Bøker utgitt av Self Publisher

A comprehensive analysis of high-efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for solar photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected systems involves a detailed examination and evaluation of various MPPT algorithms and strategies to maximize the power output from PV panels and optimize their performance in grid-connected applications.The analysis begins by reviewing the fundamentals of MPPT and its significance in solar PV systems. It explores the challenges faced in grid-connected systems, such as varying environmental conditions, partial shading, and module mismatch, which affect the PV system's efficiency and power generation. The goal is to identify the most effective MPPT techniques that can address these challenges and enhance the overall system performance.Various MPPT techniques are analyzed, including Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance, Fractional Open Circuit Voltage, and many more. Each technique is assessed based on its ability to accurately track the maximum power point (MPP) under dynamic conditions and its suitability for grid-connected systems. Factors such as tracking speed, accuracy, convergence behavior, and stability are considered to determine the most efficient and reliable MPPT strategy.Additionally, the analysis includes a thorough investigation of the impact of different system parameters and configurations on MPPT performance. Parameters such as PV panel characteristics, converter topologies, control algorithms, and communication interfaces are examined to understand their influence on the effectiveness of MPPT techniques in grid-connected PV systems. The analysis also explores the interactions between MPPT and grid requirements, including voltage and frequency regulations, to ensure seamless integration and compliance with grid standards.Furthermore, performance evaluation and comparison of different MPPT techniques are conducted using simulation models and experimental setups. Various scenarios, including different solar irradiance levels, temperature variations, shading conditions, and module configurations, are considered to assess the techniques' performance under real-world operating conditions. The analysis aims to quantify the efficiency improvements, power extraction gains, and overall system performance achieved by each MPPT technique.The findings of the comprehensive analysis provide valuable insights into the selection and implementation of high-efficient MPPT techniques for solar PV grid-connected systems. They guide system designers and engineers in choosing the most suitable MPPT algorithm based on specific system requirements, thereby enhancing the energy generation efficiency, maximizing the power output, and ensuring optimal utilization of solar energy in grid-connected applications. Ultimately, this analysis contributes to the advancement and optimization of solar PV systems in meeting the growing demand for clean and renewable energy.

Performance improvement of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers focuses on enhancing the effectiveness, accuracy, and efficiency of MPPT algorithms and techniques used in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The primary goal is to optimize power extraction from PV panels by continuously tracking and maintaining the system's operation at the maximum power point (MPP) under varying environmental conditions.The performance improvement of MPPT controllers involves several aspects, including algorithm design, control strategies, and system optimization. Researchers and engineers work on developing advanced MPPT algorithms that offer better tracking accuracy, faster response time, and improved stability compared to traditional techniques.One area of focus is algorithm design, where novel MPPT algorithms are developed or existing algorithms are enhanced to overcome limitations and improve performance. These algorithms utilize sensor measurements, such as PV panel voltage, current, and irradiance, to dynamically adjust the operating point of the PV system for maximum power extraction. Advanced techniques, such as adaptive algorithms, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and machine learning, may be employed to optimize the tracking efficiency and adaptability of the MPPT controllers.Another aspect is control strategy improvement, where the control parameters and feedback loops of the MPPT controllers are optimized. This involves carefully tuning the control parameters to ensure stable and efficient operation of the MPPT system. The feedback loops are designed to accurately measure and adjust the system's operating conditions, compensating for variations in solar irradiance, temperature, and load changes. Robust control techniques are implemented to handle uncertainties and disturbances, improving the overall performance of the MPPT controller.System optimization is also crucial for performance improvement. This includes considering factors such as PV panel characteristics, converter topologies, sensor placement, and communication interfaces. Optimizing these system parameters ensures compatibility and efficient operation of the MPPT controllers, leading to improved power extraction and higher energy yield from the PV system.To evaluate the performance improvement of MPPT controllers, simulations and experimental tests are conducted. Various operating conditions, such as different solar irradiance levels, temperature variations, shading effects, and load profiles, are considered to assess the controllers' effectiveness under real-world scenarios. Performance metrics, such as tracking accuracy, convergence speed, energy yield, and power losses, are analyzed to quantify the improvement achieved by the enhanced MPPT controllers.Overall, the performance improvement of MPPT controllers aims to enhance the energy conversion efficiency, increase power output, and maximize the utilization of solar energy in PV systems. It contributes to the advancement of renewable energy technologies, making PV systems more efficient, reliable, and economically viable for a wide range of applications.

The design of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems involves the development and implementation of strategies to optimize the power extraction from PV panels in off-grid or standalone applications. Standalone PV systems are commonly used in remote areas or places without access to the electrical grid, where they provide independent and sustainable power generation.The MPPT design techniques for standalone PV systems aim to address the challenges faced in maximizing the power output in varying environmental conditions, such as changing solar irradiance levels, temperature variations, and shading effects. These techniques focus on accurately tracking and maintaining the PV system's operation at the maximum power point (MPP) under dynamic conditions to ensure efficient energy conversion.There are various MPPT design techniques employed in standalone PV systems. These techniques utilize different control algorithms and strategies to continuously monitor the PV panel's operating conditions and adjust the system's operating parameters for optimal power extraction. Examples of MPPT design techniques include Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance, Fractional Open Circuit Voltage, and Model Predictive Control, among others.The design of MPPT techniques for standalone PV systems involves selecting the most appropriate algorithm based on the specific system requirements and characteristics. Factors such as algorithm complexity, tracking accuracy, convergence speed, stability, and robustness are considered in the selection process. The chosen MPPT technique should be capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions, compensating for PV panel degradation, and providing reliable and efficient operation in standalone applications.The design also encompasses considerations related to hardware implementation, including sensor selection, converter topologies, and control circuitry. Sensors, such as current and voltage sensors, are used to measure the PV panel's electrical parameters, while converters, such as buck, boost, or buck-boost converters, are employed to optimize the power transfer between the PV panel and the load or energy storage system.Furthermore, the design of MPPT techniques for standalone PV systems involves performance evaluation and optimization. Simulation models and experimental setups are used to assess the MPPT technique's performance in various operating conditions and load profiles. The objective is to maximize the energy yield, minimize power losses, and ensure reliable and efficient operation of the standalone PV system.In summary, the design of MPPT techniques for standalone PV systems involves selecting the appropriate control algorithm, optimizing hardware implementation, and evaluating the performance under different operating conditions. These design techniques aim to enhance the energy conversion efficiency, increase the power output, and ensure the reliable and sustainable operation of standalone PV systems in areas without access to the electrical grid.

Performance analysis of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques involves a thorough evaluation and assessment of the effectiveness, accuracy, and efficiency of MPPT algorithms and controllers used in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The primary objective is to analyze the performance of the MPPT techniques in maximizing the power output from PV panels under various operating conditions.The performance analysis of MPPT techniques entails several key aspects. One of the primary focuses is the tracking accuracy of the MPPT algorithms. The analysis examines how well the algorithms track the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV system, considering factors such as solar irradiance variations, temperature fluctuations, and shading effects. The accuracy of the MPPT technique is crucial in ensuring that the PV system operates consistently at its MPP, thereby maximizing power generation.Efficiency analysis is another vital component of the performance assessment. It involves evaluating the energy conversion efficiency of the MPPT techniques and their impact on the overall system efficiency. The analysis considers losses in the conversion process, such as conduction losses, switching losses, and control losses, to quantify the efficiency improvement achieved by the MPPT algorithms. Comparisons are made between different MPPT techniques to identify the most efficient approach.Stability analysis is also an important part of the performance evaluation. The analysis examines the stability of the MPPT controllers under various operating conditions and system parameters. It ensures that the MPPT techniques are robust and capable of maintaining stable operation, even in the presence of disturbances or uncertainties. Stability analysis helps identify any oscillations, instability, or performance degradation that may occur and provides insights for system optimization.Furthermore, the performance analysis of MPPT techniques may involve studying the response time and dynamic behavior of the algorithms. This includes evaluating the speed at which the MPPT technique adapts to changes in solar irradiance or other system parameters. The analysis focuses on the response time and the ability of the MPPT algorithms to quickly and accurately track the MPP, particularly during rapid changes in environmental conditions.To perform the performance analysis, various methodologies are utilized, such as simulations, mathematical modeling, and experimental tests. Simulations allow for the evaluation of different scenarios and operating conditions, providing insights into the performance of the MPPT techniques. Mathematical modeling helps in analyzing the theoretical performance limits and predicting the behavior of the MPPT algorithms. Experimental tests are conducted in real-world PV systems to validate the performance of the MPPT techniques under practical conditions.The findings from the performance analysis of MPPT techniques provide valuable insights into the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of different algorithms. This analysis guides system designers and engineers in selecting the most suitable MPPT technique for a given PV system and optimizing its performance. By improving the performance of MPPT techniques, PV systems can achieve higher energy yields, maximize power generation, and contribute to more efficient and sustainable use of solar energy.

Investigations on automatic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for single-phase standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems involve in-depth studies and analysis of MPPT algorithms and their application in optimizing the power output of PV systems operating independently from the grid. Standalone PV systems are commonly used in remote areas or off-grid applications to generate electricity from solar energy.The investigations begin by examining the principles of MPPT and the importance of accurate tracking in maximizing the power generation from PV panels. Various MPPT algorithms, such as Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance, and Fractional Open Circuit Voltage, are evaluated and compared in terms of their effectiveness, accuracy, and response time. The focus is on identifying the most suitable algorithm for automatic MPPT control in single-phase standalone PV systems.The investigations also consider the design and implementation aspects of automatic MPPT control in standalone PV systems. Factors such as system architecture, sensor selection, control loop design, and communication interfaces are taken into account to ensure efficient and reliable MPPT operation. Additionally, considerations related to system stability, noise immunity, and anti-islanding protection are addressed to ensure safe and robust operation of the standalone PV system.The performance evaluation of the automatic MPPT algorithms is a crucial part of the investigations. Real-world experiments are conducted under different environmental conditions, including varying solar irradiance levels, temperature changes, and shading effects. The investigations analyze the algorithms' ability to accurately track the maximum power point (MPP) and assess their performance in terms of power extraction efficiency, response time, and tracking accuracy.Furthermore, the investigations explore the impact of system parameters, such as PV panel characteristics, converter topologies, and energy storage systems, on the performance of the automatic MPPT control. The aim is to understand the interactions and dynamics between different components and optimize the system design for improved MPPT performance and overall energy generation.The findings of the investigations provide valuable insights into the automatic MPPT control for single-phase standalone PV systems. They contribute to the development of more efficient and reliable PV systems that can autonomously track and extract the maximum power from solar energy. These investigations also pave the way for advancements in standalone PV system technologies, enabling reliable and sustainable electricity generation in areas without grid access or in off-grid applications.

Hydrodynamic stability is a fascinating field in the fluid mechanics, that deals with the transition of laminar flow to turbulence. In fact, this field discloses the originofinstabilityandleadstothephysicalmechanism. Italsounveilsavari- ety of complex phenomena on the fluid surface including the emergence of pri- mary and secondary waves and their behaviors in various physical conditions when the controlling flow parameters alter. More specifically, hydrodynamic instability enables us to decipher the rationale of complex waves appeared in different regimes of flow parameter. The study of hydrodynamic instability was initiated in the beginning of 19th century.

The sources from which electrical energy is derived are getting exhausted day by day. So, the need has arisen to look for other renewable sources of energy which would meet the increasing demand. This is where the need of employing smart meter in residential houses arises. Smart meter helps householders to understand the pattern of electricity consumption by their houses' appliances and as a result find alternatives to lessen the energy consumption . In the present day a considerable amount of electricity is consumed by the household sector. An awareness among people regarding the consumption pattern will help to reduce electricity consumption . Efficient load monitoring in the metering side of households can improve the household energy management system considerably. In the residential energy monitoring system, the deployment of smart meters will have enormous contribution to the efficient and effective management system of energy. Real-time information, more reliable, secure, about consumers can be accessed by this. Consumers can have information of their energy consumption pattern and thereby use electricity judiciously through the communication between them and utility. The acquisition of data will be faster and more accurate with the concept of smart greed which was not possible earlier on account of lacking real-time information. For collection of real time data residences should be provided with sensors or devices for gathering such information and smart appliances for management and optimization of consumption of energy. Keeping in mind the fact that a smart grid is vital for implementing load monitoring and identification, this chapter deals with the conception regarding smart grid and its effective implementation in residential sector. The identification of loads and its monitoring are also the concerns of this chapter. In recent times, global utility industries are giving much endeavour to address challenges like generation heterogeneity, demand response, reduction in overall emission of carbon and conservation of energy. While conventional power grid, in vogue is unable to address such critical issues, it is expected from smart grid or intelligent grid to cover up the vital deficiency of the power grid used conventionally The rising energy demand and the scarcity of resources have made it extremely important to conserve energy throughout the world. Globally, out of the total energy consumption, consumption of residential energy accounts for a lion's share and it is predicted to rise in the upcoming days. For instance, in the European Union, 40% of the generated electricity is consumed by the residential sector and it is envisaged that the world-wide demand of energy will increase considerably by 2030. In United States too, approximately 35% of the whole energy produced gets consumed by the residential sector. Moreover, this consumption is estimated to rise by 15% by the year 2030 . Apart from energy price hikes and change in climate, the rise in consumption of energy will also affect a country's economy directly. In view of the above, it is very essential to reduce energy consumption, especially at the residential sector, significantly. To achieve this, residential energy consumption monitoring and relaying of data back to the consumers play a significant role.

Load Serving Entity (LSE) is a new player in the electricity market, emerging due to deregulation and restructuring of power supply systems. It supplies electricity to the consumers that do not participate directly in the Wholesale Electricity Market (WEM). It performs the role of intermediator between consumers and generators/ producers of electricity by procuring electricity from WEM and selling it to consumers Electricity procurement incurs cost and electricity selling generates revenue. The difference between revenue and cost is profit. This profit margin is generally narrow . LSE maximizes this difference by minimizing procurement cost and maximizing revenue. Hence, LSE adopts a decision making process for optimal procurement and sale price decisions with an aim to minimize cost and maximize revenue. Evolving competition in the electricity markets comes up with opportunities and challenges for LSEs. Concerns of effective and strategic decision making have been raised to exploit benefits from opportunities while managing/ handling associated challenges. This is driving enormous interest of research community towards strategic decision making.

Resource assessment is the primary and essential exercise towards project evaluation. In renewable energy projects the resource assessment exercise is important because of the intermittent nature of the resource. The maximum possible value of solar radiation on earth is solar constant (i.e. 1367 W/m2 ); which is the part of the energy emitted by the sun per unit time intercepted by a unit area of surface perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the radiation at the earth's mean distance from sun outside the atmosphere. Hence this indicates the maximum level of solar radiation available close to the earth, while as experienced on the earth's surface, the intensity of incident solar radiation varies, due to earth's rotation and variation of distance from the sun throughout the year. The solar radiation intensity at any location varies throughout the year due to variation in solar declination angle, solar hour angle and geographical angles like latitude and longitude. Besides these atmospheric conditions, such as humidity, cloud cover, amount of dust in air etc contribute towards attenuation of solar radiation received on the earth's surface.

With the advancement of technology as well as population throughout the world, the demand of electricity has increased in last few decades. Globally, the per-capita consumption of electricity, a parameter to gauge the development and economic growth of a country, has increased sharply. The growth in electrical energy consumption has kept the required demand unfulfilled. Although a large amount of electrical energy has been added yearly to the installed capacity, the gap in demand and supply is increasing every year. The growth in demand of electrical energy has been so phenomenal that it exceeds the supply by a handsome margin. The growth and development of generation, transmission and distribution sectors have not kept pace with the demand of electricity. Even the development amongst generation, transmission and distribution has been skewed. Pre-deregulation, all power utilities were owned and managed by government with monopoly in operation. This deteriorated the condition of utility due to various reasons such as mounting losses, corruption, system lethargy, unavailability of financial resources, no thrust for modernization and expansion etc. Also, the utility was unable to meet the increasing demand. The monopoly in its operation also leads to poor service to customers and under utilization of available resources. All these had compelled the government to give a rethink on the existing policies and resulted in the process of deregulating the electricity sector which would introduce the private players in it. This was expected to improve operational efficiency and service quality. As a result, power utilities were unbundled into different independent business entities which are Generation Company (GENCO), Transmission Company (TRANSCO) and Distribution Company (DISCO).

Cartoons the world over have generated interest to a particular topic through their simple way of putting forth messages across to the public. There are various types of cartoons, animated and two dimensional cartoons. Two dimensional cartoons use visual metaphors in them to help communicate the difficult and uninteresting subjects in a more comprehensive manner with ease. Cartoons are basically more visual in nature and it is this aspect of the cartoons that attracts attention. Visuals are lighter in tone and there is not much of a strain in understanding what is depicted in it. It has attracted the attention of the young and the old alike as it stands out from all the other matters of text, photographs and videos. Cartoons promote participation in discussions by their ability to construct things that are serious in tone to something lighter. They are easy to connect with people and have dealt with political and social issues. Over all, cartoon attract entertain, educate, and arrest the interest of the people. Cartoons are very powerful weapons and they have initiated public debate. Each cartoonist has a peculiar way of portraying the same message. The peculiarity of cartooning becomes the style of the cartoonist. There are various types of cartoons: strip cartoons, editorial cartoons, pocket cartoons and concept cartoons. Strip cartoons have multiply frames and are continuous like a strip. The message is conveyed through the sequence of the continuous frame. One has to follow the sequence of the strip cartoon to understand the message conveyed. There are cartoons that are known as pocket cartoons where a single idea/concept is portrayed. These cartoons are smaller in size compared to the editorial cartoons. Editorial cartoons are cartoons that appear in the editorial page of newspapers and magazines. There are others who just draw cartoons to convey a single concept or a message. They are known as concept cartoons.

Cartoons the world over have generated interest to a particular topic through their simple way of putting forth messages across to the public. There are various types of cartoons, animated and two dimensional cartoons. Two dimensional cartoons use visual metaphors in them to help communicate the difficult and uninteresting subjects in a more comprehensive manner with ease. Cartoons are basically more visual in nature and it is this aspect of the cartoons that attracts attention. Visuals are lighter in tone and there is not much of a strain in understanding what is depicted in it. It has attracted the attention of the young and the old alike as it stands out from all the other matters of text, photographs and videos. Cartoons promote participation in discussions by their ability to construct things that are serious in tone to something lighter. They are easy to connect with people and have dealt with political and social issues. Over all, cartoon attract entertain, educate, and arrest the interest of the people. Cartoons are very powerful weapons and they have initiated public debate. Each cartoonist has a peculiar way of portraying the same message. The peculiarity of cartooning becomes the style of the cartoonist. There are various types of cartoons: strip cartoons, editorial cartoons, pocket cartoons and concept cartoons. Strip cartoons have multiply frames and are continuous like a strip. The message is conveyed through the sequence of the continuous frame. One has to follow the sequence of the strip cartoon to understand the message conveyed. There are cartoons that are known as pocket cartoons where a single idea/concept is portrayed. These cartoons are smaller in size compared to the editorial cartoons. Editorial cartoons are cartoons that appear in the editorial page of newspapers and magazines. There are others who just draw cartoons to convey a single concept or a message. They are known as concept cartoons.

Cartoons are sketches or portraits that can b¿ pr¿s¿nt¿d in many ways in print or oth¿r m¿dia. Comic strips, animat¿d movi¿s, drawings in t¿xt books, n¿wspap¿rs and magazin¿s ar¿ v¿ry popular among th¿ audi¿nc¿. At pr¿s¿nt, phantom stori¿s ar¿ b¿ing conv¿rt¿d into cartoon strips. Cartoons ar¿ not only m¿ant for kids but ar¿ also targ¿t¿d at an adult audi¿nc¿. Walt Disn¿y was th¿ first to introduc¿ cartoon charact¿rs' in motion for the ¿nt¿rtainment of childr¿n. Such cartoons ar¿ v¿ry common today and may b¿ ¿ducational in natur¿. Cartoonists' poss¿ss v¿ry k¿¿n obs¿rvational skills and d¿pict th¿ soci¿ty through m¿taphors in th¿ir cartoons. Th¿ cartoons may b¿ consid¿r¿d as th¿ artist's tak¿ or comm¿nt on th¿ r¿aliti¿s of th¿ soci¿ty, ¿ncompassing subj¿cts which ar¿ political, administrativ¿, judicial, ¿nvironm¿ntal or ¿conomic in natur¿.

The creative process of Therapeutic Art in the field of caricature and cartoon paves the way and results in an unparalleled comfort and relaxation. Sometimes it is difficult for an individual to laugh genuinely and without any obligation to do so, especially when a person is trapped under the grasp of severe mental illness, and might be insecure or sensitive due to several torments of their lives. Many individuals have found a way and tried to make an attempt to cope with certain confusions around them by binding themselves with piece of art or other forms of visual arts. This confusion can be cured by a sudden appreciation of therapeutic art, which has the tendency of being ridiculous or humorous sometimes.

Communication of messages can be done verbally or non-verbally. Verbal communication includes oral and written messages and non-verbal communication includes body language, gestures, facial expressions, proximity, etc. Another mean through which messages can be communicated effectively is visual communication. Visual communication ranges from cave paintings to today's new media messages. In early era, people used to draw pictures on walls or on the surface of rocks or in cave using bones. After the usage of bones, people started using stones to draw paintings and then iron tools were developed. Visual communication is considered as more effective than verbal or non-verbal communication because there is no language or geographical barrier.

It is opined that with the motive of supplying entertainment to home, rather than public places, TV was invented. In the early years TV became the extention of radio programmes. The initial TV personalities were radio stars, who defected to the new medium because of its glamour. News, sports, political events and elections were the major programmes. With TV becoming a household medium, the tilt towards programmes for children and women became prominent. Family entertainment assumed importance. Children and youth are the susceptible demographic sectors of TV. These groups watch TV most and get used / influenced by it. The serious changes in their approach to clothes, concept of beauty and tilt towards particular lifestyle images are due to TV. It reinforces particular patterns of consumption. While young people are attracted by urban and modern lifestyles, the elderly people seek the rural and traditional fare on TV. When it comes to language, English and Hindi dominate the air-waves. Consequently, the other native languages have started borrowing words and expressions from these two languages. A new language carries new ideas, concepts and new value will impact the local or traditional culture. Thus TV has imposed linguistic hegemony.

A couple of decades back moms used to remain at their homes and the kids lived in a solid situation under the direction of mother and grandparents. They had adapted great conduct and other virtues from the senior individuals of the family. Kids were associated with numerous physical activities and outdoor exercises that had numerous beneficial outcomes on the brain and the wellbeing of kids. Anyhow, presently kids generally remain in the house without the supervision of guardians or some other gatekeeper. They spent more time with television and it directly affects his physical and mental ability. As they remain at the house, the main way they can engage themselves is TV. Animation programs are more appealing. Kid's shows have influenced the reasoning, and informative capacities of kids. Hence, this research is an attempt to study the influence of cartoon channels on children.

The advancement of animated cool animated film over the world, and its circumstance in our country analysis of the issue. It moreover examines the destinations of the investigation and underlines the degree, restriction, and supports of this exploration and is studied in this section. Educational and engaging cartoon commercials say that a drug can be found in the brains of anintoxicating child, for example. Those works that children see on TV and web cartoon apps will greatly impact them and develop at a much-needed pace over many years. Children emerge as powerful audiences at the age of half-a- year, when children start watching cartoons on TV, and in recent days, children are looking for a new way to find some new information via the web.

The current study highlights the influence of watching animated cartoon on school students. The study was based on Noida, within the National Capital Region of Delhi. School students between age group of 10 to 15 studying in classes from Vth to XIth grades in secondary schools were studied. The researcher was able to collect data of 300 students aged 10-15 years studying in public and private schools, belonging to different social strata. The researcher has also collected the data of 200 parents to substantiate and enrich the research findings and get their perspective of cartoon watching on students. Several parameters were considered for analysing the data such as gender, time spent on watching, watching behaviour, buying behaviour. Different parameters were taken into consideration while analysing the influence of watching animated cartoon on school students on such as physical, social and emotional development, gender, age, level of education. Previous studies had been done on negative effect of watching television and cartoon. The current study focus on positive effect of watching animated cartoon on school students. The current study indicate that there is significant influence of cartoon networks on school students of specific age groups.

Software Configuration Management (SCM) is the discipline which deals with the procedures or methods that involve in controlling the evolution of complex software systems. Software Product Line (SPL) is a family of products that increases reusability, reduces development effort besides increasing productivity. It is the paradigm shift moving from individual products to product lines. The new paradigm facilitates identifying generic solutions, building related products, reusing components to build common solutions. Lessons learned from the SPL helped software industry to adapt more useful industry standards in product line development and configuration. Component-based development is reinforced in SPL. The components which are prefabricated with standards can avoid reinventing the wheel beside positively affecting the timeline and budgets of software development.

Measuring the quality of object-oriented software aimed at developing a high quality software product has been one of the most interesting areas of research in the field of software engineering. Software metrics measure different aspects of software complexity and therefore play an important role in analyzing and improving software quality.

A software development is a highly labor intensive activity. A large software project may involve hundreds of people, and may span over many years. A project of this dimension can easily turn into chaos if proper management controls are not imposed. To complete the project successfully the large workforce has to be properly organized so that the entire workforce is contributing effectively and efficiently towards the project, proper management controls and checkpoints are required for effective project monitoring.

Software maintenance refers to the process of modifying and updating a software system after it has been delivered to the customer. This can include fixing bugs, adding new features, improving performance, or updating the software to work with new hardware or software systems. The goal of software maintenance is to keep the software system working correctly, efficiently, and securely, and to ensure that it continues to meet the needs of the users.

Data is an important asset for every plant working over data process. There are number of organizations presently working on data process specifically. These organizations are in need of the desired data and their format. These data can only be achieved by proper data conversion and data transformation. Basically there are three kinds of data present in the computer science world. These are structured, unstructured and semi-structured data. Data that can easily be stored in text form. Organizations like banks has the excel sheet which consist of all structured data. Data stored in excel and csv file and can be extracted for any kind of information purpose. The analysis of structured data is quite easy as from the beginning scientist are working on structured data for data process. Like most of the forms of data research survey has fields that consist of data like numbers, text and figures.

The WSN's today are used in almost all areas from health care, home intelligence application, environmental monitoring, military tracking and positioning to localization and logistics and so on. It is critical to emphasize that the application has a significant impact on the wireless technology to be employed. After the application requirements have been established, the designer must choose the technology that will allow these needs to be met. Sensor nodes are comprised of analog to digital converters (ADC) along with multifunctional sensors. The ADC is assigned the task of converting the analog or continuous data and signals into digital signals before passing them on to the processing unit. A microprocessor is used in the processing unit to execute operations on digital data such as aggregation and encryption. Radio transceivers are used in the communication module to send and receive data via a short-range radio channel. A sensor node's power module provides electricity to all of the components.

A normal web developer just doing a simple applications including just routing and crud operations may not find much of the application. But when it comes to complex applications say finance and banking applications, web based Algo-trading platforms and some data intensive applications you may find a lot of applications esp trees, heaps, dynamic programming etc. Obviously, no one is going to tell you make a heap and pull out min element etc. It is just that more intuitive you are, more efficient will your application be because you will be able to choose correct approach to tackle a problem instead of rookie approach that may be much more time consuming.

The data analysis of the Industrial Large Scale has attracted widespread research interest from both academics and industry. According to the McCanedy Center report, the successful use of Large Scale industrial data has the potential benefits of transforming the economy, as well as bringing about a new wave of successful growth. In recent times, Large Scale data and business analysis methods have been developed and used to analyze large amounts of data generated by different business organizations. Therefore, every business needs a quick understanding of the growing volume of transaction data. The real-time data analysis helps organizations look to the past and anticipate the future. This is the beauty of broadcast analysis and is given to know what happened descriptive, to understand why it happened to diagnose, to look forward to what might predict and, ultimately, to determine how it could affect future events predictions. These four analytical flavors have great business benefits but are gradually increasingly difficult to use and implement.Although manufacturers have been producing highly distributed data from a variety of systems, devices and applications, many challenges in both data management and data analysis require new ways to support the Big Scale data era.

This framework aims to get superior result of minimize overall query load time and processing time of big data and increasing the scalability, robustness and takes better CPU Usage options in user and administrator issues into considerations. It is performed simulation process in real time environment for Big Data Applications.Today the sources and services to be had in the internet are growing rapidly day by day, this massive data.traditional datasets in rows and columns like DBMS tables, XML Data files and Unstructured Data like e-mail attachments, manuals, images, PDF documents, medical records such as x-rays, ECG (Electro Cardio Gram) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) images, forms, rich media like graphics, video and audio, contacts, forms and documents. This data is classified as "huge information" due to its sheer extent, range, velocity and veracity. It is tough to discover a answer for the massive data storage and its get admission to and visualization trouble. There's a need to increase answers to manipulate big amounts of facts on a everyday foundation and extract new understanding from them. Big data storage methods are different from conventional garage strategies.

A microphone is a device that has been used by mankind since time memorable. It accumulates acoustic signals around it and transmits it further for signal processing. Depending on the type of microphone, it is in a position to accumulate the acoustic signal from sources in all directions (Omni directional microphone) or from one particular direction (unidirectional microphone). The earliest known device that could amplify the sound to a larger audience dates back to 600 BC [1], where the sound was captured by a mask that had an opening for the mouth. In 1665, an English physicist Robert Hooke [2] experimented and succeeded in sending an acoustic signal in a medium other than air. He made a device where two cups were attached to the two ends of a stretched wire. The signal travelled through the wire and the two cups acted as a transmitter / receiver interchangeably. This design was further modified by Johann Philipp Reis a German inventor, where he attached a vibrating membrane to a metallic strip. This metallic strip would generate intermittent current proportional to the vibration of the membrane. Alexander Graham Bell invented a telephone in 1876 in which the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod immersed in an acid solution. The demerit of this system was the poor sound quality. In mid 1877 Thomas Alva Edison was awarded the patent for the first device which was successful in transmitting a voice signal. This formed the foundation of the present day telephony. The device consisted of loosely packed granules of carbon. These granules were subjected to varying pressure by the movement of the diaphragm and this caused a proportional change in resistance of the carbon granules. This transduction principle of the pressure being converted to a proportional electrical signal came into existence with this invention and it was Hughes who coined the word Microphone. The use of carbon in the microphone was the first stepping stone in building the modern day telephone. In 1923 the first practical moving coil microphone called the magnetophon was developed by Captain H.J. Round. It was the most commonly used microphone by BBC studios in London. The ribbon microphones were invented by Harry F. Olson in the year 1930. It also used the same principles of a Magnetophon. During the second half of the 20th century, microphone development advanced quickly with the Shure Brothers bringing out the Shure Microphone models SM57 and SM58. Digital microphones were pioneered by Milab in 1999, with the DM-1001.The latest developments include the use of fiber optics, lasers and interferometer in microphone / sound detection.