultural diversity can be learned and coexist with and create a conducive environment of creativity and innovation.

Agricultural waste can be a source of energy, fertilizer, and other inputs at farm and industrial levels. Handling and managing agricultural waste are challenging tasks worldwide, especially in the context of environmental pollution control and sustainable agriculture. Thus, efficient management in terms of reuse, recycling, and reduction of agricultural waste is principally needed not only for the green economy but also for farmers¿ profitability. Agricultural Waste ¿ New Insights provides an understanding of agricultural waste production and management, discussing crop residue, biodegradables, biomass, composting and vermiculture, agricultural waste economics, air pollution, environmental safety, waste management and handling, on-farm waste reuse, and agricultural waste value addition. It provides key aspects of emerging technologies and their applications in the domain of agriculture waste management.

This professional reference book provides a comprehensive overview of project and program management (PProM), capturing recent advancements and current PProM trends. It is a useful reference for educators, engineers, scientists, and researchers in the fields of PProM. The book discusses PProM fundamentals, common practices and approaches, recent advancements, and current trends of modern PProM using technology enablers from the fourth and fifth industrial revolutions (IRs 4. 0 and 5. 0), such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics.

The recent developments in biomedical sensors, wireless communication systems, and information networks are transforming the conventional healthcare systems. The transformed healthcare systems are enabling distributed healthcare services to patients who may not be co-located with the healthcare providers, providing early diagnoses, and reducing the cost in the healthcare section. The developments in medical internet of things (m-IoT) would enable a range of applications, including remote health monitoring through medical-grade wearables to provide homecare for elderlies; virtual doctor-patient interaction to have any time and place access to medical professionals; wireless endoscopic examination; and remotely operated robotic surgery to extend the access to highly skilled surgeons. Wireless body area networks (WBAN) are key enablers of these transformations. These networks connect sensors and actuators to external processing units, which could be placed on the surface of the patient's body or implanted inside the body to connect specific sensors and/or actuators inside, on, and around the body to the data collection points. The success of these networks highly relies on the advent of low-power, low-delay, reliable, and low-cost wireless connectivity solutions. This book covers recent developments in wireless healthcare systems to provide an insight to the technological solutions (e.g. for body area channel propagation models, communication techniques, and energy harvesting/transfer) for wireless body area networks, and emerging applications of medical internet of things and wireless healthcare systems.

Clinical trials are research studies performed in people that are aimed at evaluating a medical device, drug, or surgical or behavioral intervention. They are the primary way that researchers find out if a new treatment, like a new drug or medical device (e. g., a neuroendovascular device) is safe and effective for patients. A clinical trial is used to confirm if a new treatment is more effective and/or has less harmful side effects than the standard treatment. Other clinical trials test methods of early disease detection, sometimes before there are any symptoms. Still, others test methods to prevent health problems. A clinical trial may also look at how to improve the quality of life in those individuals with a life-threatening disease or chronic health problem. Clinical trials sometimes even study the role of caregivers or support groups. Therefore, clinical trials are very important in the development of medicine. A good clinical trial can influence therapeutic modality and even transform our healthcare work. This book provides a comprehensive review of clinical trials.

Fluorescence imaging is widely used in scientific fields ranging from biology to biomedicine and even materials science. The development of novel fluorescent labels and microscopy techniques has rendered fluorescence imaging profoundly useful. Particularly in bioscience, fluorescence imaging empowers the study of the intracellular distribution, dynamics, gene expression, protein¿protein interactions, and protein localization and enables the identification and tracking of lysosomes. Fluorescence imaging is applicable in cells and tissues and is constantly gaining attention in medicine too, in the fields of fluorescence-guided surgery and robotic-assisted fluorescence surgery. Acknowledging all these important new trends, this book provides an overview of the recent advances and applications in fluorescence imaging.

This book is a collection of chapters on corruption. It highlights the importance of corruption, transparency, and accountability and ways to deal with it. Understanding the types of corruption is very important to know how to deal with it. Types of corruption include bribery, lobbying, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, parochialism, patronage, influence peddling, graft, embezzlement, double-dealing, under-the-table transactions, manipulating elections, diverting funds, laundering money, and defrauding investors. Identifying corruption in all its forms requires analyzing the country and its political system and laws and rooting out the sources of corruption and the people behind it. Corruption and those participating in it must be identified to find ways to deal with it, including installing proper governance mechanisms with complete transparency and accountability for politicians, people in power, and/or citizens, as well as applying rules and holding those who infringe them accountable. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the many types of corruption and how to handle them.

The thalassemia syndromes are a diverse group of hereditary anemias caused by decreased or absent production of one type of globin chain. Genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and newborn screening are all issues of importance in these inherited disorders. This book provides a comprehensive overview of thalassemia, including information on its mechanisms and treatment modalities. Chapters elucidate the mechanism of disordered synthesis of hemoglobin in thalassemia and present recent studies of the genetic mechanisms that underlie this abnormal biosynthetic process.

This book offers outstanding approaches to understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer development and metastasis. The TME, with its multifaced role, is fundamental in the control and exacerbation of almost all cancer types. The outcome of many solid tumors is dependent on the modulation of the TME. Local tumor immunity, which is crucial in the control of cancer promotion, is one of the leading compounds of the TME. This book presents new insights and provides detailed and updated descriptions of the role of the TME in the control and the development of almost all cancer types. This book is an authentic source of knowledge, useful for researchers, medical doctors, students, and all individuals interested in understanding the mechanisms of cancer control and development.

Mangroves are considered the ¿wonder florä distributed in the tropics, subtropics, and warm temperate latitudes. Aside from protecting the coastal marine communities, mangroves also serve as a haven for aquatic and terrestrial fauna, actively participate in energy dynamics, recycle nutrients, filter waste, and support the livelihood of coastal communities. This makes the mangrove ecosystem crucial to the well-being of the planet. This book, written by experts, provides invaluable insights into mangroves of the Niger Delta, the relationship between mangrove recruitment and thrombolytic development, deforestation and sustainability, mangrove health assessment, ecosystem-based coastal protection, and conservation through ecotourism. This book on mangrove biology, ecosystem, and conservation is an invaluable resource for every mangrove enthusiast.

In our rapidly growing and changing world, the sustainable management of Earth¿s resources has become an urgent global priority. Resource Management in Agroecosystems provides a compass for navigating this complex terrain. It offers a multifaceted exploration of resource management from sustainable agricultural practices to water and energy optimization, soil conservation, and biodiversity preservation. This book delves deep into the strategies needed to harmonize food production with environmental stewardship. Beyond addressing challenges, this book also spotlights opportunities, inviting readers to embark on a transformative journey. With profound gratitude to our authors, reviewers, and publishers, we invite you to join us in this intellectual odyssey. Let Resource Management in Agroecosystems guide you toward a more sustainable and resilient future, where the needs of humanity harmonize with the well-being of our planet.

A dynamic system¿s performance and stability can be significantly impacted by regular disturbance. Techniques for disturbance rejection control aim to reduce the effects of disturbances while maintaining desired system behavior. This book explores the definition, objectives, mechanisms of control, and applications of disturbance rejection control. It also examines the theoretical underpinnings and practical implementations of various disturbance rejection control systems with a focus on the significance of flexibility and resilience. Disturbances will occur in any dynamic system and they can be brought on by both internal and external uncertainties. The performance of the system is significantly impacted by these interruptions, which can also cause it to depart from intended set points or trajectories. To mitigate the impact of disturbances and maintain desired system behavior, disturbance rejection control mechanisms are employed. This book provides a summary of disturbance rejection control and its importance in numerous applications.

The scientific and commercial purposes of ion beams are remarkable in many fields because ion beam technology is a primary tool that provides a wide range of applications in science, medicine, space, and engineering. This book presents theoretical and experimental knowledge about ion beam applications and technology. It includes six chapters that address such topics as the interaction of ion beams with matter, the evaluation of nuclear material damage, surface microstructure changes, oblique Ar+ sputtered SiC thin films, electron beam processing, and ribbon ion beams.

The Intermediality of Contemporary Visual Arts explores a range of topics within the field. The volume delves into the realm of intermediality within the visual arts. Each chapter explores a different aspect; from the evolution of Intermedial Studies over the past decades to the shifts in print typography and the emergence of ¿cut-ups¿ within a context of resistance against conventions, the concept of Visual Music and its relation to pioneering filmmaking, visual representations of intimacy as they evolve from painting to other visual formats like comics, film, and television, and finally the transmedial potential of cultural symbols in virtual reality, all of which involve greater multimodal and emotional elements that enhance audience immersion. The volume closes by highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach to visual art education and pedagogical methods that foster creativity, emphasizing the intermedial aspects present in contemporary visual arts.