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Mechanical science is the study of mechanical systems, their analysis, designing, structuring and manufacturing by integrating principles of physics, material science and engineering. Mechanical science has applications across various scientific fields. Its systems are used for purposes of designing structures of varying sizes, building automobiles, industrial equipment design, etc. With the rapid industrial growth in the last few decades, mechanical science as a scientific field of study has experienced a significant progress and has emerged as a multidisciplinary subject. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to mechanical science. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Fractional calculus falls under the domain of mathematical analysis. It focuses on the study of the differentiation operator in terms of real and complex number powers. Fractional calculus has various applications across other scientific fields such as polymer chemistry through structural damping models, in quantum theory through the analysis of Schrödinger's equation, etc. This book elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. The chapters provide significant information of this field to help develop a good understanding of fractional calculus and related fields. It also attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under this discipline and how such concepts have practical applications. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike as well as contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Materials that can be used for the construction or manufacturing of other products through an organized engineering activity are called engineering materials. Advancements in engineering materials drive the design and manufacture of new products. Some of the industrial processes surrounding such materials are processing techniques, quality analytic methods, material characterization and purification. These materials are tested for their properties and are accordingly divided into four essential categories: Metal alloys, Composite, Ceramic and Polymer. This book is compiled in such a way that it provides extensive information about the theories and practices that are applied to this field while also examining new methods and applications in close detail. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to engineering materials. With its detailed analyses and data, this book will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Mathematics is a vast field of study with applications in all major fields of science, engineering, business, economics, computer science and many more. Mathematics uses the tools of measurement, calculations, algebra, etc. to study concepts such as shape, quantity, structure and change. Some of the major branches of mathematics are algebra, calculus, geometry, topology, number theory, probability and statistics. The chapters included herein explore all the important aspects of mathematics in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Chromatography is a chemical process used to separate mixtures into their constituents. It is used as a technique across a number of industries such as ink factories, milk production, etc. As a method of separating mixtures, it can be performed in a variety of ways with different kinds of apparatus. Some popular techniques of chromatography include gas, column, liquid, ion exchange, thin layer, two-dimensional and reversed-phase chromatography among many others. Some of the topics included in this book elaborate the varied forms of chromatography. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Coatings are generally applied to the surface of objects for decorative, protective and functional purposes. There are multiple techniques of coating that can be applied to alter properties of substrates, make surfaces anti-reflective or corrosion resistant, or conducive to the flow of electric current, etc. This book presents the science behind coating, its applications, conceptual developments and new techniques. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this area. It strives to provide a fair idea about this field and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advancements in the applications of coatings. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Computational mathematics is concerned with the development of mathematical models of computation, numerical simulations and algorithm design. It is built on the principles of mathematics and computer science. Depending on their applications, branches of computational mathematics are categorized as computational linguistics, symbolic computation, game theory and cryptography, among many others. The models developed in computational mathematics have diverse applications in economics, finance, scientific simulations, computations, etc. This book covers in detail the innovative concepts that are crucial for the development of this field. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to mathematicians, software engineers, physicists, engineers and other experts and students associated with the area of computational mathematics.

Electrical and Electronic Systems fall under the branch of engineering that deals with the design and integration of active and passive electrical components to create innovative power systems. The field has applications in photonics, renewable energy generation, automation, robotics, telecommunications, electric and hybrid vehicle technologies among others. This book strives to present the latest theoretical and empirical studies to broaden the understanding of electrical and electronic systems. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of this area of study. Engineers, physicists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Developed as a subject of abstraction and logic to represent and solve real world problems, mathematics has transcended its boundaries into advanced domains of quantum mechanics, string theory, field theory, group theory and complex computation. It uses the principles of arithmetic, advanced algebra, calculus and geometry to develop mathematical formulations for such domains. Mathematical models of game theory, optimization and approximation theories have been used in the fields of economics, chemistry, biology, etc. This book discusses the advanced principles of pure and applied mathematics as well as their applications in modern sciences. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of all scientific disciplines. This book is a complete source of reference for researchers, mathematicians and students on the present status of this important field.

Physical chemistry, as a field of study, deals with the physical properties of chemical substances. It is the study of chemical structures using the concepts of energy, force, motion, etc. The theories and concepts of physical chemistry also have relevance across various fields of study such as photochemistry, material science, thermokinetics, etc. This book elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. It attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the field of physical chemistry.

The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of chromatography and its applications across various industrial fields. Chromatography as a chemical technique uses a variety of methods and apparatus to separate mixtures into their constituent components. Some examples of the industries that use this technique are food industry, forensic science, pharmaceutical industry, etc. This book presents the upcoming techniques and modern applications of chromatography in a comprehensive manner for easy understanding of the reader. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Extensive use of examples and student-friendly language makes this book a valuable source of knowledge. Those who wish to broaden their understanding of the subject will be greatly benefited by this book.

Textile manufacturing refers to the process of converting cotton, silk, jute, etc. into fabric to be used for clothes. The process primarily starts with knitting and weaving. Some other forms are braiding, plaiting, and bonding of fibers. The most common types of textiles manufactured around the world are linen, wool, cashmere, velvet, rayon, denim, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of textile manufacturing. It explores all the important aspects of the field in the present day scenario. This textbook attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of textile manufacturing.

Dielectric materials are materials that can store electrostatic charge. They are important materials that are used in the production of capacitors as well as industrial coatings, the electrophorus and the Van de Graaff generator. The electronics industry has greatly benefitted from the manufacture of such materials. Most dielectric materials are solids such as porcelain, plastics and mica but they can also include gases such as dry air and distilled water. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The study of properties, characteristics, and behavior of light and its relation with matter is known as optics. This field includes learning about the characteristics of infrared, ultraviolet and visible light. It also incorporates the construction of instruments and machines that use and detect light. This book outlines the processes and applications of optics in detail. It lays special attention on the theories and techniques related to the field. The book explores all the important aspects of this area in the present day scenario like quantum optics, physical optics, and fiber optics, etc. It presents the complex subject of optics in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from the book.

Audio engineering refers to the study and research related to the manipulation of sound using elements like mixing, equalization, reinforcement and electronic effects. It includes the study of music and also deals with the development of audio technology. This field has many sub-disciplines like musical acoustics, audio-signal processing, electroacoustics, speech, architectural acoustics, psychoacoustics, etc. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of audio engineering. Some of the diverse topics covered in it address the varied branches that fall under this category. This textbook is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Chemical biology studies the chemicals and the chemical reactions that are involved in biological activity. The research in this area often overlaps with disciplines of biochemistry, cell biology, pharmacology, etc. Chemical biology answers biological questions mainly by studying and evaluating the living systems at a chemical level. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of chemical biology. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. For all those who are interested in chemical biology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

Mathematics is concerned with the study of abstract numbers as well as real quantities. It studies various sets of numbers such as natural numbers, rational numbers, real numbers, integers, etc. Pure mathematics studies the inherent nature of abstract entities while applied mathematics uses methods that are derived from mathematics in diverse fields such as engineering, computer science, business, etc. This book will also provide interesting topics for research which readers can take up. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of mathematics.

The study of the electromagnetic force and the relation between electrically charged particles is known as electromagnetism. It is a sub-branch of physics and includes the study of magnetic field, light, electric field, etc. Other topics covered under this field are gravitation, strong interaction, and weak interaction. It also focuses on the properties of electrons. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of the subject and its utmost significance in modern times. The various sub-fields of electromagnetism along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in it. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this textbook covers the most significant topics in this field. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Materials which have electrical conductivity are known as semiconductors. These materials have different properties like being sensitive to heat and light, passing current in one direction, having variable resistance, can emit light, can be used as thermal energy converters, etc. The most common semiconductor materials are germanium, silicon carbide, organic compounds, gallium arsenide, silicon, etc. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of semiconductors which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. Most of the topics introduced in it cover new techniques and the applications of the semiconductor materials. This textbook is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on semiconductors.

As the population and resulting pollution is rising every year, it is causing a threat to our environment. Therefore, green solutions for things like transport, machinery, energy, etc. are important. Green transport is one such form of alternative approach towards reducing the emission of harmful gases from vehicles, thereby reducing the pollution. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of green transport. It discusses in detail the different concepts and theories related to this field in the present day scenario. Most of the topics introduced in this text cover new techniques and the applications of alternative transport. This textbook is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Today, life in many parts of the world cannot be imagined without Wifi technology. It has made the experience of Internet very unique and convenient. Wifi technology is wireless local area networking. It enables devices like smartphones, laptops, digital cameras, computers, modern printers, tablets, etc. to access Internet through wireless access point. This book presents the complex subject of Wifi technology in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of the subject. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this textbook an invaluable source of knowledge.

This book elucidates new techniques of chemical technology and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. It discusses in detail the concepts and methods used in this field. Chemical engineering refers to that sub-field of engineering, which transforms, produces and uses materials, chemicals and energy by applying laws of biochemistry, physics, microbiology and applied mathematics. The main concepts used in this field are process design, chemical reaction engineering, transport phenomena, etc. Such selected concepts that redefine chemical engineering have been presented in this text. The topics covered in it offer the readers new insights in this field. This textbook, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The behavior of varied devices is managed and regulated by control systems. Control systems are of two types, open loop control systems and closed loop control systems. Programmable logic controllers, PID controllers, microcontrollers are some common types of control systems. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of control systems and its utmost significance in modern times. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with control systems will benefit alike from this book.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, measurements, quantities and their correlation with each other. Arithmetic, algebra, geometry and analysis are the main branches of mathematics. Logic, uncertainty, probability, set theory, etc. are modern concerns that have become central to mathematics. This discipline is applied to diverse fields such as architecture, economics, etc. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book on mathematics address the varied branches that fall under this category. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with mathematics will benefit alike from this book.

Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies atoms, subatoms and particulate phenomena in order to understand concepts related to energy, force, motion, etc. It studies a number of theories to develop a better understanding of the effects of intermolecular forces, surface chemistry, colligative properties and electrochemical cells. This book elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Mobile technology is a rapidly expanding field of science and technology. Wireless networking, code division multiple access (CDMA), GPS navigation are some of the swiftly growing branches of mobile technologies. This book presents the complex subject of mobile technology in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Nanotechnology is the science and engineering that is conducted at the nanoscale level. It studies the application of matter at the atomic, molecular and supramolecular scale. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of nanotechnology and its related fields. As this field is emerging at a fast pace, this book will help the readers to better understand the concepts of nanotechnology. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The mathematical equations which define the relationship of a function with its derivatives are known as differential equations. The varied types of differential equations include ordinary, partial, non-linear and linear differential equations. They have applications in diverse fields such as quantum mechanics, electrodynamics, economics, chemistry, etc. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of differential equations and their utmost significance in modern times. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies have also been included. In this textbook, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of this field as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Physics is a vast field of study. It primarily studies the concepts of motion, energy and force with respect to matter. Modern physics expands into interdisciplinary fields such as quantum chemistry, biophysics, particle physics, etc. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of modern physics and how such concepts have practical applications. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

As physical metallurgy is one of the branches of metallurgy it deals with the thermal, electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties of metals and alloys. It includes applying the phase transformation elements and concepts to help understand the physical aspects of metals and alloys. The most common methodology used in this field is the CALPHAD. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of physical metallurgy and its utmost significance in modern times. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. The topics covered in the textbook offer the readers new insights in this field. It attempts to assist those with a goal of delving in this area.