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The scientific study of weather patterns averaged over a period of time is called climatology or climate science. It focuses on recording and analyzing weather patterns of the Earth's atmosphere and understanding the conditions that cause them. It is a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography. Climatology also comprises aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry. It is used for the analysis of observations and modeling the physical laws that determine the climate. It encompasses climate variability, mechanisms of climate change, and modern climate change. This book outlines the principles and applications of climatology in detail. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of this field. As climatology is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Biotechnology is the technology based on biology which involves living systems and life forms that are interdependent on each other to create items using some mechanical application. It is based on the basic biological sciences such as molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry and genetics. The most important applications of biotechnology are nutrient supplementation, abiotic stress resistance, strength fibers, healthcare, food processing, and fuel from waste. It covers the fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, bio-manufacturing, and molecular engineering. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of biotechnology. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in it. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about biotechnology.

Myths are symbolic narratives which usually have unknown origins and are at least partly traditional. They claim to relate actual events and are specifically associated with religious beliefs. The place of myths in various religious traditions differs according to each religion. Their principal function was to provide justifications for adopted rituals. Sacred objects and images found in many religious traditions are the material counterparts of myths. They epitomize sacred realities of figures, just like myths represent sacred narratives. Some religions, like Christianity and Islam, are in many respects critical of myths, even though anthropologists would regard their sacred texts as containing mythical themes, just like other ancient religions. Such selected concepts that redefine myths and lived religion have been presented in this book. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on this field have been included herein. A number of latest researches have been included in this book to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

International logistics refers to the design and management of a system that controls the forward and reverse flow of materials, services and information into, through and out of international cooperation. Logistics can be classified into two categories, namely, inbound and outbound logistics. Inbound logistics deal with purchasing and arranging inbound movement of machines, parts or unfinished inventory from suppliers to warehouses, assembly plants and stores. Outbound logistics are concerned with the storage and movement of the final product and related information. Various techniques such as just-in-time, electronic data interchange, etc. are an integral part of this discipline. Transportation methods are essential to the branch of logistics. Some common techniques employed for transfer of cargo and other materials are liner service, tramp service and airfreight. The various sub-fields of international logistics along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of international logistics. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The technique used in analytical chemistry to identify, separate and quantify each element in a mixture is known as high performance liquid chromatography. It was initially known as high pressure liquid chromatography. For the separation of the component, it relies on the process of pumping to pass the liquid through the adsorbent. The various parameters in this field are particle size, pump pressure, internal diameter, pore size, autosamplers and detectors. Partition chromatography, displacement chromatography, normal-phase chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, bioaffinity chromatography and aqueous normal phase chromatography are some of its types. The field has applications in manufacturing, detecting illicit drugs, research and medicine. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from basic to the most complex advancements in high performance liquid chromatography. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards the advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. For all those readers who are interested in this area of study, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The degree of availability of food to all the individuals is termed as food security. It involves physical and economic access to sufficient quantities of food at all times. The food must be safe, nutritious and able to meet the dietary requirements of an individual. Food security is governed by four factors, namely, food availability, food access, utilization and stability. A small farm that operates under a small-scale agriculture model is termed as small holder or smallholding. These farms generally support a single family with a mixture of cash crops and subsistence farming. Examples of post-harvest activities are storage, commercial and in-home processing and preparation. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of food security and its utmost significance in modern times. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. As this field is emerging at a fast pace, this book will help the readers to better understand the concepts of food security and role of smallholder farms.

The branch of basic and applied sciences which deals with the physical, chemical and biological makeup of food is termed as food science. Its key focus is on studying the mechanisms underlying food deterioration and the processes related to food processing. Food science is a multidisciplinary field which makes use of concepts from the fields of chemical engineering, chemistry, biochemistry and microbiology. It aims to improve the safety, nutrition and availability of food. Food technology refers to the application of principles of food science for preservation, selection, packaging and processing of food. The discipline of food science and technology can be further classified into food chemistry, food engineering, food microbiology, molecular gastronomy and sensory analysis. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of food science and technology. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on food science and technology have been included herein. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.