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Livestock refers to domesticated animals that are raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities like eggs, fur, meat, milk, wool and leather. Livestock animals can be domestic, semidomestic or captive wild animals. Livestock production is a major economic and cultural contributor in many rural communities. Proper feeding, good husbandry and hygiene are important for ensuring the good health of animals. The routine use of vaccinations and antibiotics promote growth in animals and render immunity against deadly diseases. Intensive animal farming is an upcoming aspect of modern agriculture, where livestock are reared in factory farms. This has potentially raised the yield but has also raised concerns on its negative impact on environment and animal health and welfare. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to livestock management. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest trends in this field. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this area of study.

An overflow of water which submerges land that is generally dry is known as a flood. This overflow can be from a number of water bodies such as lakes, rivers or oceans. It can also be caused from an excessive accumulation of rainwater. The impact of floods can vary, from a neighborhood or community getting affected to an entire river basin. Some of the many ways of mitigating the adverse effects of floods are forecasting, mapping and analyzing hydraulic models. Flood forecasting is a process which is involved in the prediction and estimation of the duration, magnitude and timing of flooding. Its primary aim is to prevent and reduce damage to human life, environment and property. The topics included in this book on floods and their mitigation are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Hydropower is the energy derived from water that is falling or fast-running. It is a type of renewable energy. There are four types of hydropower, namely, run-of-river hydropower, storage hydropower, pumped-storage hydropower and offshore hydropower. Devices such as trompe and watermill run on hydropower. The electricity produced by hydropower is known as hydroelectricity. It can also be used to store potential energy between two reservoirs. Hydroelectric power plants, which include reservoir, are used to exploit the energy of falling water. Hydropower can be used for irrigation and operations such as carried out dock cranes, gristmills, textile mills, ore mills, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of hydropower. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary approach. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

Agriculture science is a biological field that is concerned with the practices and understanding of agriculture. It is an interdisciplinary subject which involves parts of natural, economic and social sciences. Agricultural science focuses on the research and development in the areas of plant pathology, horticulture, soil science, entomology, plant breeding and genetics, and production techniques such as irrigation management. It also deals with improving the quantity as well as the quality of agricultural productivity. Agricultural science also seeks to minimize the effects of pests such as weeds, insects and pathogens on the crop production system. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of agricultural science. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the principles and practices in this area. This textbook is appropriate for those seeking detailed information about agricultural science.

Wastewater treatment is a process through which wastewater is converted into usable form with minimal impact on the environment. The by-products generated from wastewater treatment plants like grit, sewage sludge and screenings, are also treated in the wastewater treatment plant. It involves various phase separation processes such as sedimentation and filtration, polishing, biochemical oxidation and chemical oxidation. Treatment of wastewater depends on the type of wastewater. Accordingly, wastewater treatment plants can be categorized as industrial wastewater, agricultural wastewater, sewage and leachate treatment plants. This book outlines the processes and applications of wastewater treatment in detail. It presents this complex subject in the most easy to understand language. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of wastewater treatment.

Exercise is a physical activity that enhances physical fitness, and maintains overall health and wellness. It is essential for the prevention of aging, strengthening of muscles, honing athletic skills and maintenance of weight. Physical exercises are classified into the three types- aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise and flexibility exercise. Exercises are also targeted at increasing accuracy, agility, power and speed. The study of how sports and exercise promote health and performance of the human body is under the domain of sports and exercise science. It integrates areas of physiology, anatomy, psychology, biomechanics and biokinetics. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of exercise and sports science. Selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented in this book. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Agriculture refers to the breeding and cultivation of plants and animals to provide economically important products like food, fur, fuels, medicine, etc. Crop production has significantly increased due to advances in modern agronomy, plant breeding and use of agrochemicals. Animal husbandry has seen similar increase in outputs due to advanced breeding techniques like selective breeding. Some of the common agricultural practices include shifting cultivation, subsistence farming, intensive farming, etc. Currently, new techniques are being explored to make agriculture more sustainable such as organic farming, integrated pest management, regenerative agriculture and no-till farming among many others. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to agriculture. It studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of agriculture science and its utmost significance in modern times. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Ecology, biodiversity and conservation are interrelated fields of study concerned with assessing, evaluating and maintaining the ecological balance of our planet. The focus areas of ecology and biodiversity are planning and management of natural resources, biodiversity maintenance as well as sustaining genetic diversity for wildlife species conservation. The interdisciplinary branches of evolutionary ecology, biology, genetics and ethology are studied to formulate conservation methodologies. This book provides the latest research and technological advancements in the field of ecology, biodiversity and conservation. It strives to provide significant knowledge on these frontiers and help to develop a holistic understanding of these fields. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts, ecologists, environmentalists and conservationists.

Environmental science is a vast field concerned with the study of numerous environmental phenomena. As a discipline, environmental science integrates theories and concepts of many other scientific fields like biology, chemistry, plant science, limnology, etc. Ecology, on the other hand, is an interdisciplinary field of biology that studies the relationships of organisms with their immediate surroundings. Ecology has a number of applications across various fields of study such as conservation biology, natural resource management, wetland management, etc. This book attempts to present the concepts and theories central to the field of ecology in detail and examine their relevance in the field of environmental science. It unfolds the innovative aspects of ecology and illustrates how the techniques of this field can be applied for the progress of environmental science in the future. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Irrigation refers to the controlled application of water to agricultural crops and plants to ensure healthy growth and production. A soil is considered ideal for agriculture if it can sustain and yield crops of high quality. To ensure this, the soil must be sufficiently irrigated and provided the essential nutrients required for plant growth. Ensuring suitable soil pH, internal drainage, thriving population of a range of microbes that support growth are some other considerations of a good agricultural practice. These can be achieved by strategic use of nutrients in the form of fertilizers, organic matter and the judicious use of water. This book presents the recent developments in this domain with an emphasis on irrigation water management and good agricultural practices to improve crop health and soil fertility. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to professionals and students in this field.

Bioengineering is the integration of biology and engineering to develop usable products, especially for use in diverse industrial sectors. The field uses principles of fluid mechanics, surface science, mass transfer, thermodynamics and polymer science among many others. Bioengineering is also used to modify or control biological systems in order to sustain or predict chemical and mechanical processes. Some of its prominent applications can be found in the designing of medical and diagnostic devices, genetic modification, biocatalysis, biocompatible materials, etc. The ever growing need of advanced technology has fueled the research in the field of bioengineering in modern times. This book covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts revolving around this field. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The proteomes are a set of proteins that are produced by an organism. Proteomics helps in understanding the movement and interactions of proteins. Modern technologies have been introduced to develop a better understanding of proteomics. The common techniques used are mass spectrometry, differential in-gel electrophoresis, etc. This textbook, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in the field of proteomics.

Genetic engineering is the study of the process of transforming genomes. It uses the elements and techniques of biotechnology to manipulate the genes and transfer them across organisms to develop better organisms and crops. The processes used in genetic engineering are gene isolation, molecular cloning, genetic transformation, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of genetic engineering. It presents topics which include various methods and theories used in this vast field. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies have been included in it. This textbook attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into the field of genetic engineering.

The process whereby information about an object, manmade or natural, can be obtained remotely or without directly encountering it is known as remote sensing. It has great significance in military as well as geographic and commercial endeavors. It generally includes satellites and aircraft based sensors to root out information about objects present in the deep sea, atmosphere, etc. This book presents the complex subject of remote sensing in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It includes a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of the field. Some of the diverse topics covered in it address the varied branches that fall under this category. This textbook will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in remote sensing.

Paleoecology studies ancient organisms and their relationship with the environment they inhabited. As a field, it provides key clues into the processes of habitat adaptation among organisms as well as to biotic and abiotic stress factors. This book on paleoecology highlights the most up-to-date concepts in this field. Paleoecology recreates the past environment for precise interpretation of data. Significant changes have occurred in our environment over the past centuries which are studied under this field. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in the field of paleoecology. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Plant-animal interactions are biological processes that occur between plants and animals in an ecosystem. Biodiversity is a key factor in the propagation and sustenance of an ecosystem. The symbiotic relationships that are formed by different species contribute to vital environmental processes such as pollination, seed dispersal, etc. Species evolution also depends on the surrounding environment. Natural resources are common for all species and cooperation and competition depends on the availability of food and water. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Nutrition is the science of understanding and studying the relation of food substances to the growth, health, maintenance, reproduction, etc. of the body. It also includes the study of assimilation, absorption, excretion, biosynthesis, food intake and catabolism. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to nutrition and the different diseases caused because of the lack of proper diet. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of nutrition. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.