Bøker utgitt av Ramachandra Reddy

Malaysia has criminalised sex work. However, its geographic location, porous borders andproximity to major trade and traffic routes have ensured a growth in sex trafficking activities.As a result, the 'United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime' and the 'United States Traffickingin Persons Report' have categorised Malaysia as a destination, transit and source point for sextrafficking in Asia. In response to such categorisations, Malaysia has ratified the (Palermo)'Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women andChildren' and structured its anti-trafficking laws around prosecution, protection andprevention (referred to as the '3P' policy).This thesis shows that the enforcement of victim-protection policies is carried out incontradictory ways in Malaysia. Trafficked women are portrayed as victims in need of careand protection, but also as individuals who have violated immigration laws and engaged in'immoral' acts. This results in state practices that (re)victimise women through policing,immigration and court processes which are often deeply stressful, traumatising and violent.Punitive practices - including 'state and rescue' operations and long-term detention - havebeen legitimised and branded as 'victim protection'. In this context, the thesis argues thatcurrent policies and practices represent a continuing form of violence against migrant womenin Malaysia.

Many women need to take medicines during the postpartum period, but there is limited evidence about the impact of women's medicine use postpartum on breastfeeding practices. The main objective of this dissertation was to contribute evidence about whether postpartum women's medicine use has a negative impact on their breastfeeding practices, using a large population-based dataset. The thesis focused on 1) medicine use for chronicillnesses, 2) psychotropic medicine use, especially SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, a class of antidepressant), and 3) antibiotic use especially for mastitis.Firstly, I conducted a systematic literature review (which is already published) and wrote three papers (prepared for three international journals), based on data analysis of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) which currently includes 95000 mothers. Singleton postpartum women and their children were included in the analysis. Sample size varied for each article based on the selection criteria for each analysis. Descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression and survival analysis were used for the analyses.

Research on dehumanisation has typically examined the factors that lead individualsto dehumanise others. This dissertation is significant in that it is among the first attempts toempirically investigate dehumanisation from the perspective of the dehumanised individual.Chapter 1 reviewed the literature and discussed the importance of investigatingdehumanisation from the perspective of the victim. Chapter 2 explored the range ofexperiences people view as dehumanising. A qualitative study using recalled dehumanisingepisodes investigated who respondents identified as the perpetrator and their emotionalreactions to dehumanisation. The results of Study 1 showed that dehumanisation occurs on acontinuum ranging from extreme cases of ongoing abuse to single instances of light ridicule.Further, dehumanisation was more likely to occur within the context of the victim's socialnetwork rather than with outgroup members or socially distant others. Emotional reactions todehumanisation commonly involved intense feelings of shame, anger and sadness.Social exclusion was found to be a dehumanising experience in Chapter 2. Using aquasi-experimental design, the study in Chapter 3 investigated whether experiences ofanimalistic and mechanistic dehumanisation negatively impact the fundamental needsincluding belonging, control, self-esteem and meaningful existence. The findings revealedthat experiences of animalistic dehumanisation are just as likely as exclusion to threaten thefundamental needs. Whereas, experiences of mechanistic dehumanisation are less likely tothreaten one's sense of self-esteem and belonging compared to being excluded.