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A travers les ¿uvres d¿auteures francophones camerounaises ¿ Lydie Dooh Bunya, Delphine Zanga-Tsogo, Calixthe Beyala, Léonora Miano, Hemley Boum et Djaïli Amadou Amal ¿ ce volume explore une littérature riche et diverse qui ouvre des voies et appelle des voix nouvelles. Ces silhouettes féminines affirment un espace littéraire, linguistique et intime propre, dans une langue enrichie de métissages et de libertés. Au travers de multiples approches critiques ¿ stratégies d¿écriture, liens méta- et intertextuels, affirmations identitaires, rapport aux origines, à la maternité ou à la sexualité, ce livre montre que ces récits d¿hier, d¿aujourd¿hui ou d¿un lendemain fantasmé transgressent les frontières de l¿indicible et sont poussés par des recherches identitaires personnelles aussi bien que collectives. Ainsi lectrices et lecteurs se trouvent-ils plongés dans des récits engagés entre traditions, transitions et transmissions.

«Mount Athos, for over a thousand years a centre for monasticism, has attracted pilgrims for nearly as long. This fascinating collection of essays discusses pilgrimage, the pilgrims, and the monks themselves. The Athonite ban on females has not precluded essays by women, testifying to the Holy Mountain¿s appeal, transcending geography.»(Fr Andrew Louth)Mount Athos is the chief centre of pilgrimage for Eastern Orthodox Christians. As the spiritual hub of the Orthodox world it is also home to more than two thousand monks. Each of its twenty monasteries welcomes thousands of pilgrims every year to venerate its holy icons, to make their confessions, and to listen to the wisdom of its elders. This book delves into the nature of pilgrimage, for both Western and Eastern Christians. It describes the pilgrim experience both from the standpoint of the visiting pilgrim (be it men to the Athonite monasteries or women to their daughter houses elsewhere) and from that of the receiving monk. What is it like to live the life of a monk or nun for a few precious days? And what is it like for the monks (and nuns) to receive literally thousands of pilgrims every year? And are they true pilgrims or are they really tourists? What is so special about Athos? This book will answer these questions.

Korruption und Manipulationen im Sport sind so alt, wie der Sport selbst. In der jüngeren Vergangenheit scheint die Manipulation von Sportveranstaltungen aufgrund der globalen medialen Verknüpfung allerdings ein nicht nur beiläufiges Phänomen zu sein. Verdachtsfälle erstrecken sich mittlerweile auf sämtliche Sportarten und über Ländergrenzen hinweg. Hier stellt sich die Frage: Welche Maßnahmen können seitens des Gesetzgebers, der Sportverbände und -vereine ergriffen werden, um präventiv auf die Vermeidung von Manipulationen hinzuwirken? Der Verfasser unterzieht die geltenden Regeln und Maßnahmen am Beispiel des Fußballsports in unterschiedlichen Fallkonstellationen einer Bewertung und stellt dar, wo Präventionsmaßnahmen zur Steigerung der Effektivität sinnvoll implementiert werden können.

This book was compiled, at the request of the CITIC Press, by Liang Peikuan ¿¿¿ (1925¿2021), the son of Liang Shuming ¿¿¿ (1893¿1988). Liang Shuming was known as the "Last Confucian," the "Last Buddhist," the "Hidden Buddhist," a "lifelong activist," a "unifier of thought and action," and so on. Part I "The Spirit of the Chinese Culture" is a collection of excerpts from Liang Shuming¿s previous publications, including his most famous Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies (1922). Part II "China and the West: Two Different Paths of Social Evolution" and Part III "The Need to Bring into Union Chinäs Strengths and Foreign Strengths" are the first reprints of what Liang Shuming wrote more than seventy years ago, between 1942 and 1949, too late to be included in the Complete Works of Liang Shuming (1989¿1993). The book looks at the cultural destiny of China, as Liang perceived it, of course.

This book draws from graph theory and a semiotic comparison between language and distributed ledger technologies (also known as Blockchains) to motivate three experiments on language and network structure. The work explores the importance of this concept in different areas of linguistic research and establishes elements of a tentative linguistics of networks. Its empirical investigation is based on data from threads posted to the imageboard Hispachan, which often displays radicalized language and hate speech. The experiments (based on topic modeling and sentiment analysis) reveal an impact of the network structure of interaction on the interaction itself as well as the use of ingroup signalling and emotionally charged vocabulary to expand the network of interaction..

El presente libro se centra en la creatividad artística, más concretamente, en el proceso de creación que lleva a cabo el actor/actriz desde su entrenamiento hasta la representación. El estudio conjuga la práctica actoral con el pensamiento científico, planteando la comprensión del trabajo interpretativo desde los avances que nos proporcionan las neurociencias y las ciencias cognitivas. A lo largo del texto se va desgranando qué nos aportan los descubrimientos actuales desde el ámbito neurocientífico y cómo pueden provocar una relectura innovadora respecto a los procesos y mecanismos que el actor/actriz pone en funcionamiento a la hora de interpretar.

A significant new contribution to Hemmingway scholarship, this book seeks to show that the moral world of The Sun Also Rises is profoundly unstable, and that every character can be seen as being both endorsed and critiqued by the text. This is manifested especially in Jake¿s status as a partially reliable narrator, and above all in his judgment of Brett. Jake consistently hides his true feelings for Brett from the reader and from himself, as he seeks to appear in control of his life. Reading the text in this way also renders the novel¿s famous conclusion less decisive than is usually assumed. This book will be of interest to upper-level undergraduates as well as graduate students and scholars.

Das vorliegende Werk beschäftigt sich mit der Definition und der Prozessgestaltung des Sozialen Forderungsmanagements in der Wohnungswirtschaft. Synergien zwischen der Zielsetzung der Wohnraumerhaltung und der Realisierung des Mieterlöses stellen die Grundlage dar. Es wird ein ganzheitlicher Konzeptansatz sowie vertieftes Anwenderwissen vermittelt. Die Erläuterung und rechtliche Würdigung wesentlicher Rechtsgrundlagen werden durch praxisnahe Vorschläge zur Rechtsgestaltung ergänzt. Erstmalig wird eine wissenschaftliche Verbindung zwischen der Psychologie und der Entstehung von Mietschulden hergestellt. Dieses umsetzbare Managementkonzept richtet sich insbesondere an Führungskräfte als auch an Mitarbeitende im Bereich des Forderungsmanagements eines Wohnungsunternehmens.

This book, adhering to the dominant and critical approaches in communication studies, explains new theoretical concepts with examples, their definitions and pioneers. Under the heading of dominant approaches, the language of new media, participatory culture, network society, technological transformation and persuasion technology approaches are defined. In the context of critical approaches, the concepts of simulacrum, digital socialism, online movements, surveillance society, digital labour, digital loneliness, collective intelligence and political economy are explained. In the new terminologies section, the concepts of big data, artificial intelligence, semantic web, digital addiction, mixed reality and digital diseases are given in the context of the concept of virtuality.

The southwestern borderland in imperial China covers the area encompassing present-day Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, southwestern Sichuan, and the northern part of the Indochina Peninsula, once under the Central Plains dynasty¿s rule. For more than two millennia, China exercised varying degrees of political and military control over this region. The book traces the history of the dynamic and delicate relationship between the imperial court and the southwestern borderland throughout the Han, Jin, Southern, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, and examines how the Nanyue, Shu- Han, Nanzhao, and Dali regimes governed the region. The author¿s close analysis of both the governance strategy and its implementation sheds critical lights on how this important relationship was sustained for such a long period of time.

This book investigates men and quiltmaking, an under-researched part of theU.S.-American quilt world. It analyzes the connection between the genderedness ofmaterial practice and White masculinity concepts in the U.S.-American mainstream.The examination of the construct of masculinity in two quilt novel series from the2010s aims to answer the question of whether the characters¿ attitudes towardsquiltmaking and quilts as objects provide information about change in heterosexualgender relations and whether the fictional masculinities in Wanda E. Brunstetter¿s orAnn Hazelwood¿s novels promote new approaches to manhood. Due to the paucity ofscholarly work on contemporary quilt fiction, this book also contributes to the studyof a hybrid genre.

During the 20th century, the Dai people lived a traditional agrarian life, with minimal modern industry and commerce. Yet unlike other rural societies and ethnic groups such as the Han, birthrate was moderate and there was no son preference. To understand this apparent anomaly, the book draws on a range of anthropological and psychological theories of human behavior by scholars such as Fei Xiaotong, Li Yinhe and Abraham Maslow, and shows the complexity of human fertility behavior, and the inadequacy of purely economic theories.The prevalence of Theravada Buddhist, abundant natural resources and an inheritance system that is agnostic about the sex of the children are key factors in the persistent low fertility and belief in gender equality among the Dai people. The author argues that this understanding of how low fertility rate can take place without overt policy intervention has important implications for what China might do to prepare for its demographic future.

This is the first study to examine the intersections of Indigenous scholarship, theories of New Materialism and Native American fiction regarding the Anthropocene future. The book discusses selected speculative fiction novels by North American Indigenous female writers such as Zainab Amadahy, Rebecca Roanhorse, Melissa Tantaquidgeon Zobel, Cherie Dimaline and Louise Erdrich. They offer a distinctive contribution to the emerging trend in Native American literature called Indigenous futurisms. The writers challenge established paradigms of science fiction genre by presenting alternative worlds where Indigenous people are heroes and Native knowledge means power. The book discusses how academic theory and selected Indigenous speculative fiction address the possibilities for more complex conceptions of the materiality of human bodies and the more-than-human world.

La montée en puissance du numérique s¿est opérée très rapidement dans le monde, qüelle modifie radicalement. Communiquer, travailler, s¿informer, se cultiver, jouer, s¿orienter¿; tout cela se fait à présent de façon «¿virtuelle¿». On voit ce qüon y gagne, en facilités nombreuses, et il est difficile de s¿en passer¿; mais on commence aussi à s¿apercevoir de ce qüon peut y perdre.Cet ouvrage, fruit d¿échanges et de dialogues inter ou transdisciplinaires, vise à appréhender les déclinaisons du numérique, entendu comme appareillage quel qu'il soit, physique ou symbolique, venant suppléer aux limites de l'humain. Il traite notamment de la question sensible de la place du corps à l¿heure de¿la virtualisation. Il aborde aussi le problème des territoires et des frontières face à une technologie «¿sans limites¿». Il pose enfin la question de la qualité de nos liens et de notre faculté de penser en contexte numérique

The process of the Orthodoxization of memory in Russia started long before the Russian Orthodox Church engaged in the memory politics. It was a grassrooted process initiated by both the living and the dead. By using religious symbols and rituals, various groups of living were restoring their relationship with the forgotten dead of Soviet repressions and war. When the Moscow Patriarchate has returned to active public life and started developing its religious memory infrastructure, the Orthodoxization process got a new up¿down dimension. Finally, a turn of the Putin¿s regime towards religious commemorative practices caused the disappearance of the boundary between religious and political memory. The bricolage memory, consisting of elements of Orthodox tradition and Soviet memory culture, appeared.

Lors de la « mise en mots » du Crémant de Bourgogne, comment les discours des consommateurs s¿articulent-ils avec ceux des experts ? Cette étude cherche à comprendre ces différentes constructions discursives, ainsi que les choix terminologiques qui y sont associés, en présence ou en l¿absence de stimulus. Une étude complémentaire vient enrichir ces travaux avec une analyse qui se concentre sur les espumantes brésiliens. En effet, ce produit est en grande partie comparable au Crémant de Bourgogne, bien qüinscrit dans une langue-culture où la consommation de vin n¿est pas ancrée culturellement, mais où la production et la commercialisation de vins effervescents sont en plein essor.

El presente volumen recoge un total de 16 textos que ofrecen nuevas perspectivas en el campo de Traducción y la Interpretación con aportaciones que giran en torno a la lengua española en contraste con otras lenguas como el inglés, el italiano, el chino, el checo o el polaco. Estas propuestas se enmarcan dentro de los estudios de traducción e interpretación jurídica, traducción comercial, traducción técnica, didáctica de la traducción e interpretación, traducción audiovisual o traducción institucional. Con esta obra pretendemos dar a conocer nuevas líneas de investigaciones que ponen el foco en combinaciones lingüísticas que no han sido ampliamente estudiadas en el ámbito hispánico desde una perspectiva traductológica.

Gelare Matin untersucht das neugefasste Modellgesetze über Mediation im Vergleich einerseits zu dem vorausgehenden Modellgesetz von 2002, andererseits zu der Singapore Convention. Weitere vergleichende Bezüge werden zum UNCITRAL-Modellgesetz über die Internationale Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit von 1985/2006 sowie zum New Yorker Übereinkommmen über die Anerkennung und Vollstreckung ausländischer Schiedssprüche von 1958 gezogen.

En la comunidad de habla LGTBI se utilizan palabras tradicionalmente utilizadas como formas nominales de tratamiento degradantes, ahora reapropiadas por sus miembros. En estas páginas se presenta un análisis de estas, que abre camino a los estudios queer en la lingüística hispánica. Mientras que estos lexemas son utilizados en actos amenazantes en el habla común de la sociedad actual, dentro de este colectivo son recursos afiliativos que establecen relaciones de solidaridad. Este cambio es posible tras un proceso de reapropiación y resignificación léxica. Además, uno de los efectos más significativos del uso de estas formas son los actos performativos que se generan, los cuales influyen en la transmisión de una realidad alternativa en la que las personas LGTBI son el canon de normalidad.

«This fascinating study of gesture makes an original contribution to film studies through the persuasive insights it offers into the significance of gesture in its different manifestations in post-New Wave cinema. Meticulous analysis of an eclectic choice of examples and compelling meditations on wider questions of social conditioning, human memory and gender make this book essential reading.»(Dr Albertine Fox, Senior Lecturer in French Film, University of Bristol)Since the invention of cinema in the late nineteenth century, gesture has been a central preoccupation and source of innovation for early film pioneers and avant-garde filmmakers. A non-verbal form of expression and communication characterised by movement, gesture is a key theoretical concept in film analysis that raises crucial questions about the medium specificity of cinema. This book uses an interdisciplinary and intermedial approach to read gesture in terms of its interplay with film technology and its relations with the visual and performing arts.The author examines the aesthetics of gesture in a selection of films made during a complex historical and cultural period marked by the disintegration of the French New Wave, the uprisings of May 1968 and the decline of postwar economic prosperity. The book offers an in-depth study of the works of major and often under-explored French and Francophone filmmakers, artists, writers and intellectuals, including Chantal Akerman, Fernand Deligny, Jean-Luc Godard, Pierre Klossowski, Anne-Marie Miéville, Georges Perec, Bernard Queysanne, Jacques Rivette, Renaud Victor and Pierre Zucca. While revitalising the expression of gesture in modern sound cinema, their films developed radical ways of representing and revealing the impact of sociocultural conditioning on the body.

El libro presenta un recorrido por diferentes campos de estudio como la historia de la lengua española, la sociolingüística, la lexicología y la lexicografía. Dentro de estas áreas se plantean aspectos importantes como el tipo de fuentes y de corpus utilizados para las investigaciones. Este libro está dirigido a investigadores que quieran conocer el estado de estudios en estas áreas en América Latina; a los profesores de lingüística que quieran acercar a sus estudiantes a estos campos del conocimiento a través de trabajos que recogen la realidad de diversos países con métodos que pueden ser aplicados en diferentes contextos; y a todos los interesados en la lengua española y su filología que quieran aproximarse a la situación de nuestra lengua en Latinoamérica.

Die Besteuerung von Kryptowährungen stellt sowohl in der wissenschaftlichen als auch der steuerlichen Praxis ein immer größer werdender Themenbereich dar. Die Beantwortung der sich stetig aufwerfenden Fragen setzt neben einem Verständnis für die zugrundeliegende Technologie und der zivilrechtlichen Einordnung vor allem eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit den Grundsätzen des deutschen Steuerrechts voraus. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt zunächst einen Einblick in die technischen Grundlagen von Kryptowährungen sowie den einzelnen technischen Implikationen. Nach einer kurzen zivilrechtlichen Würdigung werden Einblicke in die einzelnen Aspekte der Besteuerung, insbesondere auf die differenzierte Betrachtung innerhalb der einzelnen Krypto-Token Typen und der verschiedenen Anwendungen gewährt. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt stellt dabei die Besteuerung von Krytpo-Token aus seiner Hard-Fork dar, deren Besteuerung nach dem deutschen Steuerrecht einen über die Ansicht des BMF hinausgehende Handlungspflicht des Gesetzgebers erfordern dürfte. Insgesamt lässt der stetige Wandel und das wachsende Interesse sowohl der Politik als auch der Anleger an Kryptowährungen im Hinblick auf eine der Technologie gerecht werdenden Besteuerung für die Zukunft viele spannende rechtliche Wendungen und Debatten erwarten.

In dieser Studie wird anhand der rationalen Philologie die Entwicklung der historischen Frankenkönigin Brunichildis (¿ 613) zu einer literarischen Figur in drei Hauptvarianten untersucht: Im Nibelungenlied erscheint Brünhild als Königin, in den isländischen Texten als Walküre, in den kontinental-skandinavischen als Burgherrin. Es gilt als gängige Annahme, dass Heldenlieder lange vor der schriftlichen Fixierung mündlich überliefert wurden. Der rationalen Philologie zufolge begann dagegen die schriftliche Tradition mit dem Nibelungenlied. Laut der Schriftlichkeitsthese beruht dieses Epos allein auf Handschriften und gelangte frühzeitig nach Skandinavien. Dort diente es zuerst als Vorlage für Snorris Edda, welche wiederum die Lieder-Edda und die Völsungasaga anregte, später für die norwegische Thidrekssaga und die schwedische Didrikskrönikan.

Rethinking Multimodal Literacy in Theory and Practice highlights the need for an interdisciplinary approach to effectively address the complexities of concepts, tools, and processes in educational settings. This volume aims to contribute to developing the interconnection between a multimodal approach to pedagogies and multiliteracies development with particular attention to teaching critical thinking skills. It provides valuable insights into current challenges in specific educational domains and offers a wide range of multimodal practices, complemented by special attention to improving participants¿ multiliteracies. As such, it is a valuable resource for those seeking to understand and implement effective multimodal teaching practices.

This volume is a collection of papers written over the course of forty years. It examines political attitudes, patterns of political behavior, and institutional framework of transition to democracy in Poland. Its contents have been shaped by and provide commentary on the often-dramatic political developments in Poland: the emergence of the massive liberation movement ¿Solidarity¿ in 1980¿81; the dissent against the communist regime in the 1980s; the struggles to pave the roads toward consolidated democracy in the 1990s; and the problems with adaptation to European liberal values in the 21st century that led to democratic backsliding. In conclusion, it presents the cultural and structural background of the cleavage between the proponents of open society and its enemies.

This edited collection sheds new light on the complex dialogue between religion and science which played out at universities in South-East Europe during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This discourse took place against a backdrop of great political, cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity, as well as the long-term transition from Habsburg rule to new nation states. The book¿s contributors¿an international team of scholars with a wide range of expertise¿delve into a range of key questions, including the influence of political regimes on faculties of theology and implications for university autonomy, the role of theology as a science in defining the status of these faculties, and the development of science in the face of religious divisions.The book will appeal to readers interested in religious and intellectual history, the history of science, and the relationship between faith and science, as well as all those interested in South-East Europe either side of the First World War."The collection holds significant value for graduate and postgraduate students, especially when studying the relationship between faith and science, the approach to theology as a science, and critical examination of specific dogmatic and ecumenical matters. The contributors to this volume provide insightful analyses on these topics, making it an indispensable resource for scholars seeking to enrich their understanding of these complex areas of inquiry."¿Ante Mateljan, Professor of Systematic Theology, University of Split, Croatia

«A pioneering first in the English language. This is a wonderfully subtle, multifaceted study of the image in the work of one of Portugal¿s greatest writers. Admirable for its depth of analysis and breadth of coverage, this is a real gift for new learners of Portuguese and established scholars alike.»(Hilary Owen, University of Oxford)«The present collection of essays, produced by some of the best scholars who have dealt with Lídia Jorge¿s work, should be of great help to English readers not familiar with the original language of a compelling, engaging writer deeply concerned with the world she lives in and the future of us all.»(Onésimo Teotónio Almeida, Brown University)As Aristotle has written, the image is at the core of the soul¿s language. Indeed, given its significant potential and capacity for revelation ¿ heightened in a society dominated by visual culture ¿ the image would seem to be key to reflecting, critically and creatively, on humanity and on history itself. Lídia Jorge has asserted several times that her writing has always taken as its starting point a powerful and inspiring image, which concentrates the various meanings and reflections that she intends to explore while also dispersing these across her texts. Radiating from the initial image, Jorge manages to develop a gaze which is simultaneously critical, thorough and informative. Scholars point out that whenever language opens to universal images and mythologies capable of conveying visions of clarity, the subversive power of beauty is re-asserted. This power is confirmed and examined from different points of view and theories in this volume.

We live in a rapidly changing world, called VUCA, with its unique challenges and opportunities for growth and innovation. To be able to adjust changes and navigate complexities, leaders need to be prepared for the crises and opportunities that await them. That is why this book provides current information on the new leadership skills and the ways for enhancing VUCA readiness of educational leaders. This book is thought to be a comprehensive guide to help today¿s educational leaders thrive in VUCA by addressing the topics such as managing change and complexity, authentic leadership, agility, resilience and digital transformation. Thus, the book addresses all practitioners, leaders and teachers who need a practical guide on how to expand their vision, enhance their skills to lead in constantly changing educational environments.

Migration and Creation in Aztec and Maya Literature provides a new perspective on migration and creation episodes in the Popol Vuh of the Quiché Maya Indians of highland Guatemala, demonstrating that they are largely borrowed from Aztec sources. These findings upend previous interpretations resulting from the widely held belief that the Popol Vuh is the most "authentic" Maya book. Victoria Bricker¿s careful historical analysis explains the origin of these borrowings, which stemmed from the expansion of the Aztec empire southward from the Central Valley of Mexico into the highlands of what is today the Mexican state of Chiapas and continuing into highland Guatemala as far south as the town of Utatlán, whose rulers then intermarried with members of the Aztec royal family.This innovative volume explores new ground, comparing Aztec pictorial representations of migration with Maya written descriptions of the same events and showing that they have much in common. Bricker¿s exploration of creation narratives demonstrates that the Aztec treatment of multiple creations is more coherent than the Popol Vuh version because it describes the end of each creation before embarking on a new creation, whereas the Popol Vuh version refers to the end of all creations only once. Bricker also provides a new interpretation of creation texts from the archaeological sites of Quirigua and Palenque that challenges models suggesting that the Precolumbian Maya, like the Aztecs, believed in multiple creations. Students of Latin American history will find fresh insights regarding interactions and cultural contact in Late Prehispanic Mesoamerica in Bricker¿s study. Victoria Bricker, one of the most accomplished scholars in the field of Mesoamerican studies, presents a fascinating hypothesis about creation legends in this new book. Synthesizing references to Mesoamerican migration and creation accounts in the Colonial period and ethnographic literature, she concludes that the multiple creation events recorded in the Popol Vuh, a colonial-period Quiché Maya text, were derived from Central Mexican traditions. Bricker finds no evidence for multiple creation events in Classic period Maya texts, and suggests that the narrative recorded in the Popol Vuh was probably transferred from the Aztec outpost in Zinacantán, Chiapas, to Quiché nobility, who aspired to increase their status by linking their creation narrative to Aztec accounts. This book provides a stimulating new look at the exchange of ideas across Mesoamerica, and will certainly lead scholars to reexamine the often-claimed link between the Popol Vuh and Classic Maya iconography.¿Dr. Susan Milbrath, Emeritus Curator of Latin American Art and Archaeology Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, GainesvilleThis is an extraordinary book. Only Victoria Bricker¿with her mastery of Maya linguistics, hieroglyphics, and colonial sources, and her knowledge of Aztec texts¿could have compared Aztec and Maya creation literature in the probing and thoughtful way she has. The short chapters, each with its clear focus, carry her analysis naturally forward to a deeper understanding of the Popol Vuh and, indeed, much migration and creation literature in Mesoamerica.¿Dr. Elizabeth Hill Boone, Professor Emerita, Tulane University

One of the constitutional obligations of states is the defence of human rights. Such state activities encompass providing free pre-litigation legal aid. In search for solutions allowing to improve Polish model, the authors employed a comparative method. As a result, they analysed solutions adopted in international law, Sweden, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.Swedish law is an example of a system with a rich legislative history in the area of free legal aid and contemporary solutions based on the model of legal aid with a ¿discount¿. The choice of Ukraine was based on the fact that its regulations are very modern, elastic and put to the ultimate test of war. The United Kingdom was chosen as an example of a country with a common law system, where pre-litigation-free legal aid has its unique form based on grant financing.In the summary of the book, the authors strive for presenting the proposal of a model of free pre-litigation legal aid for the polish legal system based on the experience of compared legal systems.