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The importance of the Arctic in many fields of human activity strongly increased over the past decades. The academic scientific research demonstrates a 3-fold increase in the number of journal articles dealing with "Arctic": from 1,400 in 2000 to 4,200 in 2018. This increase is not fortuitous but certainly stems from double importance of Arctic regions for humanity. The first importance is the role that the Arctic plays in the on-going environmental changes, mostly linked to climate warming and environmental pollution. Here, the first key issues are the Arctic Ocean, ice melt, permafrost thaw, greenhouse gases emission, and organic carbon mobilization from soils to rivers. From the other hand, highly fragile Arctic ecosystems and biota are strongly affected by environmental pollution, be it organic compounds or toxic metals and radionuclides. The rising concern of humanity to the key role of the Arctic in climate regulation on the planetary scale and the extreme fragility of its ecosystem, biota and native population to on-going environmental change can certainly explain an explosive interest of scientific researchers to the Arctic in connection with ''climate change''. The second big issue of the Arctic is its eminent role in problems of natural resources. The Artic shelf contains vast amount of hydrocarbons (gas and oil), whereas the terrestrial polar regions, now liberating from ice, may turn out to be highly important sites of future ore industry. The importance of possibly ice-free Arctic Ocean as future maritime shipping routes will further enhance the accessibility of natural resources in this region. Taken together, this can be the main driving factors of almost exponential increase in the interest to natural resources in the Arctic over past few years. The present book addresses a wide variety of environmental, social and economic issues of the Arctic, in response to rising interest to this region in academic science, sociology and business. The 14 chapters represent state-of-the art reviews written by the experts on problems of native communities, climate change, political issues, implementation of large-scale projects, natural resources and conservation, environmental monitoring and assessment of pollution issues.

Current Challenges and Management of Disease in the Elderly Population is a comprehensive insight into the diseases and their management in elderly population during ageing. The book provides information on the development in understanding, diagnosis and management of major diseases through biological and technological interventions. Non-communicable diseases currently infesting old age population will have a huge epidemiological burden on the health care system in near future. Middle- and high-income countries warrant sincere efforts to provide information on the current challenges and management of disease in elderly population in health care professionals and social organizations related to the health of society. The book is a holistic approach by international authors from different fields on major diseases, which are predominantly increasing at an alarming rate in old age population around the globe. The first chapter provides information on stem cells involved in the regulation of cell homeostasis by process of DNA-based methylation/demethylation and regulating gene expression involved in cell fate to undergo apoptosis. The second chapter emphasizes the immunological decline in innate and adaptive immunity in ageing cells, which leads to decreased activity of T-cell and T-regulatory cells. The third, fourth and fifth chapters deal with chronic diseases like Type 2 Diabetes mellitus based neuropathy, different bone diseases in old age and involvement of Vitamin D in women''s bone health in elderly population. The problem of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus based neuropathy is the result of unattended or poor medical interventions, therefore emphasis on this problem and its prevention is dealt with in detail. Further disease like osteoporosis, Paget disease, and Arthritis, which are very common in old age population and deficiency of Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorous in elderly women after menopause, where estrogen based hormonal deabsorbtion of Vitamin D lead to poor bone health, is detailed from mechanism, diagnosis, current challenges and future perspective of preventions. Ageing eye problems and associated challenges are incorporated with in depth information on dry eyes and vitreous detachment, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, which leads to irreversible visual impairment or blindness, the details information on detection, treatment and prevention are discussed in Chapter 6. The task of detecting specific diseases is paramount for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Chapter 7 & 8 on biomarkers using omics technology and metalobomics provides complete information on the recent development in identification and analysis of metabolites and biomolecules using different technology platforms to detect the disease condition at an early stage. They also highlight challenges in the field that need to be addressed to overcome the problem of disease diagnosis for timely intervention. The majority of neurodegenerative disorders influencing the population above the age of 65 is mainly related to neurodegeneration and oxidative stress. Tthe last two chapters, 9 &10, of this book have tried to provide information related to mechanism of neurodegeneration in various neuronal disorders and the role of various plant flavanoids in prevention of disease onset, the effect on the choice of nutraceuticals and their role in brain heath and prevention from old age neuronal problems.

Many events in our daily lives require that we allocate attentional resources towards relevant information in the environment. However, we are constantly presented with more information than we can possibly attend to at any given moment. Visual spatial attention is the prioritisation of visual processing to a particular spatial region in ones environment, and is therefore an important component of attention (more broadly construed) and information-processing. Once a region of space has been selected by visual spatial attention, the objects and features within that region can be processed. In this book, Chapter One examines visual spatial attention and its functional role in a variety of cognitive tasks. Chapter Two reviews the different ways in which the various mechanisms of selective attention have been cortically and otherwise classified into low and high levels of processing and to disentangle some of the confusion that may have arisen as a result of inconsistent usage of terminology and concepts in the field. The last chapter discusses studies which use computer simulations to estimate the effect of noise correlation upon the performance benefit gained from cues.

This is a source of information for researchers and experts mainly, as well as any party interested of gaining knowledge in this field. The volume brings a new and updated perspective on the current innovations in the energy field regarding technological and strategic approaches. The book is a result of the Second Open Meeting of the Balkan UNESCO Chairs 2017, organised by the UNESCO Chair for Business Administration (Chaire UNESCO pour la formation et la recherche appliquée au développement de l''entreprise dans les pays en conversion économique) within the Faculty of Business Administration, the Bucharest University of Economic Studies and Romania in partnership with the Romanian National Commission for UNESCO (CNR UNESCO). This event brought together the Balkan UNESCO Chairs on the topic of topic of "Education for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability in the Knowledge Economy" on the 26-27th October 2017 at the Bucharest University of Economic Studies. The book comprises the research of experts and scholars in the field of energy and business from various countries, especially from Europe. The research areas covered by the chapters include topics referring to: the developments of the innovative process in the electrical energy field in Romania, initiatives for promoting new investments in the energy sector, new sources of energy for diminishing hazardous waste, infrastructure protection as a security factor, promoting electricity from renewable energy sources, floating wind turbines, multipurpose hydropower projects under climate change, innovations in landscape of nuclear power, innovations in energy trading, energy policy, patents and its application process in the energy field. This book seeks to bridge an important research gap by questioning and studying the progress of different types of innovations in the energy field and their impact on developing and advanced economies globally. It aims to explore and present trends, dynamics and implications of the innovations and progress in energy technologies and sustainable business, economic and political strategies and the most recent developments in the green energy field. Furthermore, it explores opportunities and threats in the way of innovative challenges in these economies through a wealth of insights by researchers in the field with the objective of emphasizing possible strategies to global sustainability.

The book titled "Progress and Prospects in Nanoscience Today" is an extensive collection of learned materials and new results focusing on advances in nanoscience and nanomaterials for their applications by the contributing authors who are experts working in the fields of nanoscience, material science, energy, agricultural, computer science and engineering, atmospheric nanoscience, medicine, and nanobiotechnology. The book begins with a chapter on "Science of Nanomaterials". The formulation of this chapter serves as a foundation and is done in such a fashion that readers from a variety of disciplines with different background and willing to start research in interdisciplinary branch of science and make a career in nanotechnology. The second chapter presents basic concepts and methods of nanoscience, which are needed for human welfare. The first part addresses the function of imaging by scanning probe microscopy. This tool is operating with unprecedented sensitivity and resolution which promotes new views into structures and processes from the molecular to the sub-atomic level. They contribute to fabricate new nano-sized systems and to open up new fields of application that range from novel quantum materials to biosystems and living matter. The third chapter reports the synthesis and physiochemical characteristics of silver nanoparticles. The next thirteen chapters report different properties of nanomaterials for their number of applications. These include: polymer composites in aerospace applications, photoluminescence properties, atmospheric nanoscience, agriculture, supercapacitors, hyperthermia therapy, wound dressing, antimicrobial applications, anti-biofilm-applications, tuberculosis diagnosis etc. The book will be a precious piece and basic knowledge material for those looking for new opportunities in the field of progress and prospects of nanoscience for technology development in different walks of industries. Each chapter is an icon of frontier level high quality research that has been undertaken in synthesis, characterization and application of variety of nanomaterials.

Before the ACA, sick people often couldn''t get health insurance due to a pre-existing condition. If they were able to get coverage, they often paid significantly more for it than someone without a pre-existing condition. Today, millions of Americans no longer have to worry about large bills due to annual or lifetime limits on benefits. Yet, there is still a serious affordability problem in the individual market, especially for those who rely on the individual market for coverage but are not eligible for financial assistance and those facing rising deductibles. Chapters 1 discuss ways to stabilize premiums and help individuals obtain affordable insurance through the individual insurance market. Healthcare reform should empower individuals and families to make decisions for themselves based on what fits their needs and their budget. One of the best tools we have to accomplish this goal is consumer-directed health plans that are paired with health savings accounts, or HSAs. These plans offer lower premiums and a higher deductible to encourage better use of healthcare services as examined in chapter 2 IHS provides care to American Indians and Alaska Natives through a system of health care facilities. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) provided states with the option to expand their Medicaid programs, and created new coverage options beginning in 2014, including for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Chapter 3 describes (1) trends in health insurance coverage and third-party collections at federally operated and tribally operated facilities from fiscal years 2013 through 2018, and (2) the effects of any changes in coverage and collections on these facilities.

The Prescription Drug User Fee Act authorized the Food and Drug Administration to collect user fees from industry to support the approval of new drugs and biologics. The Prescription Drug User Fee Agreement has been a success bringing safe and effective new products to patients in a timely manner as reported in chapter 1. Chapter 2 provides an overview of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), including their operation, enforcement mechanisms, costs, and financing. It also examines the effectiveness of PDMPs and outlines federal grants supporting PDMPs. Finally, it discusses relevant considerations for policymakers including interstate data sharing, interoperability, protection of health information, and the possible link between the crackdown on prescription drug abuse and rise in heroin abuse. Chapter 3 examines federally recommended and other available methods patients may use to dispose of unused prescription opioids, and what is known about patients'' use of these methods. Monitoring prescription drug use patterns at the population level can inform research and clinical practice. These patterns may shift over time in response to changing health needs, updated clinical guidelines, policy changes, and other factors. Chapters 4 and 5 examine statistics pertaining to drug use monitoring. Chapter 6 examines bill (H.R. 5675) to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to require prescription drug plan sponsors under the Medicare program to establish drug management programs for at-risk beneficiaries.

In The Wave Equation: An Overview, a quantum gravity theory based on unification of all quantum fields into a single field is presented. The authors aim to assess whether the equations of motion or the conservation equations are more fundamental. The application of this resolution to the Transmission Line Matrix modeling method for numerically solving the wave equation is also addressed. Flux density is proportional to the density of momentum. As such, the general procedure is described wherein this concept is applied to other Hermitian operators. An alternative metric is presented in this compilation which satisfies Einstein''s field equations. This metric does not depend on weak field approximation, however it replaces Schwarzschild metric under certain conditions and provides an elegant solution for the rotation curves of galaxies as well as the energy levels of hydrogen atom. An optical wave equation for scattered light in materials with macroscopic spatial inhomegeneites is presented and analysed. The equation is applicable to variety of linear and nonlinear optical interactions in media with intrinsic, induced or engineered inhomegeneites. Lastly, the authors explore a black hole solution to the Jackiw-Teitelboim field equations for two-dimensional gravity. It turns out that the wave frequency is also connected to a suitable black hole metric, dilaton field, and cosmological constant.

The main function of the Leydig cells is to synthesize testosterone, but growing evidence supports the idea that Leydig cells are important in regulating the testicular immune environment. As such, Leydig Cells: Structure, Functions and Clinical Aspects discusses Leydig cells serving as immunological sentinels in the testis. Next, the authors explore the commercially available immortalized Leydig cell lines (TM3, R2C, MA-10 and MLTC-1) derived from rat or mouse and the results of studies using these cells. Additionally, the effects of the most commonly used environmental contaminants on Leydig cell function are discussed in the context of the impaired of steroidogenic pathway. The results of several studies are presented which demonstrate that lycopene supplementation improves and maintaines the normal level of testosterone by improving the expression of StAR protein and steroidogenic enzymes in the Leydig cells of polychlorinated biphenyl exposed rats.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Environmental Health Mission Area (EHMA) is providing comprehensive science on sources, movement, and transformation of contaminants and pathogens in watershed and aquifer drinking-water supplies and in built water and wastewater infrastructure in the Greater Chicago Area. The focus of chapter 1 is on assessing point-of-use (tapwater) drinking-water exposure pathways for a broad range of potential environmental contaminants and exploring infrastructure-related factors that could alter or transform chemical constituents or microbial communities in drinking water (such as treatment plant technology, distribution system characteristics, private plumbing components, and point-of-use treatment) Pennsylvania has the second highest number of residential wells of any state in the Nation with approximately 2.4 million residents that depend on groundwater for their domestic water supply. The groundwater used for domestic water supply in Bradford County is obtained primarily from shallow bedrock and from unconsolidated (glacial) deposits that overlie the bedrock. As reported in chapter 2, data for 72 domestic wells were collected and analyzed for a wide range of constituents that could be evaluated in relation to drinking water health standards, geology, land use, and other environmental factors. The occurrence of arsenic and uranium in groundwater at concentrations that exceed drinking-water standards is a concern because of the potential adverse effects on human health. The Connecticut Department of Public Health reported that there are about 322,600 private wells in Connecticut. The State does not require that existing private wells be routinely tested for arsenic, uranium, or other contaminants. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed an assessment in 2016 on the distribution of concentrations of arsenic and uranium in groundwater from bedrock in Connecticut. Chapter 3 presents the major findings for arsenic and uranium concentrations from water samples collected from 2013 to 2015 from private wells. The circumstances and response to Flint''s drinking water contamination involved implementation and oversight lapses at the EPA, the state of Michigan, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), and the city of Flint. Chapter 4 evaluates additional matters concerning the agency''s management controls when responding to the Flint contamination incident. Federal agencies have identified several billion dollars in existing and future tribal drinking water and wastewater infrastructure needs. Chapter 5 examines the extent to which selected federal agencies identified tribes'' drinking water and wastewater infrastructure needs and funded tribal water infrastructure projects, including tribes'' most severe sanitation deficiencies.

Comforting touch reduces reaction to stress, develops sense of empathy and helps impulse control. Free play outdoors helps develop social capacities and reduces aggression. A number of caregivers, besides mothers, influence the development of empathy, child''s IQ and ego resilience. We are aware that we are lacking on all these fronts and in most cases there is not much we can do about it. Small, nuclear families, two working parents, urban lifestyle and a huge influence media has on children development leaves very little that teachers and parents can do to affect children''s development and happiness. Most children do not know the meaning of empathy. Compassionate, moral behaviour is considered âuncool.'' Scientists believe that the problems are in the strange cultural and social practices of our modern life, particularly in the way we raise our children. This book aims to explore the crucial link between emotions, wellbeing and learning and the wider social factors affecting children''s happiness. The authors draw from a range of experience, examples, case studies and educational approaches to present this engaging text on children''s wellbeing and emotions. Focusing on children''s happiness more than on their academic achievements and positive behaviour, this book puts Children''s Smiles at the heart of teaching!

A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels by Robert Kerr is an 18 volume set that contains the complete history of the origin and progress of navigation, discovery, and commerce, by sea and land. In determining upon an era for the commencement of this work, Kerr was led, from a consideration of the accidental discovery of Iceland by the Norwegians in the ninth century, to adopt that period as the beginning of the series, both because the commencement of modern maritime discovery took place during the reign of a British sovereign, and because we derive the earliest written accounts of any of these discoveries from the pen of that excellent prince. It is true that the first accidental discovery of Iceland appears to have been made in 861, eleven years before the accession of Alfred to the throne; yet, as the actual colonization of that island did not take place till the year 878, the seventh of his glorious reign, we have been induced to distinguish the actual commencement of maritime discovery by the modern European nations as coinciding with his era.

The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary is the volunteer organization of the United States Coast Guard. In that role they support the United States Coast Guard in their non-law enforcement and boating safety missions to protect the homeland of the United States. In this timely publication you will explore the brief history of the United States Coast Guard and the origins of the United State Coast Guard Auxiliary as well as their homeland security missions. Through examination of the organization, membership and training requirement of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary you will have an understanding of what it takes to be a member of this patriotic organization and the important role these volunteers play in support of the United States Coast Guard and the homeland security of the nation. Through the United States Coast Guard America''s Waterway Watch program that is run by the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, you will learn about the signs of criminal activity and terrorism on or near the nation''s waterways and ports and role of the maritime industry in this effort.

This book compiles original and review advances from a number of different focuses and latest developments in the important field of plant biology/science from around the world. The publication will be a beneficial and valuable resource for many people and groups related to plant growth and development as well as teachers, researchers, commercial growers and advanced students of plant biological science. The proposed publication can be used in some interesting and unusual places such as biofuels, edible vaccine, phytoremediation and cosmetics.