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The use of bioreactors in food ingredient production has expanded rapidly in recent years. These processes create a controlled environment that is tailored to the specific needs of each microorganism, while also minimizing their environmental impact. However, to optimize the implementation of these processes, it is necessary to master a number of scientific concepts relating to material and heat balances, thermodynamics, microbial kinetics, extrapolation and agitation techniques, as well as the techno-economic analysis of processes. This book aims to provide an exhaustive and precise presentation of all of these concepts, making them accessible to students, researchers and professionals alike. Bioreactor Implementation in the Agro-Food Industries is structured in two complementary parts. The first part outlines the essential principles of bioreactor engineering. This knowledge is essential if we are to master the biological and physico-chemical processes that take place in bioreactors. The second part presents practical examples of the use of bioreactors for the production of several ingredients and metabolites of interest.

Numerical Methods for Strong Nonlinearities in Mechanics deals with recent advances in the numerical treatment of contact/friction and damage phenomena. Although physically distinct, these phenomena both lead to a strong nonlinearity in the mechanical problem, therefore limiting the regularity of the problem, which is now non-differentiable. This has two direct consequences: on the one hand, the mathematical characteristics of the problem deviate from wellestablished forms, requiring innovative discretization schemes; on the other hand, the low regularity makes it particularly difficult to solve the corresponding large-scale algebraic systems robustly and efficiently. In addition, neither the uniqueness, nor the existence of solutions, remain assured, resulting in bifurcation points, limit loads and structural instabilities, which are always tricky to overcome numerically.

There are currently over eight billion people on Earth: how did we arrive at the current distribution of humans on the planet? What shape is it taking, and how will it evolve? This book proposes an original answer to this, which is based on the explicit desire to place settlement at the heart of its questioning, by varying the level of analysis from global to local. After recalling how humans colonized the entire planet, this book presents their current distribution, which is predominantly urban. Population dynamics (birth rate, death rate and migration) are driving changes - including the demographic decline of certain regions - which are presented and explained from the angle of residential mobility and international migration, as well as the impact of ongoing climate change. Global Settlement Dynamics concludes with a discussion of the future of these settlements, based on data from the United Nations, and the question of the sustainability of human settlements on Earth.

Digital evolution, whether through Internet advances or the development of connected objects, has triggered a veritable societal revolution. Thanks to technological advances, e-health services enable healthcare professionals to monitor patients in real time. However, new challenges have also arisen in the field of e-health, concerning the security of medical data, as well as the protection of patient privacy. After presenting e-health architectures and explaining the proliferation of cyber attacks, e-Health Security Management focuses on proposing solutions designed to meet these security imperatives and respect patient privacy, such as the use of blockchain, "biometrics", new encryption methods or artificial intelligence. Implementing these solutions is crucial to guarantee the acceptance and effectiveness of e-health services.

Many areas of material science have been transformed by the use of synchrotron radiation X-rays, including the fields of cultural heritage materials and biomineralization. This book presents a selection of contributions that illustrate recent developments and applications of these tools, focused either on the main techniques used in the cultural heritage and biomineralization communities or on specific materials, studying their intrinsic properties or how they change with time. Each chapter can be read alone, and each individually demonstrates the intimate links between materials and methods. The chapters explore the main principles of synchrotron radiation, as well as techniques based on X-ray absorption and diffraction, and give an overview of how these approaches have developed in recent decades in the field of cultural heritage, with specific examples such as ancient ceramics, corrosion of iron-based materials, concrete used in Roman monuments and the biomineralization process in sea urchin spines.

Machine learning has led to incredible achievements in many different fields of science and technology. These varied methods of machine learning all offer powerful new tools to scientists and engineers and open new paths in geomechanics. The two volumes of Machine Learning in Geomechanics aim to demystify machine learning. They present the main methods and provide examples of its applications in mechanics and geomechanics. Most of the chapters provide a pedagogical introduction to the most important methods of machine learning and uncover the fundamental notions underlying them. Building from the simplest to the most sophisticated methods of machine learning, the books give several hands-on examples of coding to assist readers in understanding both the methods and their potential and identifying possible pitfalls.

Machine learning has led to incredible achievements in many different fields of science and technology. These varied methods of machine learning all offer powerful new tools to scientists and engineers and open new paths in geomechanics. The two volumes of Machine Learning in Geomechanics aim to demystify machine learning. They present the main methods and provide examples of its applications in mechanics and geomechanics. Most of the chapters provide a pedagogical introduction to the most important methods of machine learning and uncover the fundamental notions underlying them. Building from the simplest to the most sophisticated methods of machine learning, the books give several hands-on examples of coding to assist readers in understanding both the methods and their potential and identifying possible pitfalls.

As a low carbon energy source, nuclear energy plays a reinforced role in a sustainable electricity mix. However, strengthening the share of nuclear energy implies the guarantee of safe, long-term operation of current systems and potentially the fostering of new constructions. Service life extension as well as the design of future nuclear power plants relies on the availability of robust and qualified structural materials, and their manufacturing processes. The science and engineering of materials are key in selecting robust material solutions and predicting aging mechanisms. Materials and Processes for Nuclear Energy Today and in the Future reviews different reactor concepts and fuel management systems. Nuclear equipment has to maintain integrity under extreme conditions, such as high temperature, radiation, loads and/or corrosive environments. This book analyzes the requirements on components, and introduces reference solutions regarding materials and processes. It describes the materials main properties, their limits and the current R&D trends. Lastly, innovations are discussed, such as materials with enhanced properties, advanced manufacturing or using AI.

The advent of the automated and connected vehicle will require the implementation of high-performance communication systems: Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS). However, controlling and managing these C-ITS is complex. A number of points need to be jointly considered: 1) a high level of performance to guarantee the Quality of Service requirements of vehicular applications (latency, bandwidth, etc.); 2) a sufficient level of security to guarantee the correct operation of applications; and 3) the implementation of an architecture that guarantees interoperability between different communication systems. In response to these issues, this book presents new solutions for the management and control of Intelligent and Cooperative Transport Systems. The proposed solutions have different objectives, ranging from increased safety to higher levels of performance and the implementation of new, more energyefficient mechanisms.

Low-temperature thermochronology has become an essential tool when studying near-surface geological processes. Time-temperature constraints are vital to quantify and describe a large variety of geological processes, such as relief building, erosion and sedimentation or the maturation of organic matter in sedimentary basins. After a brief history covering the discovery of fission tracks to their first applications in geochronology, Fission-track Thermochronology presents a complete description of not only the fission-track, but also the (U Th Sm)/He thermochronology approaches, both on basement rocks and on sediments. Firstly, the physical and chemical processes that underlie these techniques are addressed, and the analytical methods are described in detail. A particular focus is placed on the latest developments, such as the use of laser-ablation ICP-MS, and a whole chapter is dedicated to statistical modeling of the data. Finally, numerous examples of applications to geological questions will provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the possibilities of low temperature thermochronology in solving geological and geomorphological questions.

Reducing consumption is now an absolute necessity for the future of our environment. The circular economy is designed to reduce resource wastage and waste production, but also enables waste recovery, leading to the creation of secondary resources. All materials, regardless of how they have been processed, can be reused. Recycling, a Challenge for the Circular Economy begins its analysis by raising awareness of the role of each of us in reducing the volume of individual waste. The book then outlines the strategies and challenges involved in recycling a wide range of materials, from minimally processed (wood, glass, building materials or polluted soil) to highly processed (electrical and electronic waste, batteries, magnets or plastics). Aspects of resource availability are also discussed, as well as ways of addressing the dynamic cycle of materials in the context of ever-increasing demand.

With the increasing proliferation of data and the systematization of geographic information referencing, maps are now a major concern not only for specialists, but also for urban planning and development organizations and the general public. However, while producing a map may seem straightforward, the actual process of transforming data into a useful map with a specific purpose is characterized by a series of precise operations that require knowledge in a variety of fields: statistics, geography, cartography and so on. Handling and Mapping Geographic Information presents a wide range of operations based on a variety of examples. Each chapter adopts a different approach, explaining the methodological choices made in relation to the theme and the pursued objective. This approach, encompassing the entire map production process, will enable all readers, whether students, researchers, teachers or planners, to understand the multiple roles that maps can play in the analysis of geographical data.

Design and Evaluation of Ad Hoc Routing Protocol examines ad hoc communications between vehicles in a road environment. In this context, the book questions the sustainability of communications-dependent driver assistance services in areas where no communications infrastructure is operational. Starting with an ad hoc routing protocol proposed by the authors, this book presents a methodology from its design to its evaluation. It presents the functional requirements-based design approach and offers analyses to help us understand how the protocol functions, its properties and its performance in relation to target applications. This book is primarily aimed at beginners in the fields of protocol engineering, ad hoc networks or intelligent transport systems, but also provides specialists with an original perspective on the scientific literature in these fields. In particular, it offers concrete tools to help them develop their own methods for designing and evaluating communications protocols.

Since their discovery by Barbara McClintock in the mid-20th century, the importance of transposable elements in shaping the architecture, function and evolution of genomes has gradually been unveiled. These DNA sequences populate nearly all genomes and are viewed as genomic parasites. They are mobile, capable of proliferating within genomes and also commonly travel between species. These elements are mutagenic and are responsible for several human genetic disorders, but they also constitute a major source of genetic diversity. Some insertions have beneficial effects for the host and are selected for, giving rise to significant evolutionary innovations. Their dynamics within genomes are intricate, as are their interactions with other genome components. To limit their proliferation, the genome has evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms. While researchers commonly use these elements as genetic tools, their identification in newly sequenced genomes remains a challenge due not only to their extensive diversity, but also their large copy numbers.

Milk is considered a complete food, consumed at all stages of life. It is transformed into numerous products, fermented or not, as well as into a variety of ingredients, in order to preserve it or some of its constituents from a few days to a few years. This book addresses the innovations that deal with milk and the use of gentle techniques that best preserve dairy constituents. This book explores some of the current challenges facing the milk processing industry, namely: i) showing the advances in infant milk formula to best mimic breastfeeding and the in vitro models that study newborn digestion, ii) combining tradition and new consumer expectations on emblematic dairy products, such as yogurt and fermented milk products, iii) defining optimal cheese-making practices to control both cheese quality and yield, iv) outlining the current research approaches to meet "consum'actor" demands, as well as those dealing with v) the fouling and cleaning of dairy equipment in a context of increasingly constrained water and energy use.

Consumers are demanding healthy, natural food products with no environmental impacts. The use of ingredients of plant origin and the implementation of bioprocesses using enzymes and micro-organisms as biocatalysts represent a promising alternative to satisfy this demand. Implementation of Enzymatic Processes and Lactic Bacteria in the Food Industries focuses on describing the latest developments in the use of enzymatic biocatalysts and lactic acid bacteria in the food industry. The first part of the book is devoted to the presentation of different classes of enzymes, production and application processes, ways of improving enzymes and the main industrial applications using biocatalysts. The second part of the book describes a family of micro-organisms widely used in health food processing and formulation: lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Then, the most commonly used encapsulation matrices, encapsulation processes and the process of bacterial adhesion to these matrices are discussed. Finally, the best-known fermented foods and new approaches developed in this field are presented.

Heat and Cold Storage 2 focuses on thermochemical sorption storage processes - that is, absorption, adsorption and chemical sorption. This book first analyzes the principles of sorption and defines the criteria for selecting the materials to be used, before presenting the three sorption storage technologies. It details the functioning of the absorption cycle in order to highlight the future challenges of this method. Next, the book examines storage by physical adsorption. Then, it presents the fundamentals of this phenomenon and a description of solid-gas adsorption cycles and systems, followed by a number of examples of prototype installations. Finally, the book describes the phenomenon of heat storage by chemical sorption from the scale of the reactive material to the scale of the process, before putting the state of the art of possible improvements into perspective and illustrating various applications.

Heat and Cold Storage 1 is dedicated to sensible and latent heat storage processes. Beginning with some theoretical reminders, this book presents the main situations of low-temperature and high-temperature sensible storage for electricity generation. It also analyzes latent storage on phase-change materials (PCMs) from a fundamental standpoint, presenting the mechanisms to prepare PCMs and their integration into heat and cold storage processes. The most promising materials are presented, along with ways of improving the materials studied. Notions of technico-economic profitability are also defined. Finally, the book looks at heat storage in thermodynamic solar power plants and the wide variety of physical storage principles involved.

The crystallization of one or multiple salts in porous media (rocks, soils, building materials, etc.) is a subject of major interest in connection with numerous issues such as soil salinization, evaporation, CO2 injection into saline aquifers, the durability of building materials and the preservation of our cultural heritage. Salt Crystallization in Porous Media provides an interdisciplinary review of the key scientific knowledge required to understand this field of research, and illustrates the issues involved through a series of concrete examples. This book has been written for students completing their Master's level degree or higher in the field, as well as researchers and engineers interested in this research. It may also be of interest to a wider readership, as certain sections can be used to illustrate basic concepts, reaching beyond the subject of salt crystallization itself.

Everyday mobility is neither favorable nor unfavorable to health. While it can facilitate social interactions, increase access to remote services, or encourage physical activity, it can also generate pollution, promote the spread of epidemics or cause traffic accidents. This book presents different facets of the relationship between daily mobility and health, focusing on the environments (geographical, social and political) that people live and move around in. It analyzes the role of mobility in the mechanisms of environmental exposure and diffusion, as well as the resulting health inequalities. It deals with active modes of travel (mainly walking and cycling) and the local contexts that are conducive to them. Finally, it offers a critical reading of the place given to everyday mobility in policies to combat obesity and rationalize regional healthcare provision.

This book helps readers to understand the past (overview of technologies), current (how they are evolving) and the future (adaptation to new trends) of two representative communication technologies, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are technologies that are very familiar to us in our everyday lives. However, these technologies have evolved throughout the years to meet the continuously changing demands of users. Evolution of these technologies can be difficult to understand, even for professionals in the field of computer science and engineering, due to the extensiveness and complexity of written documents (technical standards and specifications are not very reader-friendly!). Next Generation of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi summarizes the key functions of Wi Fi and Bluetooth to show how they adapt to new environments and requirements. We introduce the new concepts that allow them to shift into the new paradigm of IoT and beyond, and we propose ideas and insights on how they could also possibly evolve in the future, integrated with other fascinating technologies.

Earth observation has witnessed a unique paradigm change in the last decade with a diverse and ever-growing number of data sources. Among them, time series of remote sensing images has proven to be invaluable for numerous environmental and climate studies. Multitemporal Earth Observation Image Analysis provides illustrations of recent methodological advances in data processing and information extraction from imagery, with an emphasis on the temporal dimension uncovered either by recent satellite constellations (in particular the Sentinels from the European Copernicus programme) or archival aerial images available in national archives. The book shows how complementary data sources can be efficiently used, how spatial and temporal information can be leveraged for biophysical parameter estimation, classification of land surfaces and object tracking, as well as how standard machine learning and state-of-the-art deep learning solutions can solve complex problems with real-world applications.

This book provides an understanding of ultrasound imaging principles and how the field is evolving to better probe living systems. Today, widely-used imaging systems visualize structures and blood flow within the body in real-time. Signal analysis, hardware and contrast agent innovations are extending the capacity of ultrasound to assess tissue elasticity, to enable three-dimensional viewing of moving structures and to detect vessels smaller than the wavelength-limited resolution. Techniques are also being designed so that we are less impeded by bones in the sound path, as well as to combine light and sound to detect optically-absorbent structures within the body. After an introductory chapter reviewing the key basic concepts, each chapter presents a detailed explanation focusing on a specific set of key principles and then shows the related techniques in each domain that are currently being refined to evaluate living systems in greater depth.

The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the concepts and methods used in fractal analysis and modeling in order to study the spatial distribution of human settlements. The main concepts and mathematical tools are reviewed, and emphasis is placed on the practical benefits of their application and the pitfalls to be avoided when using them. The first part of the book is devoted to the basic concepts and geometric reference figures required for fractal analysis in human geography. In the second part, the principles of four major families of analysis methods are explained in detail: fractal analyses of point sequences, fractal methods for morphological delineation of urban agglomerations, multifractal analyses and cross scale signatures. The third part of the book is devoted to applications of fractal geometry in urban and regional planning.