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Milk is considered a complete food, consumed at all stages of life. It is transformed into numerous products, fermented or not, as well as into a variety of ingredients, in order to preserve it or some of its constituents from a few days to a few years. This book addresses the innovations that deal with milk and the use of gentle techniques that best preserve dairy constituents. This book explores some of the current challenges facing the milk processing industry, namely: i) showing the advances in infant milk formula to best mimic breastfeeding and the in vitro models that study newborn digestion, ii) combining tradition and new consumer expectations on emblematic dairy products, such as yogurt and fermented milk products, iii) defining optimal cheese-making practices to control both cheese quality and yield, iv) outlining the current research approaches to meet "consum'actor" demands, as well as those dealing with v) the fouling and cleaning of dairy equipment in a context of increasingly constrained water and energy use.

Consumers are demanding healthy, natural food products with no environmental impacts. The use of ingredients of plant origin and the implementation of bioprocesses using enzymes and micro-organisms as biocatalysts represent a promising alternative to satisfy this demand. Implementation of Enzymatic Processes and Lactic Bacteria in the Food Industries focuses on describing the latest developments in the use of enzymatic biocatalysts and lactic acid bacteria in the food industry. The first part of the book is devoted to the presentation of different classes of enzymes, production and application processes, ways of improving enzymes and the main industrial applications using biocatalysts. The second part of the book describes a family of micro-organisms widely used in health food processing and formulation: lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Then, the most commonly used encapsulation matrices, encapsulation processes and the process of bacterial adhesion to these matrices are discussed. Finally, the best-known fermented foods and new approaches developed in this field are presented.

Heat and Cold Storage 2 focuses on thermochemical sorption storage processes - that is, absorption, adsorption and chemical sorption. This book first analyzes the principles of sorption and defines the criteria for selecting the materials to be used, before presenting the three sorption storage technologies. It details the functioning of the absorption cycle in order to highlight the future challenges of this method. Next, the book examines storage by physical adsorption. Then, it presents the fundamentals of this phenomenon and a description of solid-gas adsorption cycles and systems, followed by a number of examples of prototype installations. Finally, the book describes the phenomenon of heat storage by chemical sorption from the scale of the reactive material to the scale of the process, before putting the state of the art of possible improvements into perspective and illustrating various applications.

Heat and Cold Storage 1 is dedicated to sensible and latent heat storage processes. Beginning with some theoretical reminders, this book presents the main situations of low-temperature and high-temperature sensible storage for electricity generation. It also analyzes latent storage on phase-change materials (PCMs) from a fundamental standpoint, presenting the mechanisms to prepare PCMs and their integration into heat and cold storage processes. The most promising materials are presented, along with ways of improving the materials studied. Notions of technico-economic profitability are also defined. Finally, the book looks at heat storage in thermodynamic solar power plants and the wide variety of physical storage principles involved.

The crystallization of one or multiple salts in porous media (rocks, soils, building materials, etc.) is a subject of major interest in connection with numerous issues such as soil salinization, evaporation, CO2 injection into saline aquifers, the durability of building materials and the preservation of our cultural heritage. Salt Crystallization in Porous Media provides an interdisciplinary review of the key scientific knowledge required to understand this field of research, and illustrates the issues involved through a series of concrete examples. This book has been written for students completing their Master's level degree or higher in the field, as well as researchers and engineers interested in this research. It may also be of interest to a wider readership, as certain sections can be used to illustrate basic concepts, reaching beyond the subject of salt crystallization itself.

Everyday mobility is neither favorable nor unfavorable to health. While it can facilitate social interactions, increase access to remote services, or encourage physical activity, it can also generate pollution, promote the spread of epidemics or cause traffic accidents. This book presents different facets of the relationship between daily mobility and health, focusing on the environments (geographical, social and political) that people live and move around in. It analyzes the role of mobility in the mechanisms of environmental exposure and diffusion, as well as the resulting health inequalities. It deals with active modes of travel (mainly walking and cycling) and the local contexts that are conducive to them. Finally, it offers a critical reading of the place given to everyday mobility in policies to combat obesity and rationalize regional healthcare provision.

This book helps readers to understand the past (overview of technologies), current (how they are evolving) and the future (adaptation to new trends) of two representative communication technologies, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are technologies that are very familiar to us in our everyday lives. However, these technologies have evolved throughout the years to meet the continuously changing demands of users. Evolution of these technologies can be difficult to understand, even for professionals in the field of computer science and engineering, due to the extensiveness and complexity of written documents (technical standards and specifications are not very reader-friendly!). Next Generation of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi summarizes the key functions of Wi Fi and Bluetooth to show how they adapt to new environments and requirements. We introduce the new concepts that allow them to shift into the new paradigm of IoT and beyond, and we propose ideas and insights on how they could also possibly evolve in the future, integrated with other fascinating technologies.

Earth observation has witnessed a unique paradigm change in the last decade with a diverse and ever-growing number of data sources. Among them, time series of remote sensing images has proven to be invaluable for numerous environmental and climate studies. Multitemporal Earth Observation Image Analysis provides illustrations of recent methodological advances in data processing and information extraction from imagery, with an emphasis on the temporal dimension uncovered either by recent satellite constellations (in particular the Sentinels from the European Copernicus programme) or archival aerial images available in national archives. The book shows how complementary data sources can be efficiently used, how spatial and temporal information can be leveraged for biophysical parameter estimation, classification of land surfaces and object tracking, as well as how standard machine learning and state-of-the-art deep learning solutions can solve complex problems with real-world applications.

This book provides an understanding of ultrasound imaging principles and how the field is evolving to better probe living systems. Today, widely-used imaging systems visualize structures and blood flow within the body in real-time. Signal analysis, hardware and contrast agent innovations are extending the capacity of ultrasound to assess tissue elasticity, to enable three-dimensional viewing of moving structures and to detect vessels smaller than the wavelength-limited resolution. Techniques are also being designed so that we are less impeded by bones in the sound path, as well as to combine light and sound to detect optically-absorbent structures within the body. After an introductory chapter reviewing the key basic concepts, each chapter presents a detailed explanation focusing on a specific set of key principles and then shows the related techniques in each domain that are currently being refined to evaluate living systems in greater depth.

The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the concepts and methods used in fractal analysis and modeling in order to study the spatial distribution of human settlements. The main concepts and mathematical tools are reviewed, and emphasis is placed on the practical benefits of their application and the pitfalls to be avoided when using them. The first part of the book is devoted to the basic concepts and geometric reference figures required for fractal analysis in human geography. In the second part, the principles of four major families of analysis methods are explained in detail: fractal analyses of point sequences, fractal methods for morphological delineation of urban agglomerations, multifractal analyses and cross scale signatures. The third part of the book is devoted to applications of fractal geometry in urban and regional planning.

Despite their many common features (mechanical behavior, multi-scale structure, evolutionary and living characteristics, etc.), the tissues that make up the human body each have specific characteristics linked to their function, which require the development of dedicated experimental, theoretical and numerical methods. Mechanics of Living Tissues brings together the work of a number of experts to provide an overview of the most recent approaches developed to study the biomechanical behavior of these soft tissues, in order to understand their structure and apparent behavior. Specific tissues are analyzed across the chapters with the aim of developing solutions that address the clinical problems encountered. Conclusions are then drawn regarding future methods that will improve the current state of knowledge of the behavior of these living tissues, in particular with a view to predicting the effect of a pathology or medical procedure on their apparent properties.

Evolution of the Pyrenees during the Variscan and Alpine Cycles 1 presents the evolution of geological knowledge of the Pyrenees as a result of major scientific research programs in the early 21st century. This book, dedicated to the Variscan cycle and Cretaceous rifting, traces the evolution of the Pyrenean domain between 340 Ma and 90 Ma. It begins with an analysis of the state of knowledge of the Pyrenean basement, whose structure is inherited from the Variscan evolution of this domain. It then traces the kinematic evolution of the western Mediterranean domain since the Paleozoic. Finally, it discusses the evolution of our knowledge of Cretaceous rifting and the sedimentary and metasomatic processes associated with the individualization of the Iberian-Eurasian plate boundary.

This book discusses in great detail the best theory of gravitation known to date: Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Based on this theory, Gravitation examines compact objects (including white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes) and gravitational waves, and then explores the importance of relativity in cosmology, the Big Bang and the organization of structure in the universe. Many practical examples are also provided throughout the book.

Organizations communicate in complex and various ways, and the context is mainly characterized by the pervasiveness of the digital ecosystem, including the Web, social networks and the Internet of data. However, its information delivery cannot overlook the requirements of multicultural communications at a variety of levels. Digital Presences of Organizations highlights the communication roadblocks faced by organizations as they emerge, arising not only from issues encountered on their own websites, but also as they construct online narratives. This multi-faceted and multi-strategy digital presence of organizations is addressed via three main thematic axes. The first focuses on differentiated strategies (content, services, interaction) that can be observed depending on the types of organizations and their users. The second examines the cultural dimension of websites, ranging from the local to the global. Finally, the third focuses on the role of narration in organizations' online communication strategies.

This book deals with risk management by focusing on microbiological risks. Throughout the food chain, foodstuff may be exposed to dangerous agents that can potentially affect its quality and thus the health of consumers. A good knowledge of the strategies and means of control implemented along the food chain after the primary production stage is a necessary condition and a prerequisite for any further improvement, but it is not sufficient. Indeed, in order to better prevent and therefore control these risks, it is essential to study both the phenomena of surface contamination and those relating to the elimination of this contamination by cleaning and disinfection operations in order to know the main mechanisms. Thanks to this, a certain number of innovations can already be proposed (new surfaces, new materials and cleaning and disinfection procedures, etc.) for future developments on an industrial or domestic scale.

Geodynamics of the Alps consists of three volumes. This third volume is entirely dedicated to Alpine collision. It describes and interprets elements of the Alpine chain, including Alpine magmatism, the formation of external massifs, the foreland basin, the exhumation of the internal part of the chain and the northern deformation front of the Alps. The aim of this book is to create a space for experts on Alpine research to present the state of the art of specific subjects and provide their own interpretations.

Geodynamics of the Alps consists of three volumes. This second volume presents the pre-collisional history of the Alps. It discusses the Variscan orogeny in the Alpine realm, the inferred paleo-geography, the structure and processes affecting continental margins and the mantle structure in the pre-orogenic Alpine realm. It concludes by describing oceanic and continental subduction processes. The aim of this book is to create a space for experts on Alpine research to present the state of the art of specific subjects and provide their own interpretations.

Geodynamics of the Alps consists of three volumes. This first volume describes the recent and present-day structure and tectonic setting of the Alpine chain, from the lithospheric mantle to brittle crust and surface topography. It also provides a historical overview of Alpine research, with two chapters covering specific Alpine regions (Corsica and the Eastern Alps) through all phases of Alpine history. The aim of this book is to create a space for experts on Alpine research to present the state of the art of specific subjects and provide their own interpretations.

This book is intended for students, teachers, researchers, engineers and project managers wishing to understand and implement systems engineering into their work. Based on numerous bibliographical sources, it provides coherent and accessible information, complemented with numerous illustrations. Systems Engineering will enable the reader to not only understand but also master the development cycle of a system, as well as gain an in-depth understanding of the associated terminology. An introduction to systems theory is presented first, clarifying what is meant by a complex system. The book then outlines systems engineering and one of its components: requirements engineering. A detailed presentation of the downhill activities of the development cycle follows the definition of requirements and the design of systems. Finally, the book explores the upstream activities of the development cycle with the virtual and concrete integration of the system.

The aim of this collective work is to give an account of the topicality and dynamics of new research in the didactics of evolution, by articulating francophone and international work. The various contributions pursue a reflection on the challenges of teaching and learning about evolution, based on historical, epistemological and societal approaches. The themes addressed illustrate the vitality and diversity of research issues in educational sciences, from primary school to university. Structured around different theoretical fields (problematization, didactics of the curriculum, nature of science, etc.), this book explores the content, teaching and learning processes and approaches, teaching practices, as well as pre-service and in-service teacher training, with a view to both intelligibility and feasibility.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the term "vulnerable" was applied to "individuals" and to "populations", "groups" and "countries" in discussions, laws and regulations; now it applies to all objects in relation to all kinds of threats. However, rather than a label for governing people and places, the notion of "vulnerability" was expected to become an instrument to tackle the root causes of disasters, poverty and maldevelopment, as well as the inequalities and injustices they bring, whether social, political, economic or environmental. Despite this radical dimension, vulnerability has gradually been incorporated into public policies and international recommendations for global risk and disaster management. This book is intended for researchers, students, managers and decision makers concerned with the management of not only risks and crises but also climate and environmental change. The first part examines the multiple theoretical and conceptual approaches; the second explores vulnerability assessments, using examples from the Global North and Global South; and the third discusses tools, public policies and actions taken to reduce vulnerability.

While it is undeniable that architectural practices have been transformed with the advent of digital technologies, they nevertheless continue to occupy an ambiguous or even problematic place within the design process. The underlying premise of this book on architectural design instruments is not to see them simply as means to an autonomous end, one that is pure and detached from any other technological aspect, but instead to see these instruments and their formative abilities as a different way in which architects can approach design. We maintain that it is through the very act of experimentation with these instruments that their various potentials are revealed and established. It is through such repeated experimentation, which is constantly being revised and consolidated, that practice is successfully and sustainably transformed. This view is less of a wish than it is an observation, and as such, it can be seen in the various practices that are analyzed in this book.

Telomeres are specialized DNA-protein structures that protect the ends of chromosomes to maintain their integrity. They are chromosome sentinels. This book, written by multiple authors, presents current knowledge and the most recent discoveries relating to telomeres. The first chapters describe telomere structures (DNA and proteins), organization, dynamics and replication in a range of organisms including ciliates, yeast and mammals. The following chapters cover mechanisms that maintain telomere length involving telomerase and Alternative Lengthening Telomeres (ALT) mechanisms. Interestingly, telomeres are transcribed into repetitive RNA called TERRA (Telomeric repeat-containing RNA), the state of the art regarding mammalian telomere transcripts is presented here. Two chapters are dedicated to the description of how telomere biology impacts the development of cancer and how their disfunctions induce telomeropathies (telomere biology disorders). Finally, the book ends with a chapter presenting telomere and telomerase targeting agents as potential anticancer agents, a promising therapeutic approach.

Origin of Life studies have a nearly-impossible goal: understanding nature through the comprehension of its origins and its complexities. As a growing field with poorly-defined borders, Origin of Life studies profit from progress in other disciplines. This book proposes both an overview of this large area and an in-depth look at the opinions and results obtained by some of the active contributors of this fascinating and deeply thought-provoking matter. The topics are presented in a bottom-up order, first touching on the habitability of the universe, then the rationale behind meaningful prebiotic chemistry, the possible or probable prebiotic chemical frames, the problem of chirality, and moving on through the role of minerals in biogenesis, biogenic fertile environments, the in-and-out problem as solved by vesicles physics, the evolution of the codes, the structure of LUCA and its proto metabolisms and the meaning of complex extant biological biomorphs, as exemplified by viroids. These topics and the reasoning within the chapters are provided against the backdrop of the evolution of information and complexity.

Although the development of lead crystal was a major step in the history of glass in the late 17th century, the presence of lead in vitreous matrices (glass and glazes) is much older, dating back to the second millennium BCE. Lead in Glassy Materials in Cultural Heritage traces the history of these skills and also looks at the most recent developments in materials science concerning the role played by lead in the properties of glass, including coloring. It develops an understanding of weathering processes and notions of the durability of leaded glass. It also examines public health issues and current recommended standards for the use of lead in industrial glass. This multidisciplinary book is intended for a wide audience: art and technical historians, museum curators, restorers, materials specialists, manufacturers and engineers.

How can atmospheric variables such as temperature, wind, rain and ozone be measured by satellites? How are these measurements taken and what has been learned since the first measurements in the 1970s? What data are currently available and what data are expected in the future? The second volume of this encyclopedic book presents each field of application - meteorology, atmospheric composition and climate - with its main aims as well as the specific areas which can be addressed through the use of satellite remote sensing. This book presents the satellite products used for operational purposes as well as those that allow for the advancement of scientific knowledge. The instruments that are at their origin are described, as well as the processing, delivery times and the knowledge they provide. This book is completed by a glossary and appendices with a list of supporting instruments already in use.

Urban Mobility Systems in the World provides insight into the geographical organization of urban mobility systems around the world. These "systems" consist of infrastructure networks, existing transport services and people's travel practices. Adopting a comparative approach, the book highlights the geographical diversity of mobility systems, based on case studies from Africa, North and South America, Asia and Europe. This multi-disciplinary book is organized into twelve chapters, divided into four parts. The first part gives an overview of urban mobility, and then examines the factors that determine everyday mobility in cities, revealing different travel practices among populations (poor, elderly and children). Parts 2 and 3, respectively, focus on urban public transport (trains, metros, minibuses) and active modes of transport (walking, cycling), and the related infrastructure policies. The final section examines the circulation of urban mobility analysis tools and public policy models

Sustainable urban planning and urban renewal are major challenges of the 21st century. In this context, Urbanism and Town Planning proposes a geohistorical approach to urban construction. The city and its neighborhoods are studied through their materials and general layout, which sometimes reveal a logic of economic profitability, prestige and social equity, and sometimes a more innovative approach from an environmental perspective. Across these elements, unbuilt spaces (distinctive streets and squares) and built spaces (commercial and residential areas, both individual and collective) form a three-dimensional grid of "voids" and "solids", characteristic of urban landscapes and lifestyles. Supported by numerous original examples, this book is a comprehensive summary of the most tangible elements of urban planning and development; elements that must be put into context in order to think concretely about the development of the cities of the future.

This book presents the Rock-Eval(R) method, which was invented in France in the 1970s and is used by the oil industry worldwide to characterize source rocks and reservoir rocks as well as their petroleum potential. Rock Eval(R) has also spread to other fields of application, including soil science, paleoceanography, paleoclimatology, environmental science (i.e. monitoring pollution remediation), material chemistry (i.e. carbonates, microplastics) and many others. The Rock-Eval Method presents a collection of chapters reviewing this method and its fields of application, and examines its possible developments. The authors are from either the academic or applied sector and have all contributed to the development of the Rock Eval(R) apparatus and method. This instrument, which lies somewhere between a chromatographic, a thermal and an elemental analyzer, is now evolving to be an analytical platform, on which new fields of applications can be tested in the future.

Symmetric cryptology is one of the two main branches of cryptology. Its applications are essential and vital in the Information Age, due to the efficiency of its constructions. The scope of this book in two volumes is two-fold. First, it presents the most important ideas that have been used in the design of symmetric primitives, their inner components and their most relevant constructions. Second, it describes and provides insights on the most popular cryptanalysis and proof techniques for analyzing the security of the above algorithms. A selected number of future directions, such as post-quantum security or design of ciphers for modern needs and particular applications, are also discussed. We believe that the two volumes of this work will be of interest to researchers, to master's and PhD students studying or working in the field of cryptography, as well as to all professionals working in the field of cybersecurity.