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Dreams are reported from all of stages of sleep. Yet almost all research and literature has focused on REM sleep. Much of what we know of dreaming outside REM sleep comes from the study of parasomnias, extreme events including strange and unusual behaviors, often inducing awakenings from sleep. These are not the "normal" dreams of REM sleep. These are the other dreams, parasomnia dreams, and they are quite special. This book brings together leading dream scientists from throughout the world to address these dreams. It is among the first to focus on sleep mentation in the large portion of sleep that is not REM sleep. Many parasomnias are commonly experienced, and even when causing frequent disruption of sleep, they are only rarely reflective of underlying medical or psychiatric disease. The non-REM parasomnias include hypnogognic hallucinations, panic attacks, night terrors and dreaming associated with sleep walking and confusional arousals. The parasomnias of REM sleep include nightmares, sleep paralysis and the acting out of dreams in REM behavior disorder. Parasomnia dreams describe the phenomenological extremes of dream experience such as strange behaviors, thinking and thought very different from wake state, intense visual hallucinations, extreme emotions, a vivid and apparently real dream world, as well as confusion, autonomic discharge and strange automatic behaviors on awakening. These forms of consciousness are both phenomenologically and neurophysiologically very different from the waking consciousness.

Anthocyanins are compounds associated with multiple interesting effects and potential applications. This group of natural compounds can be found in many foods (ranging from red to blue depending on the matrix) such as berries, eggplant, plums, black beans and red grapes. Moreover, the knowledge accumulated so far support the key role of anthocyanins in food and pharmaceutical industry, research and in the life of consumers. The versatility of effects attributed to anthocyanins is disclosed in this book by covering several aspects ranging from its chemical and physical characteristics, separation and identification, techniques to preserve isolated compounds and reaching the healthy benefits and its use in sports. In Chapter 1, the fundaments and main aspects related to anthocyanins are disclosed. The scientific evidence indicates positive effects were related to anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and inflammatory effects, for instance. In addition, anthocyanins are excellent food additives by improving the color of food in the range between red and blue. Moreover, the applications are also related to strategies to extract and improve the stability of isolated compounds. A successful isolation is necessary to obtain anthocyanins for pharmaceutical and food applications. Chapter 2 aimed to explore the concepts and advances made to improve the recovery of anthocyanins from several types of sources. It also explored the characteristics of both conventional and novel technologies. The isolation of anthocyanins also requires an adequate approach to identify and quantify each compound within this class. Chapter 3 is dedicated to discuss the approaches to identify and quantify anthocyanins, particularly for mass spectroscopic, nuclear magnetic resonance and high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the aspects related to method validation are also explored. Once the extraction and adequate quantification of isolated anthocyanins occurs, it is of great value to prevent their degradation. The concepts and use of encapsulation technique are discussed in Chapter 4. Particular attention is given to the methods and the composition of encapsulating material to improve stability. Prior to considering the biological effect and health benefits associated with the consumption of anthocyanins, the consumption and crucial events during the digestion and absorption must be considered in order to clarify and support strategies in food and pharmaceutical applications. The concepts, biological events (with emphasis on digestion) and the role of gut microbiota on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of anthocyanins are presented in Chapter 5. Following the absorption of anthocyanins several biological effects related to health benefits were reported in scientific literature. The first and preserve knowledge is related to the traditional consumption in order to treat diseases in folk medicine. This perspective and the scientific evidence raised so far are compiled in Chapter 6. In the chapter, the different plants sources to treat diseases are described. In Chapter 7, the relation between anthocyanins and antioxidant activity is discussed. The chapter contains the fundaments and scientific data regarding oxidative stress, lipid oxidation and evaluation of antioxidant activity (in both in vivo and in vitro methods). Moreover, the data from purified compounds and natural extracts are also presented and discussed. Another relevant benefit associated with anthocyanins is their impact on cardiovascular diseases. Chapter 8 presents the main factors associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases and discussed the role of anthocyanins to prevent the progression of this disease. Particular attention is given to the dietary sources of anthocyanins. Reducing the burden of cancer is another pertinent effect related to anthocyanins. In order to disclose the impact of anthocyanins against the development of cancer, Chapter 9 compiles fundamental concepts and scientific data supporting their role against this disease. Particular attention is given to pharmacokinetic of anthocyanins. Additionally, the development of food products for cancer survivors was also included in this chapter. Diabetes is a major disease that imposes limitation in the life of their carriers. Anthocyanins are important dietary components that can induce meaningful effects, at in vitro and in vivo level, to reduce the impact of diabetes in health. This perspective and the scientific data supporting it are discussed in Chapter 10. The inflammatory process is a major response mechanism in the human body. Once this process is dysregulated, a major impairing in health can occur. In Chapter 11, the mechanism by which anthocyanins act as anti-inflammatory compounds on affect key molecules and pathways are described. Neurodegenerative diseases, particularly during aging, are a major concern due to severe limitations related to memory and motion. Chapter 12 is dedicated to disclose the role and mechanisms related to neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, this chapter also presents the concepts and scientific data regarding the brain bioavailability of anthocyanins. The benefits associated with anthocyanins are not limited to reduce the risk associated with diseases, these compounds are also relevant dietary supplements for athletes. The role on the reduction of oxidative stress and in the performance of athletes and physically active people is discussed in Chapter 13.

In 2016, Russia meddled in the Presidential election through a series of cyber attacks and information warfare of state and local election jurisdictions. Their goals were to undermine the credibility of the outcome and sow discord and chaos among the American people. Foreign interference in democracy cannot be tolerated. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designated the election infrastructure used in federal elections as a component of U.S. critical infrastructure. Chapters 1 and 2 report on efforts to enhance election technology and bolster cyber readiness. Chapter 3 focuses on Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller''s investigation of what Russia did to democracy in 2016, and what Russia is still trying to do to democracy today. Chapter 4 focuses on right of Congress to see the full Special Counsel report.

Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxin B1: New Research first presents the latest knowledge regarding the occurrence of ochratoxin A in dry-cured meat and dairy products, as well as relevant food safety issues. Different remediation strategies such as heating, ripening, drying, storage and the use of microbial cultures, which have been adopted for the prevention or decontamination of ochratoxin A, are critically reviewed. Next, the authors assess the occurrence of ochratoxin A in different types of dry-fermented sausages and hams produced by various households in Croatia, proposing that in order to avoid contamination, the production of household-based meat and meat products should run under standardized and well-controlled conditions. In the subsequent study, a total of sixty mold-contaminated rice, corn and groundnut samples were collected from one of the Cauvery delta regions of Tamil Nadu, India, and analyzed to determine the co-occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin, and the respective mycotoxigenic fungal strains that produce these toxins. Besides the known adverse effects of alcohol, beer could also be the source of several mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic among the identified aflatoxins and classified into group I as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancers. The stability of aflatoxin B1 during the brewing process, as well as the most important detection techniques and sample treatment used for the determination of this compound are evaluated.

Rubus blackberries are grown worldwide and are known for their excellent nutritional and bioactive characteristics, particularly due to their high content of nutrients such as sugars, dietary fibre, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Rubus: An Overview summarizes the available data on nutrients, bioactive compounds, and health-promoting properties of the most studied Rubus blackberries. Similarly, the authors review the role of the phenolic compounds in Rubus blackberries in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Experimental studies suggest that anthocyanins of these fruits can improve cognition and human health. The main pathogens and phytoparasites that cause damage in raspberries, thus causing important economic losses in the crop, are also received. The concluding chapter suggests that increasing the role of genomics and genome editing technologies in Rubus presents new opportunities to develop more focused molecular tools for gene discovery and deployment.

This is a novel about the all too common practice in higher academia of hiring part time, non-tenure track faculty to teach students. The faculty hired in these situations often cannot pursue research even though they likely have a Ph.D. This fictional story is mostly set in the 1970s. It follows the tumultuous career of a professor interested in teaching and doing research in biological science. The people who administered the university at the place of his employment expressly do not want faculty to be involved with research. The professor in the story owns a Ph.D., which is a research degree. He holds that being involved in research adds a beneficial dimension to his teaching. Problems arise when he decides to undertake a research problem at his own expense and on his own time. A marine invertebrate zoologist, his search for knowledge centers on the marine organisms that have settled on a lengthy set of pier pilings. When this ultimately leads to publications by himself and with students, his bosses at the university find that seriously troublesome and they try to make him cease. Dire consequences result. The author is a marine biologist and has taught university students for years. So he has extensive experience with this subject area. Of course, what is supposedly found out in the research undertaken in the story is fiction. On the other hand, the marine organisms investigated are real enough species. While the research findings of his main character may be imagined, the approaches to formulating questions and ways to answer them are very much as they might have been in reality. What this author creates here is a telling of the troubles, trials, and tribulations that may come from pursuing new knowledge.