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The study of the immune system is termed as immunology. Veterinary immunology is a branch of biomedical science which studies all the aspects of the immune system and activities in animals. It is closely related to veterinary science and zoology. The domain studies the relationship between body, pathogens and immunity of animal species. The malfunctioning and disorders in animal (non-human) bodies are of particular interest in veterinary immunology. It also studies how vaccines prevent diseases in animals and why do they cause adverse reactions in some situations. This book elucidates the principles and practice of immunology in animal species. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying veterinary immunology as it gives incredible insights into the emerging trends and concepts. This book will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up.

Tour operations focuses on providing and operating the vacation of customers by booking, contracting and packaging different components of the tour. This involves extensive management of transportation, hotel, guides, meals, tours and flights. A travel agency deals with administering and selling tour packages from different tour operators. Their primary responsibility is to select the most appropriate package according to the client's needs. The key difference between a travel agency and a tour operator is that while the former specializes in a variety of destinations, the latter focuses on a select concentration of destinations. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of travel agency and tour operations. It picks up individual branches and explains their need and contribution in the context of a growing economy. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Spirituality and religion focus on understanding the meaning of life as well as the way in which this meaning can be influenced through a relation with a higher power. It is widely believed that religion and spirituality have a significant impact on human mental health. The role of religion and spirituality in psychotherapy has received increasing attention over the past decades. There have been various studies with a focus on understanding the ways that religion and spirituality relate to therapists and treatment methods. Many psychologists and psychotherapists have recently studied the relationship between religion, spirituality and mental health; or used religious interventions in psychotherapies. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of spirituality, religion and psychotherapy. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. Researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Railway engineering is a multidisciplinary field in transportation engineering. It is concerned with the design, construction and operation of all types of rail transport systems. Railway engineering comprises mechanical design skills and knowledge of propulsion systems to design train vessels. Railway engineering includes civil engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and production engineering. Command, control and railway engineering, energy electrification, overhead contact system, light rail systems, on-track plant, train control systems, railway signalling and systems integration are some of the sub-fields of railway engineering. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of railway engineering and how such concepts have practical applications. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying railway engineering as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

The scientific study of planets including Earth, moons, and planetary systems as well as the processes of their formation is known as planetary science. It studies objects, aiming to determine their composition, dynamics, formation, interrelations, and history, ranging in size from micrometeoroids to gas giants. Planetary science is a sub-field of astronomy and earth science. It encompasses many disciplines such as cosmochemistry, atmospheric science, oceanography, planetary geology, hydrology, glaciology and exoplanetology. Planetary geology deals with the planetary bodies near the Earth such as the Moon, and the two neighbouring planets, Venus and Mars. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of planetary science. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

A state of social, mental and physical well-being where infirmity and disease are absent is referred to as health. It can be promoted by encouraging various healthful activities such as physical exercise and by avoiding unhealthful activities like stress and smoking. Physical environment, social and economic environment, and the individual characteristics and behaviors of a person are the primary determinants of health. Other determinants of health are lifestyle, environmental and biomedical factors. All aspects of health of an individual are influenced by the genetic make-up of the individual. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of health and well-being of older adults. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The drugs which are used in the treatment of cancerous or malignant diseases are termed anti-cancer drugs. The different categories of anticancer drugs are antimetabolites, alkylating agents, hormones and natural products. There are some drugs which do not fall within these categories but exhibit anticancer properties. The selection of a particular anticancer drug to treat a cancer depends on various factors such as the severity of cancer, the location and the type of cancer. The side effects of the drug and whether radiation therapy or surgery can be used are also reasons which help in the determination of which drugs should be administered. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of anti-cancer drug discovery and how such concepts have practical applications. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

The usage of assessment and intervention in order to recover, maintain and develop meaningful activities of individuals or communities is termed as occupational therapy. People who suffer from disabilities, injuries and mental health ailments are treated under this branch of health care. Children and young adults with disabilities require occupational therapy for participating in social situations and attending schools. This field makes use of concepts and knowledge from a variety of other fields such as medicine, speech-language pathology, physical therapy, audiology, social work and psychology. The order of actions in which occupational therapy functions is known as the occupational therapy process. It mainly consists of evaluation, intervention and outcomes. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of occupational therapy. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of occupational therapy in health practice. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this field.

The field of mechanics which focuses on the study of the propagation of cracks in materials is referred as fracture mechanics. It comprises the analysis of flaws that is used to discover which structures are safe and which ones are liable to propagate as cracks and thereby, resulting in the failure of the flawed structure. Safe operation of a structure can be achieved through damage tolerance analysis. The two kinds of fracture mechanics are linear elastic fracture mechanics and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. Linear elastic fracture mechanics covers the concepts of Griffith's criterion, Irwin's modification, stress intensity factor, strain energy release and crack tip plastic zone. Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics focuses upon the concepts of crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), R-curve, J-integral, cohesive zone model and transitions flaw size. This book will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of fracture mechanics and its utmost significance in modern times. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Managing marketing tasks with the help of digital services such as the Internet, mobile phones, display advertisements, etc. is known as digital marketing. Digital marketing uses tools such as social media marketing, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), content marketing, campaign marketing, Search Engine Marketing, SMS marketing, etc. Digital marketing offers multiple channels of interaction with potential customers and dynamic solutions to increase brand awareness. This book studies, analyses and uphold the pillars of digital marketing and its utmost significance in modern times. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The study of computers and computational systems is known as computer science. It is mostly concerned with software and software systems including their theory, design, development, and application. Computer science encompasses the principal areas of artificial intelligence, computer systems and networks, security, vision and graphics, numerical analysis, programming languages, and software engineering. Programming paradigm is a way of classifying programming languages according to their features. The programming paradigm which is used to improve the quality, clarity, and development time of a computer program is termed as structured programming. Computer science is applied in designing and analyzing algorithms to solve programs and study the performance of computer hardware and software. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject. It provides comprehensive insights into the field of computer science. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Anarchism refers to a movement and political philosophy that is deeply suspicious of authority and opposes all dictatorial and involuntary forms of hierarchy. It has traditionally opposed the idea of organized religion. Anarchism is generally non-religious and is often anti-religious in nature. Its primary argument is that the Church supports the state and therefore religion supports politics. The opponents of political authority also oppose religious authority. Anarchists also believe that the original message which was given by the religious teachers, which consisted of ideas such as living a simple life, treating each other with respect and love, and live in peace, has been distorted by organized religions. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of the relationship between anarchism and religion. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects and the recent researches in this field. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the field of anarchism and religion.

Optical coherence tomography is an imaging test which is non-invasive in nature, and makes use of light waves in order to take cross-section pictures of the retina. The different layers of the retina are visible through this technique. There are numerous eye conditions which can be diagnosed through optical coherence tomography. A few of them are glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema and macular hole. The disorders of the optic nerve are also examined using this technique. The conditions which interfere with the passage of light through the eye cannot be diagnosed through optical coherence tomography, since it depends on light waves. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of optical coherence tomography. It strives to provide a fair idea about its clinical applications and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying ophthalmology as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.