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This book both summarizes the basic theory of evolutionary games and explains their developing applications, giving special attention to the 2-player, 2-strategy game. Applying the framework of evolutionary games to realistic traffic flows, the book reveals that social dilemma structures lie behind traffic flow.

PART I Chapter 1 Approach For Ecological Landscape And Urban Biodiversity.- Chapter 2 Diversity And Design On A Former Freight Rail-Yard.- Chapter 3 Biodiversity In The Day To Day Practice Of The Landscape Architect.- Chapter 4 Edible Landscapes: Relocalising Food And Bringing Nature Into North London.- Chapter 5 Landscape Design For Nature Restoration And In Urban Areas In Japan -Planning Process Of Designing A River Bank Fishway And Surroundings-.- PART II Chapter 6 Nature In The Cities - Places For Play And Learning.- Chapter 7 Greening School Grounds: Schools'' Role In A Biodiversity Process.- Chapter 8 Nature Environment And Management For Children''S Play And Learning In Kindergarten In Urban Forest, Kyoto, Japan.- Chapter 9 Ecological Evaluation Of Landscape Components Of The Tokushima Central Park Through Red-Clawed Crab (Chiromantes Haematocheir).- Chapter 10 Developing Urban Green Spaces And Effective Use Of Rooftop Spaces For Cooling And Urban Biodiversity.- PART III Chapter 11 Addressing Climate Change And Biodiversity Loss From An Urban Perspective: Linking Climate Co-Benefits And Urban Ecosystem Services In Sao Paulo City, Brazil.- Chapter 12 Evaluation Of Habitat Functions Of Fragmented Urban Forests For Wildlife  ~ The Case Of Kitakyushu City.- Chapter 13 The Effects And Functions Of Spatial And Structural Characteristics Of Shrine Forests As Urban Green Space.- Chapter 14 Green Infrastructure As A Planning Response To Urban Warming A Case Study Of Taipei Metropolis.- Chapter 15 Green Infrastructure Planning For Asian Cities: The Planning Strategies, Guidelines, And Recommendations.

This book explores minimum divergence methods of statistical machine learning for estimation, regression, prediction, and so forth, in which we engage in information geometry to elucidate their intrinsic properties of the corresponding loss functions, learning algorithms, and statistical models. One of the most elementary examples is Gauss's least squares estimator in a linear regression model, in which the estimator is given by minimization of the sum of squares between a response vector and a vector of the linear subspace hulled by explanatory vectors. This is extended to Fisher's maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for an exponential model, in which the estimator is provided by minimization of the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between a data distribution and a parametric distribution of the exponential model in an empirical analogue. Thus, we envisage a geometric interpretation of such minimization procedures such that a right triangle is kept with Pythagorean identity in the sense of the KL divergence. This understanding sublimates a dualistic interplay between a statistical estimation and model, which requires dual geodesic paths, called m-geodesic and e-geodesic paths, in a framework of information geometry. We extend such a dualistic structure of the MLE and exponential model to that of the minimum divergence estimator and the maximum entropy model, which is applied to robust statistics, maximum entropy, density estimation, principal component analysis, independent component analysis, regression analysis, manifold learning, boosting algorithm, clustering, dynamic treatment regimes, and so forth. We consider a variety of information divergence measures typically including KL divergence to express departure from one probability distribution to another. An information divergence is decomposed into the cross-entropy and the (diagonal) entropy in which the entropy associates with a generative model as a family of maximum entropy distributions; the cross entropy associates with a statistical estimation method via minimization of the empirical analogue based on given data. Thus any statistical divergence includes an intrinsic object between the generative model and the estimation method. Typically, KL divergence leads to the exponential model and the maximum likelihood estimation. It is shown that any information divergence leads to a Riemannian metric and a pair of the linear connections in the framework of information geometry. We focus on a class of information divergence generated by an increasing and convex function U, called U-divergence. It is shown that any generator function U generates the U-entropy and U-divergence, in which there is a dualistic structure between the U-divergence method and the maximum U-entropy model. We observe that a specific choice of U leads to a robust statistical procedure via the minimum U-divergence method. If U is selected as an exponential function, then the corresponding U-entropy and U-divergence are reduced to the Boltzmann-Shanon entropy and the KL divergence; the minimum U-divergence estimator is equivalent to the MLE. For robust supervised learning to predict a class label we observe that the U-boosting algorithm performs well for contamination of mislabel examples if U is appropriately selected. We present such maximal U-entropy and minimum U-divergence methods, in particular, selecting a power function as U to provide flexible performance in statistical machine

This two-volume set provides a general overview of the evolution of the human genome; The first volume overviews the human genome with descriptions of important gene groups. This second volume provides up-to-date, concise yet ample knowledge on the genome evolution of modern humans. It comprises twelve chapters divided into two parts discussing ¿Non-neutral Evolution on Human Genes¿ (Part I) and ¿Evolution of Modern Human Populations¿ (Part II.)The most significant feature of this book is the continent-wise discussion of modern human dispersal using human genomic data in Part II. Recent results such as introgression of paleogenomes to modern humans, new methods such as computer simulation of global human dispersals, and new information on genes for humanness will be of particular interest to the readers. Since the euchromatin regions of the human genome was sequenced in 2003, a huge number of research papers were published on modern human evolution for a variety ofpopulations. It is now time to summarize these achievements.This book stands out as the most comprehensive book on the modern human evolution, focusing on genomic points of view with a broad scope. Primary target audiences are researchers and graduate students in evolutionary biology.

Difficulty in rhinoplasty takes two forms: the aesthetic and the technical. Rhinoplasty surgeons need a sense of beauty to design the target shape, but the shape must comply with the patient's often problematic demands. The only appropriate approach is to suggest two or three shapes that suit the patient's appearance and expectations, and ask the patient to choose between them. The technical difficulty, on the other hand, lies in assessing the anatomical character of the problem and selecting the procedure that will achieve the desired shape. This textbook will help readers to make accurate diagnoses, simulate the target shape employing generally used retouch software, suggest to patients different target shapes, and learn how to choose the best procedure to produce the selected target shape. It will assist in the performance of rhinoplasties which take into account the individual patient's requirements and achieve aesthetic results that guarantee patient satisfaction.

Comprehensively covering various techniques such as ERCP, EUS, EST and lithotripsy, this book highlights innovative endoscopic surgical techniques for managing pancreatico-biliary. It will provide readers an extensive overview of the therapeutic endoscopy management solutions and techniques currently available.Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy for Pancreatico-Biliary Diseases was written by pioneering experts from around the world, providing a concise yet comprehensive summary of the current state of therapeutic endoscopic techniques in a step-by-step format. Each chapter examines both major and subtle yet important techniques, together with new findings, an approach that will appeal to a broad readership, from beginning to advanced endoscopists and surgeons with a background in gastroenterology, particularly those specializing in endoscopy of pancreatico-biliary diseases to help guide patient management.

The author introduces conservation science and management of cultural heritages in museums.

This book tackles the challenging issues raised by the growth of large megacities from diverse perspectives and approaches. The central question raised by the growth of megacities is what effect their growth will have on the ability of the global population to live in sustainable, livable, and safe societies. In Part I, important issues on the relationships between megacities and sustainability of the global environment are specified. Part II shows what can be learned from the history and diversity of megacities to solve challenging issues of the present. We present practical approaches that can solve the issues of megacities particularly focusing on human activities that seek the more harmonious relationship between life amenities and the natural environment: population density and urban built environment; production and trade; and environmental education and enlightenment. Part III aims to answer the question, what aspects of megacities should be measured and assessed? Barometers are necessary to control human activities in megacities. We consider how to measure and assess performances of megacities, reviewing some cases of indicators that authors have developed. This publication highlights the challenging issues of the relationships between megacities and sustainability of the global environment and related issues that have accrued from them, based on the following three scales: long-term time scale from the past to the present and future; a vast spatial scale that links global space with local spaces; and the scale of various aspects of human socio-economic activities in megacities.

Target fields include materials chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, and even biotechnology.

Topics on protein hydration from the past 25 years are examined, most of which involve crystallography, fluorescence measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations.In X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations, recent advances have accelerated the study of hydration structures over the entire surface of proteins.

Methods introduced in the book help to improve device performance and to solve the problems of controlling the voltage and efficiency of devices in a great variety of applications, including electronic devices, optical devices such as displays, and energy devices such as solar cells and batteries.

This book introduces the synthesis, electrochemical and photochemical properties, and device applications of metallo-supramolecular polymers, new kinds of polymers synthesized by the complexation of metal ions and organic ditopic ligands.

This book proposes the importance of new systems of drug design and delivery based on cancer pathophysiology in addition to cancer molecular and cellular biology.

The introduction and application of topological geometry (soft geometry) to polymer molecules is a crucial requirement to account for the basic geometrical properties of polymer chains uniquely flexible in nature, in contrast to small chemical compounds conceived upon Euclidian geometry (hard geometry) principles.

This book provides physicians practicing at pain management clinics with comprehensive explanations of interventional therapeutic procedures including nerve blockade, as well as pharmacotherapy.

This book discusses the new roles that the VLSI (very-large-scale integration of semiconductor circuits) is taking for the safe, secure, and dependable design and operation of electronic systems. The book consists of three parts.

This book integrates three levels of political-economic analysis: first a comparative institutional analysis of the varieties of capitalism in both Europe and Asia, second a macroeconomic analysis of industrial structural change and economic dynamics of the national economies in Europe and Asia, and then an encompassing analysis of international production linkages and international financial instability which determine the long-term patterns of regional integration in Europe and Asia. The comparison of the European Union and ASEAN delivers some key conditions for a viable long-term regional economic integration to cope with contrasted capitalisms and growth regimes: either pragmatism in the choice of an exchange rate regime, or a form of fiscal federalism. The reader will also find a genuine analysis of the dynamism of the Chinese economy, a study on institutional changes and de-industrialization in Japan, and the increasing international production linkages among China, Japan, Korea, and ASEAN. It is shown how the enlargement of the European Union and the Euro triggered the diverging competitiveness and macroeconomic performances that led to the crisis of a six decades long economic and political process. This book is the result of long lasting Asian-European collaborative research. It is a milestone in the historical and comparative analysis along the régulation theory that aims at understanding the long-run transformations, renewed diversity and interdependence of capitalisms.

In developing countries, access to the adequate sanitation systems is still limited, and a new business model is required.

This book describes how biologically available free energy sources (ATP, chemical potential, and membrane potentials, among others) can be used to drive synthetic reactions, signaling in cells, and various types of motion such as membrane traffic, active transport, and cell locomotion.

This book provides new insights into the universality of biological systems in animal reproduction and development by a comparative study of a variety of mechanisms in animals ranging from basal invertebrates to vertebrates, including mammals.Animals accomplish genetic diversity through meiosis and fertilization, and during embryogenesis animals must produce specialized cell types, including germ cells, in accordance with their individual body plan. This series of phenomena is essential to the continuity of life in the animal kingdom, and animals show various reproductive and developmental strategies.This volume, comprising four parts, reviews animal kingdom diversity, including reproductive strategies and germ cell differentiation mechanisms (Part 1), sex determination and differentiation (Part2), the mechanisms of fertilization (Part 3), and body axis formation (Part 4). Readers will find descriptions of the reproduction or development of 180 species, 13 phyla, 35 classes, 74 orders, 117 families, and 151 genera in this book. Of particular interest is the diversity of molecules and mechanisms used to achieve the same biological purpose in different animals.Undergraduates, graduate students, and professional scientists who want a deeper understanding of animal reproductive and developmental mechanisms will find this book to be of great value.

This book presents a life-oriented approach, which is an interdisciplinary methodology proposed for cross-sectoral urban policy decisions such as transport, health, and energy policies. Improving people's quality of life (QOL) is one of the common goals of various urban policies on the one hand, while QOL is closely linked with a variety of life choices on the other. The life-oriented approach argues that life choices in different domains (e.g., residence, neighborhood, health, education, work, family life, leisure and recreation, finance, and travel behavior) are not independent of one another, and ignorance of and inability to understand interdependent life choices may result in a failure of consensus building for policy decisions. The book provides evidence about behavioral interdependencies among life domains based on both extensive literature reviews and case studies covering a broad set of life choices. This work further illustrates interbehavioral analysis frameworks with respect to various life domains, along with a rich set of future research directions. This book deals with life choices in a relatively general way. Thus, it can serve not only as a reference for research, but also as a textbook for teaching and learning in varied behavior-related disciplines.

This book consists of the articles from thespecial issue of "'Hot Spots' in the Climate System" in the Journal of Oceanography,Vol. 71 No. 5, 2015, comprising 9 chapters that cover a wide spectrum oftopics. This spinoff book is a collection of papers on the scientific outcomesof a nationwide 5-year project funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education,Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and known internationally as the"Hot-Spot Project." The academic achievement of the project has gainedinternational recognition, making substantial contribution to unveiling theclimatic role of warm western boundary ocean currents, including the Kuroshio,and associated oceanic fronts characterized by sharp temperature gradients andactive meso-scale oceanic eddies. Specifically, those warm currents may becalled "hot spots" in the climate system, as they intensively release heat andmoisture to the atmosphere, thereby acting to organize clouds and precipitationsystems and set conditions favorable for recurrent development of storms. Thisspinoff is a unique collection of the outcome of the particular project. Thecollected papers cover a wide range of aspects of ocean-atmosphere interactioncharacteristic of the oceanic fronts and continental marginal seas, unveiledthrough observational, theoretical, analytical, and numerical investigations.Most of the readers of the book are assumed to be researchers and graduatestudents who study climate dynamics, physical oceanography, atmosphericscience, and air-sea interaction.

This book develops new, original methods of welfare comparison and comparative dynamics between distinct and discretely positioned (rather than continuously related) socioeconomic situations.

This volume applies a systems science perspective to complex policy making dynamics, using the case of Indonesia to illustrate the concepts. In addition to this diversity, Indonesia also employs a democratic system of government with high regional autonomy.

Molecular design of organic conductors and semiconductors is discussed from the standpoint of oxidation-reduction potentials, and after a brief survey of organic superconductors, various applications of organic semiconductor devices are described.

Also, nanofabrication technologies, discussed in Chapters 8-15, will lead to next-generation solar cells, secondary batteries, and advanced electronic circuits using nanostructured materials, thus providing solutions for serious energy and environment issues.

This book focuses on the fundamental principles and latest research findings in hydrogen energy fields including: hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, fuel cells, hydrogen safety, economics, and the impact on society.

This book is a collection of papers presented at the International Workshop on Geotechnical Natural Hazards held July 12-15, 2014, in Kitakyushu, Japan.