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Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen für die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfügung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden müssen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

This book examines the intricate web linking water science and society using diverse philosophical lenses. Highlighting the tensions within the threads of this web, we spotlight major conceptual tightropes that water researchers tread daily. To effectively navigate these delicate threads, a 'healthy' tension in the encompassing web is necessary. Drawing inspiration from Freud's examination of tensions in "Society and Its Discontents," we illuminate the tension-filled paradoxes inherent to water science, emphasizing the challenges in keeping these paradoxical threads taut enough to ensure a navigable and sustainable bond with society. Central to our narrative is the escalating societal urge to quantify and 'manage' water--something interwoven throughout every environmental layer, including the fabric of our being. An excessive focus on management may alienate users from their water realities, jeopardizing the vital threads that sustainability tether water science and society. Consequently, this book explores compelling and inescapable tensions that resist tidy universal resolution, such as: the language of water science, including its mathematical reductions (i.e., models); the effect of water's commodification on its science; hydrology's intersection with colonialism; and other concerns that reveal distortions in our hydrology. We aim to aid water professionals in recognizing and fine-tuning the paradoxes intrinsic to their work. To underscore the interwoven complexity of contemporary hydrology, "Hydrology and Its Discontents" guides readers into the tempestuous depths of water research, all the while urging a recalibration of perspectives and motivations.

This edited book on "Advances in Electrical Systems and Innovative Renewable Energy Techniques" is an outcome of the selected papers presented at the International Conference on Electrical Systems & Automation, (ICESA 2023) held from 29 to 30, May 2023 at the Faculty of Sciences and technologies, Al Hoceïma, Morocco.This edited book is divided into 2 volumes. This volume will be divided into 3 parts, each devoted to distinct yet interconnected aspects of the subject matter.The first part focuses on various advancements in renewable energy techniques. It explores topics ranging from biomass combustion characteristics and hydrogen production using photovoltaics to the assessment of wave energy potential and the performance evaluation of solar collectors. These research papers not only shed light on the current state-of-the-art technologies but also offer valuable insights into their implementation, efficiency, and potential impact on the energy landscape.The second part focuses on interdisciplinary approaches between electrical and renewable energy systems and includes research chapters on photovoltaic (PV) energy, wind energy, and microgrid systems.For PV systems, several topics and issues are addressed such as modeling of PV systems using single diode model and double diode model; analytical and numerical methods for extraction of PV parameters; extraction of maximum power from PV system using integral SMC strategy, sun-pointing orientation, SuDoKu, and ANN algorithms; and fault detection and classification based on metaheuristic technique, and feedforward neural network.For the wind system, its modeling is first discussed, and then the control of the wind system using direct power, PI, fuzzy logic, sliding mode, and time delay strategies is analyzed.In the third part, the chapters focus on efficient energy management, optimization of microgrids, and the use of advancedtechnologies to improve energy performance. Researchers present innovative solutions to address the challenges of energy efficiency, grid responsiveness, and the integration of new energy sources.

​This book renews the concept of the symbolic function, exploring human capacity to create and utilize symbols, semiotic systems, and realities. It offers a unique theoretical perspective on the early psychological growth of children, focusing on the symbolic function's role in their development . In this sense, it offer new conception of the emergence of symbolic function and language. It further presents detailed analyses of semiotic function manifestations and their integration around age three, signifying a child's entry into the "symbolic species" and its profound influence on overall mental development. This book deals with issues related to the symbolic function in general, as well as its origin and development. It further presents detailed analyses of semiotic function manifestations and their integration around age three, signifying a child's entry into the symbolic species and its profound influence on overall mental development. This text serves as a valuable academic resource for university teachers, researchers and students interested in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the complex interplay between cognitive, socio-emotional development, and social practices in the emergence of symbolic function in early childhood.

This textbook introduces readers to the language, concepts, and tools of crystallography, as well as many aspects of crystal chemistry. Important topics, such as bonding, electronegativity, lattice energy, symmetry operations, crystal defects, and structure-property relationships are covered. Worked examples are included where appropriate. By uniquely combining elements of crystallography and crystal chemistry, the text is a useful and accessible resource for students across many disciplines. Chapter summaries and example problems are included to optimize use by students and faculty in both graduate and undergraduate curricula. Historical context to relevant discoveries and biographical sketches of many of the scientists involved in the development of this field are also provided to expand the student's knowledge of both solid-state science and scientists.

This book presents the latest knowledge, trends, and advances in cell transplantation and innovations in developing microspheres, 3D biomaterial constructs to enhance transfer, and cell survival to specific regions of the brain. Neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury are increasing. Medications currently only temporarily reduce some of the symptoms but do not cure or delay progression of the disease. Development of effective treatments dramatically improves the independent living and quality of life of patients. Cell transplantation strategies offer an approach to facilitating brain repair, but efficacy is often limited by low in vivo survival rates of cells that are injected in suspension. Transplanting cells that are attached to or encapsulated within a biomaterial construct has the advantage of maintaining cell-cell and cell-material interactions and improving cell survival in vivo. Biomaterials that have been used in preclinical studies to assist with in vivo cell transfer and survival include heparin-chitosan microspheres, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres, RADA 16 microspheres, poly(desaminotyrosyl tyrosine ethyl ester carbonate) microscale scaffolds, carbon nanotubes, collagen-chitosan scaffolds, poly(L-lactic acid) scaffolds, agarose hydrogels, gelatin methacrylate hydrogels, and agarose micro-columns with an extracellular matrix interior. Incorporating growth factors (e.g., glial-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3) into the biomaterial constructs increased cell survival and incorporation into the host tissue. International experts in the fields of both experimental and clinical neurological research contribute chapters to this book and discuss the latest achievements in cell transplantation and matrix-assisted cell transfer/survival technologies for diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and brain injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. It is envisaged that research findings in experimental animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and stroke promote clinical trials using biomaterial-assisted transfer of cells.

This book is about the respective roles of intuition and reasoning in ethics. It responds to a number of well-known philosophers and psychologists, and proposes a new perspective - radical in its moderation. It examines in depth the work of the philosopher Joshua Greene and the psychologist Jonathan Haidt. With the so-called empirical turn in ethics, much work has been done to try to isolate the role of reason and intuition in forming our moral judgements, with Haidt and Greene leading the research programmes and attracting much of the professional and public attention, and many others following. The current view - shared by both camps - is that intuition is largely the driver of our moral judgements - a view summed up in Haidt's slogan 'intuition first, strategic reasoning second'. Haidt believes we have to live with this and accept it. Greene does not: he contends that our intuitions, while suitable for the environments in which we evolved, are worthless in the modern, global, technological age, and to avoid ethical disaster we must learn to adopt reason as the arbiter of moral truth. This book steers a middle course between these two positions and is therefore of great interest to philosophers and psychologists alike.

This book is devoted to the systems rethinking of the role of the leading digital technologies and circular innovations to reduce the environmental footprint of the modern economy. The target audience of this book consists of scientists who explore environmental economics, energy economics, and sustainable development. In this book, they will find a consistent take on the impact of the economy on the environment from the perspective of a new scientific concept--the environmental footprint of the economy, described through the lens of the UN SDGs. This book is also useful for public agencies of energy and environmental economics and environmentally responsible enterprises. In this book, they will find applied recommendations on improving the efficiency of the use of high technologies and responsible innovations to reduce the environmental footprint of the modern economy.The book provides numerous real-world examples, case studies, and recommendations on unlocking the environmental potential of high technologies (Big Data, Ubiquitous Computing (UC), Robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT)) and responsible innovations (ESG investments, environmental taxation, green jobs), which allow reaching net-zero emission and building a carbon-neutral circular economy. The interest in this book is also attributable to the fact that it takes into account the specifics of developed and less-developed countries. The book puts more focus on the real-life and case experience of Central Asia and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

This textbook offers a comprehensive approach to Political Economy in order to account for the empirical diversity of politics and economy. It combines comparative, international and historical perspectives into a holistic framework of analysis. Covering multiple levels of analysis from the individual firm, worker or consumer up to financial systems, the book demonstrates how abstract forms of capitalism manifest in concrete experiences and everyday activities. By applying a theory of capitalist phases, it offers a simple yet compelling perspective to account for the diverse changes and dynamics of political economies. Empirically rich, it offers a concise account of capitalist economies around the globe.

The green transition is the way to a sustainable and fair planet, and necessary to secure supply chains, deliver predictable prices, and ensure access to raw materials despite resource scarcity through sustainable production and consumption.This book provides broad, essential insights into the main elements of the green transition, circular economy, and sustainability. Sustainability and the green transition will mean new market conditions for businesses. Companies will be subject to new legislation at the corporate and product level alike. They will need to meet new requirements, e.g., having to provide a tremendous amount of new non-financial ESG data to deliver transparency and traceability in the value chains of products and businesses. The book aims to close the gaps between science, society, and business. To do so, it describes the complexity of sustainability and the need for a holistic approach. In addition, it provides solutions, tools and methods to transform today's linear economy, make businesses ready for the future, and create a society that no longer pushes the planet beyond its limits.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the Korean alphabet, Hangul, and includes a synthesis of research findings relating to reading in the non-Roman alphabet. This, in turn, contributes to the science of reading through an understanding of reading mechanisms that are essential for all writing systems, and that are particular for a given writing system. Hangul has been recognized as "the world's best alphabet," "one of the great intellectual achievements of Mankind," and "alphabet's epitome, a star among alphabets" by some linguists and historians. It is known that writing systems have evolved based on the ecological principle that visual signs are culturally selected to match objects found in natural scenes through selection pressures for optimal visual processing. However, Hangul is an exception. It was purposely invented by King Sejong in the 15th century to combat the illiteracy prevalent at the time. The chapters excavate the historical background of Hangul, and the unique characteristics of Hangul that contribute to learnability and efficiency. The author presents empirical evidence of psycholinguistic research into reading Hangul, building theories and presenting implications for the science of reading. This book is relevant to students, researchers and practitioners in applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, language studies, reading studies, and grammatology, with a particular focus on the Korean alphabet.

This book contributes to a worldwide history of textual criticism and critical editions of ancient scientific texts. It first looks at ancient editorial practices, and at their impact on modern editions. Contributions analyze how, through time, the perception of what a text was may have changed, and influenced how scholarly texts were made accessible. The second section looks at the historical, political and social contexts within which editions and translations of ancient scientific texts were produced. Finally, the last two parts examine the specificities of editions and translations that bore on scholarly documents. Not only is there a focus on how the elements specific to scientific texts--such as diagrams and numbers--were treated, but case studies analyzing the specific work carried out to edit mathematical and astronomical texts of the past are also offered to the reader. The scholarship displayed in this work lays the foundation for further studies on the history of critical editions and raises questions to those who make scholarly translations and critical editions today.

This book is the first review book to use the multiple-choice question format in pediatric neurosurgery. More than 500 MCQs are provided in a convenient format that is suitable for self-study.The mission of the book is to help readers understand the content and maintain the knowledge, rather than merely finding answers for complicated questions. The strategy and the format of the questions provide a step-by-step, thorough explanation of each disease from the definition, associated anatomy, pathology, clinical features, radiology to surgical decision-making, and surgical tricks, providing a comprehensive and concise overview. Answers and definitions appear immediately below the questions to facilitate information retention. It is an important asset for residents across neurosurgical disciplines as it includes much of the pediatric neurosurgery knowledge that neurosurgical residents need to prepare for their certification tests. It is also useful for those seeking ways to solidify their knowledge or maintain their current certification. This book is an adjunct to the existing texts and does not intend to be the primary source of information; it rather aims to help readers identify their relevant strengths and weaknesses in the area.

This open access book addresses relationships that develop from the complex set of legislative, regulatory, and institutional arrangements that arise in the governance of high-hazard industries, especially those connected with safety. It analyses the difference in practices between high-hazard sectors such as nuclear power, chemical processing, and transport with those in the finance and healthcare sectors. The relationship between regulating and regulated entities is important in ensuring that safety is not subordinated to other concerns and in maintaining public confidence. As a result, the brief addresses various pressures and trade-offs inherent in that relationship, trade-offs between such considerations as: cost of the oversight activity and its effectiveness; regulator independence and its level of competency and understanding of the risks involved; ability to provide advice on meeting regulatory goals and being able to criticize decisions made; and effectiveness and intrusion in operational activities. The contributors show how, over time, a more horizontal or "decentred" approach to regulatory oversight has appeared, with a larger degree of delegation of certain decisions to industry and a greater role for a range of third parties such as certification bodies, auditors, insurers, industry associations and NGOs. This book is of interest to academics working in the fields of safety science or organizational management and to practitioners, regulators and policy-makers concerned with health and safety and critical infrastructure.

This book is a comprehensive guide to understanding the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving business functions, as well as the limitations and challenges that come with its implementation. In this book, readers will learn about the various opportunities that AI presents in business, including how it can automate routine tasks, reduce errors, and increase efficiency. The book covers a range of topics, including how AI can be used in financial reporting, auditing, fraud detection, and tax preparation. However, the book also explores the limitations of AI in business, such as the need for skilled professionals, data quality, and the potential for bias. It examines the challenges that companies face when implementing AI in business functions, including the need for ethical considerations, transparency, and accountability. The book is written for business professionals, business leaders, and anyone interested in the potential of AI in business functions. It offers practical advice on how to implement AI effectively and provides insights into the latest developments in AI technology. Through case studies and real-world examples, readers will gain a deeper understanding of how AI can be used to enhance business functions, as well as the potential pitfalls and limitations to be aware of. Overall, this book is an essential guide for anyone looking to harness the power of AI to improve their business functions and to stay ahead in an increasingly competitive business environment.

This proceedings book explores future prospects of cultural, heritage, and religious tourism and how it can impact the socioeconomic complexity of a community and future developments. It includes chapters on contemporary digital age pilgrimage, digital interpretation as a management strategy, tourism in the era of digital communication, and the role of social media in conserving intangible cultural heritage. This book focuses on policies and mechanisms for heritage preservation. It includes cultural heritage tourism management, how the digitalization of data has impacted and further developed tourism, World Heritage classification in urban tourism destinations, cultural tourism products, and experiences. Moreover, it discusses the sustainable environment and geography in tourism. It covers topics such as ecotourism and rural sustainable development, heritage in socioeconomic sustainable development, and tourists' perceptions of tourism. Anotherpart of the book explores the social and economic impacts of tourism. It includes chapters on cycling tourism along the Elbe, residents' perceptions of the socioeconomic benefits of restaurants, architecture of historical mosques, tourism as a driver of soft power, tourists' perceptions of service quality, tourism during the Covid-19 pandemic, gastronomic narratives in tourism, and residents' perceptions of festivals. Also, it pinpoints the focus on user interaction-based development. It includes chapters on the role of community-led initiatives in heritage revitalization and addressing connectivity issues between historical and natural touristic heritage sites. These research papers provide valuable insights into the multidimensional nature of cultural sustainable tourism, covering a wide range of topics and offering diverse perspectives on its development, management, and impact.

This thought-provoking book takes readers on a captivating journey through the realms of green urbanism, urban regeneration, and urban design, development, and preservation, providing an exploration of innovative approaches to creating sustainable and thriving cities of the future.Discussing the pressing challenges of urban environments, this book offers practical insights for architects, urban planners, researchers, and sustainability enthusiasts. It introduces cutting-edge strategies for sustainable urban mobility, energy-efficient designs, and nature-based solutions implementation while showcasing case studies and comprehensive analyses that shed light on the complexities of urban regeneration. Moreover, this volume uncovers the importance of preserving cultural heritage and its role in shaping vibrant communities. With its informative and engaging narrative, this book equips readers with valuable knowledge to make a positive impact on their urban surroundings. It deepens their understanding of urban challenges and illuminates ways they can contribute to transforming our cities toward a more sustainable and vibrant future.

This book establishes brand-new frame theory and technical implementation in data science, with a special focus on spatial-scale feature extraction, network dynamics, object-oriented analysis, data-driven environmental prediction, and climate diagnosis. Given that data science is unanimously recognized as a core driver for achieving Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, these frame techniques bring fundamental changes to multi-channel data mining systems and support the development of digital Earth platforms. This book integrates the authors' frame research in the past twenty years and provides cutting-edge techniques and depth for scientists, professionals, and graduate students in data science, applied mathematics, environmental science, and geoscience.

Beside the fascination of feasibility and the remarkable advances in the impressive development of transplantation medicine as a highly sophisticated field of modern science and medicine, a lot of issues and concerns related to the topic still remain to be answered in a meaningful context: the determination of brain death, justice in organ allocation, the contradiction between a high acceptance of organ donation in the German society according to surveys and the low willingness to give consent in the hospital.Is informed consent a useful legal frame, forcing relatives to make a decision for or against organ donation at the bedside of their beloved relative? What structures in the health care system and especially in everyday hospital life can promote or prevent organ donation as an indispensable condition for a transplantation? Is xenotransplantation a hopeful alternative to human organ transplantation?With remarkable accuracy and detailed knowledge, this book is an interesting and exciting way, yet evidence-based, of looking into these questions. Although based on German experience, it will provide a valuable and updated guide to it all those who, even in other countries and for private or professional reasons, want to be informed and deal comprehensively with the diverse medical, ethical, organizational, political and economic facets of an extraordinary field of medicine.This is an open access book.

Access to energy is essential for our daily lives, economic growth, environment, and sustainability. However, our use of fossil fuels has contributed to global climate change, which poses a significant threat to society and life on this planet. Yet, it has been challenging to reconcile the perceived conflict between economics and climate change, which has created deep divisions in our society. ENERGY 2040: Aligning Innovation, Economics, and Decarbonization provides a holistic and comprehensive analysis of the ongoing energy transition and its underlying causes. It presents a viable path to meet the energy, economic, and climate goals by weaving together science, technology, economics, policy, entrepreneurship, and geopolitics. The book presents a captivating narrative that brings together a range of topics, including new and disruptive technologies with steep learning rates, the challenges of the future power grid, the democratization of energy, and reducing the timeline from science to impact at scale. It also explores the complex role of scientific research, disruptive deep tech, entrepreneurship, and policy in accelerating this energy transformation. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding the future of energy. Whether you're a scientist, energy-industry practitioner, policymaker, investor, student, or concerned citizen, this book offers critical insights into the complex and evolving world of energy, innovation, decarbonization, and climate change.

This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations and applications in the field of condition monitoring, damage assessment and maintenance engineering, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the UNIfied Conference of DAMAS (International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures), IncoME (International Conference on Maintenance Engineering) and TEPEN (The Efficiency and Performance Engineering) Conferences, held in Huddersfield, UK on August 29 - September 1, 2023. Topics include machinery dynamics, sensors and measurement systems, signal processing, structural damage identification and machine fault diagnosis, plant maintenance and reliability, machine health monitoring, asset management, life-cycle cost optimisation, prognostics and health management, maintenance performance measurement, manufacturing process monitoring, and robot-based monitoring and diagnostics. The contributions, which were selected through a rigorous internationalpeer-review process, share exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations.

This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations and applications in the field of condition monitoring, damage assessment and maintenance engineering, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the UNIfied Conference of DAMAS (International Conference on Damage Assessment of Structures), IncoME (International Conference on Maintenance Engineering) and TEPEN (The Efficiency and Performance Engineering) Conferences, held in Huddersfield, UK on August 29 - September 1, 2023. Topics include machinery dynamics, sensors and measurement systems, signal processing, structural damage identification and machine fault diagnosis, plant maintenance and reliability, machine health monitoring, asset management, life-cycle cost optimisation, prognostics and health management, maintenance performance measurement, manufacturing process monitoring, and robot-based monitoring and diagnostics. The contributions, which were selected through a rigorous internationalpeer-review process, share exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations.

This book represents a comprehensive overview of the caves and karsts of Montenegro, a small territory yet one of the fascinating areas regarding speleology. In Montenegro, there are more than 1500 karst wonders identified. ¿alovi¿a cave, with more than 20 km, ranks as the longest in the region. In the Maganika massif, Iron Cave also ranks first but because of its length reaching 1100 m. Montenegro's history is also connected to caves as two very popular and visited sanctuaries, monasteries built in the cave - Ostrog and Dajbabe. In another speleo-archaeological site, cave Red Rock, 32 layers with a measured age of 180,000 years, is highly relevant in Europe.

This book presents the fundamentals of thermodynamics and is designed to serve as a comprehensive textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It caters to those who seek a deeper understanding of how irreversibility impacts thermodynamic processes between equilibrium states. Additionally, it aims to provide a thorough grasp of the underlying physical mechanisms governing the macroscopic behavior of multiphase and multicomponent systems, both in equilibrium and non-equilibrium states.

This Open Access book addresses climate change in Europe and Latin America from a comparative regionalism studies (CRS) perspective. Written by an international team of scholars and experts, chapters critically analyze proposals for mitigating climate change while contributing to the mutual understanding about the issues at stake across regions. The book is divided into three main sections. In the first section, authors discuss EU and Latin American cooperation, negotiations, and perspectives on climate change, exploring their agendas, the interests and key challenges at the global, regional and interregional levels. The second section focuses on the challenges to finance development and a greener economy. The third section explores new green solutions to climate change in the agriculture sector and initiatives such as nature-based solutions to climate change and best practices. Providing policy oriented solutions for combatting regional climate change at a critical juncture, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students of international relations, international law, and environmental politics, as well as public officials and climate change activists.

This textbook discusses the use of uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis in environmental life cycle assessment (LCA). This is a topic which has received a lot of attention by journals, including the leading (Springer) International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Despite its importance, no coherent textbook exists that summarizes the progress that has been made in the last 20 years. This book attempts to fill that gap. Its audience is practitioners (professional and academic) of LCA, teachers, and Ph.D. students. It gives a very broad overview of the field: probability theory, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, error analysis, sensitivity analysis, decision theory, etc., all in relation to LCA. Much effort has been taken to give a balanced overview, with a uniform terminology and mathematical notation.

This book provides the elements of probability and stochastic processes of direct interest to the applied sciences where probabilistic models play an important role, most notably in the information and communications sciences, computer sciences, operations research, and electrical engineering, but also in fields like epidemiology, biology, ecology, physics, and the earth sciences.The theoretical tools are presented gradually, not deterring the readers with a wall of technicalities before they have the opportunity to understand their relevance in simple situations. In particular, the use of the so-called modern integration theory (the Lebesgue integral) is postponed until the fifth chapter, where it is reviewed in sufficient detail for a rigorous treatment of the topics of interest in the various domains of application listed above.The treatment, while mathematical, maintains a balance between depth and accessibility that is suitable for theefficient manipulation, based on solid theoretical foundations, of the four most important and ubiquitous categories of probabilistic models: Markov chains, which are omnipresent and versatile models in applied probabilityPoisson processes (on the line and in space), occurring in a range of applications from ecology to queuing and mobile communications networksBrownian motion, which models fluctuations in the stock market and the "white noise" of physicsWide-sense stationary processes, of special importance in signal analysis and design, as well as in the earth sciences.This book can be used as a text in various ways and at different levels of study. Essentially, it provides the material for a two-semester graduate course on probability and stochastic processes in a department of applied mathematics or for students in departments where stochastic models play an essential role. The progressive introduction of concepts and tools, along with the inclusion of numerous examples, also makes this book well-adapted for self-study.

This book provides a comprehensive study of structural design and optimization of different truss structures for size, shape, and topology of structure. It describes truss optimization based on into three categories: size optimization, shape optimization, and topology optimization.It also studies the performance of metaheuristic algorithms developed after 2011 for truss optimization problems. The results highlight the best approach to achieve the best performance of the structural design. Pseudo codes of all the methods are provided at the end of the book so that it can be used by the researchers, practitioners, and students to test it for different real-world systems.This book ideal for structural design engineers to realize the appropriate systems with properly optimized parameters as well as designers, practitioners, consultants involved in structural designs, researchers, academics, and graduate students in mechanical, civil, and architectural engineering.

In 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo ran the now famous Stanford prison experiment to show that prison could make normal people behave in pathological ways. Based on the first thorough investigation in the archives of the experiment and on interviews with about half of its participants, this book shows that the Stanford prison experiment is far from being scientific. In particular, the guards knew what results were expected from them, they were trained and supervised by the experimenters, and they were following a schedule and a set of rules written by the experimenters. The experimenters deceived the guards and made them believe they were not subjects. They also borrowed many elements from a previous student experiment without disclosing this information in their reports. The prisoners were not allowed to leave the experiment at will, and they were conditioned by the experimenters. The mock prison situation was unrealistic. Most participants did not forget they were participating in an experiment, and many responded to demand characteristics. The data was not collected properly. And the conclusions were pre-written according to non-academic aims.This book goes beyond the experiment to provide ample background and context, in order to understand how the experiment was planned, financed, recorded, and divulged in the press and within the academic. It discusses also the role played by Philip Zimbardo in the trial of one of the guards of Abu Ghraib, as well as the impact of mass media on science, the debates between personal psychology and social psychology, and the specific nature of cold war social science.