Bøker utgitt av Self Publisher

Investigations on automatic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for single-phase standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems involve in-depth studies and analysis of MPPT algorithms and their application in optimizing the power output of PV systems operating independently from the grid. Standalone PV systems are commonly used in remote areas or off-grid applications to generate electricity from solar energy.The investigations begin by examining the principles of MPPT and the importance of accurate tracking in maximizing the power generation from PV panels. Various MPPT algorithms, such as Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance, and Fractional Open Circuit Voltage, are evaluated and compared in terms of their effectiveness, accuracy, and response time. The focus is on identifying the most suitable algorithm for automatic MPPT control in single-phase standalone PV systems.The investigations also consider the design and implementation aspects of automatic MPPT control in standalone PV systems. Factors such as system architecture, sensor selection, control loop design, and communication interfaces are taken into account to ensure efficient and reliable MPPT operation. Additionally, considerations related to system stability, noise immunity, and anti-islanding protection are addressed to ensure safe and robust operation of the standalone PV system.The performance evaluation of the automatic MPPT algorithms is a crucial part of the investigations. Real-world experiments are conducted under different environmental conditions, including varying solar irradiance levels, temperature changes, and shading effects. The investigations analyze the algorithms' ability to accurately track the maximum power point (MPP) and assess their performance in terms of power extraction efficiency, response time, and tracking accuracy.Furthermore, the investigations explore the impact of system parameters, such as PV panel characteristics, converter topologies, and energy storage systems, on the performance of the automatic MPPT control. The aim is to understand the interactions and dynamics between different components and optimize the system design for improved MPPT performance and overall energy generation.The findings of the investigations provide valuable insights into the automatic MPPT control for single-phase standalone PV systems. They contribute to the development of more efficient and reliable PV systems that can autonomously track and extract the maximum power from solar energy. These investigations also pave the way for advancements in standalone PV system technologies, enabling reliable and sustainable electricity generation in areas without grid access or in off-grid applications.

The sources from which electrical energy is derived are getting exhausted day by day. So, the need has arisen to look for other renewable sources of energy which would meet the increasing demand. This is where the need of employing smart meter in residential houses arises. Smart meter helps householders to understand the pattern of electricity consumption by their houses' appliances and as a result find alternatives to lessen the energy consumption . In the present day a considerable amount of electricity is consumed by the household sector. An awareness among people regarding the consumption pattern will help to reduce electricity consumption . Efficient load monitoring in the metering side of households can improve the household energy management system considerably. In the residential energy monitoring system, the deployment of smart meters will have enormous contribution to the efficient and effective management system of energy. Real-time information, more reliable, secure, about consumers can be accessed by this. Consumers can have information of their energy consumption pattern and thereby use electricity judiciously through the communication between them and utility. The acquisition of data will be faster and more accurate with the concept of smart greed which was not possible earlier on account of lacking real-time information. For collection of real time data residences should be provided with sensors or devices for gathering such information and smart appliances for management and optimization of consumption of energy. Keeping in mind the fact that a smart grid is vital for implementing load monitoring and identification, this chapter deals with the conception regarding smart grid and its effective implementation in residential sector. The identification of loads and its monitoring are also the concerns of this chapter. In recent times, global utility industries are giving much endeavour to address challenges like generation heterogeneity, demand response, reduction in overall emission of carbon and conservation of energy. While conventional power grid, in vogue is unable to address such critical issues, it is expected from smart grid or intelligent grid to cover up the vital deficiency of the power grid used conventionally The rising energy demand and the scarcity of resources have made it extremely important to conserve energy throughout the world. Globally, out of the total energy consumption, consumption of residential energy accounts for a lion's share and it is predicted to rise in the upcoming days. For instance, in the European Union, 40% of the generated electricity is consumed by the residential sector and it is envisaged that the world-wide demand of energy will increase considerably by 2030. In United States too, approximately 35% of the whole energy produced gets consumed by the residential sector. Moreover, this consumption is estimated to rise by 15% by the year 2030 . Apart from energy price hikes and change in climate, the rise in consumption of energy will also affect a country's economy directly. In view of the above, it is very essential to reduce energy consumption, especially at the residential sector, significantly. To achieve this, residential energy consumption monitoring and relaying of data back to the consumers play a significant role.

Load Serving Entity (LSE) is a new player in the electricity market, emerging due to deregulation and restructuring of power supply systems. It supplies electricity to the consumers that do not participate directly in the Wholesale Electricity Market (WEM). It performs the role of intermediator between consumers and generators/ producers of electricity by procuring electricity from WEM and selling it to consumers Electricity procurement incurs cost and electricity selling generates revenue. The difference between revenue and cost is profit. This profit margin is generally narrow . LSE maximizes this difference by minimizing procurement cost and maximizing revenue. Hence, LSE adopts a decision making process for optimal procurement and sale price decisions with an aim to minimize cost and maximize revenue. Evolving competition in the electricity markets comes up with opportunities and challenges for LSEs. Concerns of effective and strategic decision making have been raised to exploit benefits from opportunities while managing/ handling associated challenges. This is driving enormous interest of research community towards strategic decision making.

Resource assessment is the primary and essential exercise towards project evaluation. In renewable energy projects the resource assessment exercise is important because of the intermittent nature of the resource. The maximum possible value of solar radiation on earth is solar constant (i.e. 1367 W/m2 ); which is the part of the energy emitted by the sun per unit time intercepted by a unit area of surface perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the radiation at the earth's mean distance from sun outside the atmosphere. Hence this indicates the maximum level of solar radiation available close to the earth, while as experienced on the earth's surface, the intensity of incident solar radiation varies, due to earth's rotation and variation of distance from the sun throughout the year. The solar radiation intensity at any location varies throughout the year due to variation in solar declination angle, solar hour angle and geographical angles like latitude and longitude. Besides these atmospheric conditions, such as humidity, cloud cover, amount of dust in air etc contribute towards attenuation of solar radiation received on the earth's surface.

With the advancement of technology as well as population throughout the world, the demand of electricity has increased in last few decades. Globally, the per-capita consumption of electricity, a parameter to gauge the development and economic growth of a country, has increased sharply. The growth in electrical energy consumption has kept the required demand unfulfilled. Although a large amount of electrical energy has been added yearly to the installed capacity, the gap in demand and supply is increasing every year. The growth in demand of electrical energy has been so phenomenal that it exceeds the supply by a handsome margin. The growth and development of generation, transmission and distribution sectors have not kept pace with the demand of electricity. Even the development amongst generation, transmission and distribution has been skewed. Pre-deregulation, all power utilities were owned and managed by government with monopoly in operation. This deteriorated the condition of utility due to various reasons such as mounting losses, corruption, system lethargy, unavailability of financial resources, no thrust for modernization and expansion etc. Also, the utility was unable to meet the increasing demand. The monopoly in its operation also leads to poor service to customers and under utilization of available resources. All these had compelled the government to give a rethink on the existing policies and resulted in the process of deregulating the electricity sector which would introduce the private players in it. This was expected to improve operational efficiency and service quality. As a result, power utilities were unbundled into different independent business entities which are Generation Company (GENCO), Transmission Company (TRANSCO) and Distribution Company (DISCO).

Cartoons the world over have generated interest to a particular topic through their simple way of putting forth messages across to the public. There are various types of cartoons, animated and two dimensional cartoons. Two dimensional cartoons use visual metaphors in them to help communicate the difficult and uninteresting subjects in a more comprehensive manner with ease. Cartoons are basically more visual in nature and it is this aspect of the cartoons that attracts attention. Visuals are lighter in tone and there is not much of a strain in understanding what is depicted in it. It has attracted the attention of the young and the old alike as it stands out from all the other matters of text, photographs and videos. Cartoons promote participation in discussions by their ability to construct things that are serious in tone to something lighter. They are easy to connect with people and have dealt with political and social issues. Over all, cartoon attract entertain, educate, and arrest the interest of the people. Cartoons are very powerful weapons and they have initiated public debate. Each cartoonist has a peculiar way of portraying the same message. The peculiarity of cartooning becomes the style of the cartoonist. There are various types of cartoons: strip cartoons, editorial cartoons, pocket cartoons and concept cartoons. Strip cartoons have multiply frames and are continuous like a strip. The message is conveyed through the sequence of the continuous frame. One has to follow the sequence of the strip cartoon to understand the message conveyed. There are cartoons that are known as pocket cartoons where a single idea/concept is portrayed. These cartoons are smaller in size compared to the editorial cartoons. Editorial cartoons are cartoons that appear in the editorial page of newspapers and magazines. There are others who just draw cartoons to convey a single concept or a message. They are known as concept cartoons.

Cartoons the world over have generated interest to a particular topic through their simple way of putting forth messages across to the public. There are various types of cartoons, animated and two dimensional cartoons. Two dimensional cartoons use visual metaphors in them to help communicate the difficult and uninteresting subjects in a more comprehensive manner with ease. Cartoons are basically more visual in nature and it is this aspect of the cartoons that attracts attention. Visuals are lighter in tone and there is not much of a strain in understanding what is depicted in it. It has attracted the attention of the young and the old alike as it stands out from all the other matters of text, photographs and videos. Cartoons promote participation in discussions by their ability to construct things that are serious in tone to something lighter. They are easy to connect with people and have dealt with political and social issues. Over all, cartoon attract entertain, educate, and arrest the interest of the people. Cartoons are very powerful weapons and they have initiated public debate. Each cartoonist has a peculiar way of portraying the same message. The peculiarity of cartooning becomes the style of the cartoonist. There are various types of cartoons: strip cartoons, editorial cartoons, pocket cartoons and concept cartoons. Strip cartoons have multiply frames and are continuous like a strip. The message is conveyed through the sequence of the continuous frame. One has to follow the sequence of the strip cartoon to understand the message conveyed. There are cartoons that are known as pocket cartoons where a single idea/concept is portrayed. These cartoons are smaller in size compared to the editorial cartoons. Editorial cartoons are cartoons that appear in the editorial page of newspapers and magazines. There are others who just draw cartoons to convey a single concept or a message. They are known as concept cartoons.

Cartoons are sketches or portraits that can b¿ pr¿s¿nt¿d in many ways in print or oth¿r m¿dia. Comic strips, animat¿d movi¿s, drawings in t¿xt books, n¿wspap¿rs and magazin¿s ar¿ v¿ry popular among th¿ audi¿nc¿. At pr¿s¿nt, phantom stori¿s ar¿ b¿ing conv¿rt¿d into cartoon strips. Cartoons ar¿ not only m¿ant for kids but ar¿ also targ¿t¿d at an adult audi¿nc¿. Walt Disn¿y was th¿ first to introduc¿ cartoon charact¿rs' in motion for the ¿nt¿rtainment of childr¿n. Such cartoons ar¿ v¿ry common today and may b¿ ¿ducational in natur¿. Cartoonists' poss¿ss v¿ry k¿¿n obs¿rvational skills and d¿pict th¿ soci¿ty through m¿taphors in th¿ir cartoons. Th¿ cartoons may b¿ consid¿r¿d as th¿ artist's tak¿ or comm¿nt on th¿ r¿aliti¿s of th¿ soci¿ty, ¿ncompassing subj¿cts which ar¿ political, administrativ¿, judicial, ¿nvironm¿ntal or ¿conomic in natur¿.

The creative process of Therapeutic Art in the field of caricature and cartoon paves the way and results in an unparalleled comfort and relaxation. Sometimes it is difficult for an individual to laugh genuinely and without any obligation to do so, especially when a person is trapped under the grasp of severe mental illness, and might be insecure or sensitive due to several torments of their lives. Many individuals have found a way and tried to make an attempt to cope with certain confusions around them by binding themselves with piece of art or other forms of visual arts. This confusion can be cured by a sudden appreciation of therapeutic art, which has the tendency of being ridiculous or humorous sometimes.

Communication of messages can be done verbally or non-verbally. Verbal communication includes oral and written messages and non-verbal communication includes body language, gestures, facial expressions, proximity, etc. Another mean through which messages can be communicated effectively is visual communication. Visual communication ranges from cave paintings to today's new media messages. In early era, people used to draw pictures on walls or on the surface of rocks or in cave using bones. After the usage of bones, people started using stones to draw paintings and then iron tools were developed. Visual communication is considered as more effective than verbal or non-verbal communication because there is no language or geographical barrier.

It is opined that with the motive of supplying entertainment to home, rather than public places, TV was invented. In the early years TV became the extention of radio programmes. The initial TV personalities were radio stars, who defected to the new medium because of its glamour. News, sports, political events and elections were the major programmes. With TV becoming a household medium, the tilt towards programmes for children and women became prominent. Family entertainment assumed importance. Children and youth are the susceptible demographic sectors of TV. These groups watch TV most and get used / influenced by it. The serious changes in their approach to clothes, concept of beauty and tilt towards particular lifestyle images are due to TV. It reinforces particular patterns of consumption. While young people are attracted by urban and modern lifestyles, the elderly people seek the rural and traditional fare on TV. When it comes to language, English and Hindi dominate the air-waves. Consequently, the other native languages have started borrowing words and expressions from these two languages. A new language carries new ideas, concepts and new value will impact the local or traditional culture. Thus TV has imposed linguistic hegemony.

A couple of decades back moms used to remain at their homes and the kids lived in a solid situation under the direction of mother and grandparents. They had adapted great conduct and other virtues from the senior individuals of the family. Kids were associated with numerous physical activities and outdoor exercises that had numerous beneficial outcomes on the brain and the wellbeing of kids. Anyhow, presently kids generally remain in the house without the supervision of guardians or some other gatekeeper. They spent more time with television and it directly affects his physical and mental ability. As they remain at the house, the main way they can engage themselves is TV. Animation programs are more appealing. Kid's shows have influenced the reasoning, and informative capacities of kids. Hence, this research is an attempt to study the influence of cartoon channels on children.

The advancement of animated cool animated film over the world, and its circumstance in our country analysis of the issue. It moreover examines the destinations of the investigation and underlines the degree, restriction, and supports of this exploration and is studied in this section. Educational and engaging cartoon commercials say that a drug can be found in the brains of anintoxicating child, for example. Those works that children see on TV and web cartoon apps will greatly impact them and develop at a much-needed pace over many years. Children emerge as powerful audiences at the age of half-a- year, when children start watching cartoons on TV, and in recent days, children are looking for a new way to find some new information via the web.

The current study highlights the influence of watching animated cartoon on school students. The study was based on Noida, within the National Capital Region of Delhi. School students between age group of 10 to 15 studying in classes from Vth to XIth grades in secondary schools were studied. The researcher was able to collect data of 300 students aged 10-15 years studying in public and private schools, belonging to different social strata. The researcher has also collected the data of 200 parents to substantiate and enrich the research findings and get their perspective of cartoon watching on students. Several parameters were considered for analysing the data such as gender, time spent on watching, watching behaviour, buying behaviour. Different parameters were taken into consideration while analysing the influence of watching animated cartoon on school students on such as physical, social and emotional development, gender, age, level of education. Previous studies had been done on negative effect of watching television and cartoon. The current study focus on positive effect of watching animated cartoon on school students. The current study indicate that there is significant influence of cartoon networks on school students of specific age groups.

Software Configuration Management (SCM) is the discipline which deals with the procedures or methods that involve in controlling the evolution of complex software systems. Software Product Line (SPL) is a family of products that increases reusability, reduces development effort besides increasing productivity. It is the paradigm shift moving from individual products to product lines. The new paradigm facilitates identifying generic solutions, building related products, reusing components to build common solutions. Lessons learned from the SPL helped software industry to adapt more useful industry standards in product line development and configuration. Component-based development is reinforced in SPL. The components which are prefabricated with standards can avoid reinventing the wheel beside positively affecting the timeline and budgets of software development.

Measuring the quality of object-oriented software aimed at developing a high quality software product has been one of the most interesting areas of research in the field of software engineering. Software metrics measure different aspects of software complexity and therefore play an important role in analyzing and improving software quality.

A software development is a highly labor intensive activity. A large software project may involve hundreds of people, and may span over many years. A project of this dimension can easily turn into chaos if proper management controls are not imposed. To complete the project successfully the large workforce has to be properly organized so that the entire workforce is contributing effectively and efficiently towards the project, proper management controls and checkpoints are required for effective project monitoring.

Software maintenance refers to the process of modifying and updating a software system after it has been delivered to the customer. This can include fixing bugs, adding new features, improving performance, or updating the software to work with new hardware or software systems. The goal of software maintenance is to keep the software system working correctly, efficiently, and securely, and to ensure that it continues to meet the needs of the users.

Bank as is understood in general terms is a depositor or lender for the safekeeping of money. With the changing times banks are performing a host of other financial services like insurance, mutual funds, securities, etc. It is important to look at some definitions of banks to understand the concept of bank."An institution that provides a great variety of financial services. At their most basic, banks hold money on behalf of customers, which is payable on demand, either by appearing at the bank for a withdrawal or by writing a check to a third party. Banks use the money they hold to finance loans, which they make to businesses and individuals to pay for operations, mortgages, education expenses, and any number of things. Many banks also perform other services for a fee; for instance they offer certified checks to customers guaranteeing payment to third parties. In some countries they may provide investment and insurance services. With the exception of Zero Interest based banks, they pay interest on deposits and receive interest on their loans. Banks are regulated by the laws and central banks of their home countries; normally they must receive a charter to engage in business. Banks are usually organized as corporations.Commercial banks are mainly concerned with managing withdrawals and deposits as well as supplying short-term loans to individuals and small businesses. Consumers primarily use these banks for basic checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit and sometimes for home mortgages.

At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor, Dr Ankur Kumar Agarwal for giving me the opportunity to work in this area. It would never be possible for me to take this Ph.D. thesis to this level without his continuous support, motivation, patience and technical advice. I would not have accomplished this task. Throughout my thesis-writing period, he provided encouragement, sound advice, good teaching, good company and lots of good ideas that I would have missed without him. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Prof. KVSM Krishna, Vice Chancellor, Prof. J.L Jain (Dean Faculty of Humanities) Prof. Rajeev Sharma, Prof. Anurag Shakya, Prof. Siddharth Jain and Prof. Saurabh Kumar for their continuous support, suggestions and encouragement for completing this thesis work. A special to thanks my family, words cannot express how grateful I am to my mothers Smt. Bina Sharma and Smt. Chitralekha Kaushik. I would like to convey a special thanks to my wife Mrs. Shikha for her unstinted support and patience as also to my daughter Raisha Sharma and my son Achyut Sharma.