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June 6,1944Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion - like William the Conqueror's before it or the Inchon landing afterwards - will long be studied as a classic in military planning, logistics, and operations. Overlord depended to a remarkable degree upon the use of air power in virtually all its forms. A half-century ago, aircraft were primitive vehicles of war compared to the modern attackers of the Gulf War era, with their precision weapons, advanced navigational, sensor systems, and communications. Yet, the airplane still had a profound impact upon the success of the invasion. Simply stated, without air power, Normandy would have been impossible.

The study of early maps and atlases has in recent years engaged the interest of an increasing number of scholars from a variety of disciplines. A small but dedicated group of professional geographers has been concerned with the origins and development of geographical thought and knowledge, including the representation of geographical data on maps and charts. Professional historians have devoted their attention to the period of discoveries and the cartographic revolution it induced. Others with this specialization have chronicled the unrolling of the map of the United States as the trans-Mississippi country was explored and surveyed in the nineteenth century.Library of Congress specialists have, through the years, compiled comprehensive cartobibliographies and prepared scholarly studies relating to the history of cartography. Because of their permanent reference value and to make them available in a convenient format to a wider audience, the papers are reprinted in this volume. Individually the selections provide detailed information about a number of unique or distinctive early maps and atlases. Collectively the papers illuminate many fascinating milestones and landmarks along the evolutionary trail of cartographic history.

This treatise on the mechanics, effects, and classification of special exercises describes the Swedish system of educational gymnastics. The author argues that Swedish gymnastics must be the basis of all rational gymnastics since it is the only system whose details have been elucidated by and derived from mechanics, anatomy, physiology, and psychology.At the time of original publication in 1896, Baron Nils Posse was a graduate of the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute (Stockholm), Special Swedish Commissioner to The World's Colombian Exposition, Honorary Vice President to The World's Congress of Physical Education Chicago 1893, and Director of the Posse Gymnasium, Boston.

Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls deals with amphibious warfare as waged by American forces against the Japanese-held atolls of the Central Pacific during World War II. The word amphibious, as here used, includes the landing and supply of troops in combat as well as the air and naval support of the operations. The atoll operations described in this volume were amphibious from beginning to end. They were not simple seaborne hit-and-run raids of the Dieppe type. The objective was to secure the atolls as steppingstones to the next advance. The islands were relatively small, permitting continual naval and air support of the ground operations. Some outstanding examples of the co-ordination of fire support by artillery, naval gunfire, and air are found in this book. The advantages of simple plans and the disadvantages of the more complicated will stand out for the careful reader. The story of the capture of these atolls of Micronesia offers some of the best examples of combined operations that are available in the annals of modern war. Ground, sea, and air components were always present, and the effectiveness with which they were combined and co-ordinated accounts in large measure for the rapid success enjoyed in these instances by American arms. Units of the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps were active participants in the operations and the role they played is treated in this volume as fully as is considered appropriate in a series devoted to the history of the U.S. Army in World War II. From the point of view of strategy, the significance of this volume lies in the fact that it tells the story of the beginnings of the drive across the Central Pacific toward the Japanese homeland. This concept of defeating Japan by pushing directly westward from Hawaii through the island bases of the mid-Pacific was traditional in American strategic thinking, but had never been put to test and was seriously challenged in some quarters. As is shown here, the test was first made in the campaigns against the Gilberts and Marshalls, the outcome was successful, and the experience gained was of inestimable value in planning for the subsequent conduct of the war in the Pacific. Orlando WardWashington, D. C. Maj. Gen., U. S. A.9 January 1953 Chief of Military History

This publication of passive solar projects built in the United States has been prepared to document the state of the art in passive solar design. Passive solar heating and cooling can provide a major percentage of the buildings' energy requirement, while at the same time representing a heightened level of involvement for the architect in the design stages of the building. The full potential of this passive conditioning depends on a sensitive awareness of the relationship between climate, comfort, and the thermal characteristics of buildings and building materials.Passive solar systems are often misunderstood and vaguely defined. Many of the approaches to passive solar heating and cooling are at rudimentary stages, with little performance data and evaluation, few modeling techniques, and minimal published information. Yet for the building designer and the occupant, these concepts have major implications in the design and use of buildings. The purpose of this publication is to offer a working definition and a basic understanding of a number of existing applications of passive solar designs. Methods of passive solar design are not presented in this publication; nor are rules of thumb or passive solar assemblies and components. These subjects will be addressed in later publications. A reference bibliography has been included to assist the reader who desires more information and to stimulate additional individual research and testing. Passive design techniques can be integrated in an additive fashion in more typical buildings -but this challenge for now, is left to the reader.

"The successes of the South Pacific Force," wrote Admiral Halsey in 1944, "were not the achievements of separate services or individuals but the result of whole-hearted subordination of self-interest by all in order that one successful 'fighting team' could be created." The history of any South Pacific campaign must deal with this "fighting team," with all United States and Allied services. The victory on Guadalcanal can be understood only by an appreciation of the contribution of each service. No one service won the battle. The most decisive engagement of the campaign was the air and naval Battle of Guadalcanal in mid-November 1942, an engagement in which neither Army nor Marine Corps ground troops took any direct part.This volume attempts to show the contribution of all services to the first victory on the long road to Tokyo. It does not describe all ground, air, and naval operations in detail but it does attempt, by summary when necessary, to show the relationship between air, ground, and surface forces in modern warfare.

This is the report of the Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, created by President Johnson in 1965. This report is about crime in America - about those who commit it, about those who are its victims, and about what can be done to reduce it.Many Americans take comfort in the view that crime is the vice of a handful of people. This view is inaccurate. In the United States today, one boy in six is referred to the juvenile court. A Commission survey shows that in 1965 more than two million Americans were received in prisons or juvenile training schools, or placed on probation. Another Commission study suggests that about 40 percent of all male children now living in the United States will be arrested for a nontraffic offense during their lives. An independent survey of 1,700 persons found that 91 percent of the sample admitted they had committed acts for which they might have received jail or prison sentences.Many Americans also think of crime as a very narrow range of behavior. It is not. An enormous variety of acts make up the "crime problem." Crime is not just a tough teenager snatching a lady's purse. It is a professional thief stealing cars "on order." It is a well-heeled loan shark taking over a previously legitimate business for organized crime. It is a polite young man who suddenly and inexplicably murders his family. It is a corporation executive conspiring with competitors to keep prices high. No single formula, no single theory, no single generalization can explain the vast range of behavior called crime.

The purpose of this manual is to provide technical criteria and guidance for the planning and design of concrete gravity dams for civil works projects. This manual presents analysis and design guidance for concrete gravity dams. Conventional concrete and roller compacted concrete are both addressed. Curved gravity dams designed for arch action and other types of concrete gravity dams are not covered in this manual.Basically, gravity dams are solid concrete structures that maintain their stability against design loads from the geometric shape and the mass and strength of the concrete. Generally, they are constructed on a straight axis, but may be slightly curved or angled to accommodate the specific site conditions. Gravity dams typically consist of a nonoverflow section(s) and an overflow section or spillway.

CONTENTSChapter 1. Introduction Purpose and Scope Applicability References Changes General Considerations TerminologyChapter 2. Purposes and Limitations of Grouting Purposes Limitations Selection of Methods ofChapter 3. Geologic Considerations for Investigation and Design Rock Types Structural Geology Geohydrology Investigation Methods Test GroutingChapter 4. Planning and Procedures Considerations Planning Considerations Quality Management Grout Hole Drilling Types of Treatment Grouting Methods Foundation DrainageChapter 5. Grout Materials Grout Materials Portland Cement Grout Mixtures Special Cements and Mixtures Mixture Adjustments Chemical Grouts Asphalt Grouts Clay GroutsChapter 6. Equipment Introduction Drilling and Grouting Equipment Special Monitoring EquipmentChapter 7. Application to Water Retention Structures Concrete Dams Earth and Rockfill DamsChapter 8. Application to Tunnels, Shafts, and Chambers General Applications Purposes of Grouting ApplicationsChapter 9. Application to Navigation Structures General Foundation Treatment Repairs Grout Curtain Through the Lock AreaChapter 10. Application to Building Foundations General Pregrouting Investigation Soil Stabilization Rock FoundationsChapter 11. Precision and Specialty Grouting General Statement Scope ApplicationsChapter 12. Performance of Work General Considerations Contracts Hired LaborChapter 13. Field Procedures General Considerations Drilling Operation Grouting Operations Completion of GroutingChapter 14. Methods of Estimating General Considerations Test Grouting Grouting Records Evaluation of Exploration Borings "Unit Take" Estimates Bid ItemsChapter 15. Records and Reports General RecordsAppendix A. References and Bibliography References BibliographyAppendix B. Example: Field Procedure for Clarence Cannon DanAppendix C. Pressure Computation SamplesAppendix D. Physical Characteristics of Sanded Grouts

The manual provides a general overview of groundwater principles. Practical discussions are provided for planning groundwater investigations and modeling of groundwater flow. Additionally, a section on surface water and groundwater interaction is included. To enhance understanding of concepts, examples are provided throughout the manual.This manual initially presents an overview of the occurrence and movement of groundwater. Procedures for planning and managing a site characterization and modeling study are then presented. This is followed by chapters addressing the technical aspects of field investigative methods and computer modeling. A final chapter discussing the interaction of groundwater and surface water is then presented. Appendices are included that contain detailed references, definitions, and additional supporting information.

There is a need for the United States to move the debate over the challenge China presents us beyond the dispositions of the attention grabbing advocates: the rationalizers who explain Chinese actions in benign terms with their own political or academic motives, or the denigrators, who are "The Chinese Are Coming" school-to wit: China is belligerent, a threat, in short, a monster. It is increasingly important for Americans to think carefully about the vast complexities of the U.S.-China relationship, and the calculations that go into forming courses of action. The Chinese have to consider some of the same realities we do when planning military actions and strategy. The key question is: will China's so-called first priority of economic development and its resulting influence on domestic social stability curtail China's continuing reliance on military force as a means of exerting its influence? In addition, will economic development enhance China's comprehensive national power and thus contribute to some of China's more unhealthy goals, such as dominating the South China Seas, seizing Taiwan by force, or grabbing the Senkaku Islands from Japan? Is the China-Taiwan economic dynamic strong enough to offset military adventurism? The rationalizers often say security and sovereignty will always trump economic determinism, others insist economic factors will change China-and thus decrease the chances of war, especially with China winning the 2008 Olympics. How this dilemma is managed by the United States, China, and Taiwan will affect the future of Asia, and perhaps the world. We have tried to present in this book factual and analytical essays which stress the need for squarely addressing these questions. So, this volume should make a valuable contribution by addressing the issue of what would be at stake for China if Beijing were to pursue military solutions. The chapters that follow were originally presented at a conference at the U.S. Army War College (USAWC) held in December 2000. It is the tenth annual conference on the People's Liberation Army (PLA) that I have organized under the auspices of the American Enterprise Institute and the Heritage Foundation. This is the third PLA conference volume to be published by the USAWC Strategic Studies Institute. I commend it to you. Ambassador James R. Lilley Senior Fellow American Enterprise Institute

War is often depicted in the textbooks as a well-orchestrated, albeit violent, exercise in which opposing units strive to achieve tactical and strategic objectives. That each side will suffer casualties in the process is taken for granted; they are the inevitable, if regretable, consequence of such a deadly undertaking. That each side is almost certain to suffer casualties inflicted by its own forces is not generally taken for granted, Yet, in each of America's wars, especially those of the twentieth century, a significant number of soldiers have been killed or wounded as the result of friendly fire. The fact that the percentage of casualties resulting from friendly fire from World War I through Vietnam has been extremely low does not make the accidental killing or wounding of one's own troops any less tragic or unpalatable. Nor does it offer much consolation to the commander responsible for the lives of his troops or to the soldier who runs the risk of falling victim to the fire of his own forces. It may well be that in the "fog of war" friendly fire casualties are inevitable, but this solemn observation does not absolve the armed forces from doing everything in their power to eliminate the problem. To be sure, each branch of the Army and each of the Armed Services employ measures calculated to prevent incidents of friendly fire. But such measures offer only partial solutions, especially on the modern battlefield where joint and combined forces operate under often obscure conditions. A more comprehensive study of the causes and consequences of friendly fire is needed. That one has not yet appeared is attributable to several factors, foremost among them being the nature of the evidence on which such a study must rely. The required raw data are scattered throughout a variety of primary and secondary, official and unofficial sources. Before one can undertake a serious and comprehensive analysis of friendly fire, these data must be found and brought together in one place. In Amicicide: The Problem of Friendly Fire in Modern War, LTC Charles R. Shrader has taken a major step toward the compilation of these data. From his survey of much of the existing literature on World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, he has extracted examples of friendly fire involving U.S. ground forces and has categorized them according to types of incidents. In his well-informed narrative, he draws tentative conclusions about the causes and effects of friendly fire and offers recommendations for those who expect to study the subject further. He has, in short, produced a superb reference book and a springboard for a deeper and more comprehensive analysis of this grim and complex problem. William A. Stofft Colonel, Armor Director, Combat Studies Institute

This book provides practical guidance for the design of liquid and vapor phase devices for the adsorption of organic chemicals. The adsorptive media addressed include granular activated carbon (GAC) and other alternative adsorption carbon media, such as powdered activated carbon (PAC) and non-carbon adsorbents. Adsorption Design Guide addresses various adsorption media types, applicability, use of various adsorption process technologies, equipment and ancillary component design, availability, advantages, disadvantages, regeneration methods, costs, and safety considerations. The equipment can be installed alone or as part of an overall treatment train, based on site-specific factors. Carbon, in various forms, has been used to adsorb contaminants for some time. The first documented use of carbon as an adsorbent was for medical purposes, in the form of wood char in 1550 B.C. The first documented use for water treatment was in 200 B.C. "to remove disagreeable tastes." In 1785 experimental chemists learned that carbon could accumulate unwanted contaminants from water. Carbon in the activated form was first used as a filter medium in the late 1800s. The understanding of carbon adsorption progressed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when vapor phase organic carbon was developed and given its first widespread use as a defense against gas warfare during WWI. The first GAC filters used for water treatment were installed in Europe in 1929. The first GAC filters for water treatment in the United States were installed in Bay City, Michigan, in 1930. In the 1940s, GAC was found to be an efficient purification and separation technology for the synthetic chemical industry. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, GAC was found to be very effective at removing a broad spectrum of synthetic chemicals from water and gases (i.e., from the vapor phase).

While military history abounds in the dramatic fare of battles and campaigns, definitive analysis of the evolution of the organization and administration of the departmental headquarters in the capitals has been a relatively neglected field. Yet upon the efficiency and effectiveness of the administrative apparatus needed to build, train, equip, and supply armed forces depends much of the success in the test of battle. The present study grew out of a monograph originally designed to provide a simple guide to the principal changes in Army departmental organization since 1942. Expanded later to cover the period beginning with 1900, the era of reform introduced by Secretary of War Elihu Root, and to provide a larger measure of analysis, this study traces changes relating to Army management in the central headquarters down to the early 1960s when new and dramatic reforms in Army organization were carried out during the regime of Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara. The account focuses on a single but important theme -the management of the Army administrative and logistical structure in the era of America's rise to global power. It fills a gap in the literature and is presented as a contribution to the field of organizational and administrative history. While the author's focus is on the Army headquarters staff, he indicates parallel trends in organization in industry and government and relates his theme to historic conflicts over centralization of control. The volume presents a useful survey in a field of continuing importance that should be of interest to administrators and managers both in and out of the Army as well as to students of military history and public administration.

The strategic air campaign against Iraq engaged organizers from diverse disciplines with diverse views. That the storm, when it broke, lasted just forty-three days is a tribute not only to those who planned it, but also to those who executed it. The strategic air campaign, the focus of this volume, the second in the account of the United States Air Force's participation in the Persian Gulf War, began with a spectacular nighttime attack by Coalition aircraft against the capital city of Baghdad. This attack, seen by the world, occurred in concert with bomb and missile attacks against outlying command, control, and communications nodes and the electrical grid supporting them. The strategic air campaign also targeted Iraq's chemical and biological weapons production and the sites of nuclear reactors. The strategic bombing campaign against Iraq's aircraft shelters, particularly successful, is recounted in this volume, as is the Coalition's effort to prevent the launching by Iraq of Scud missiles toward her Arab and Israeli neighbors. The author has done a thorough job of utilizing the documentation produced by the Air Stall; the Ninth Air Force, and the former Strategic and Tactical Air Commands to describe the evolution of the combined command structure in Saudi Arabia. He has also conducted numerous valuable interviews with key USAF personnel and obtained much detailed information about the interactions among the participants whose responsibility it was to organize the campaign to free Kuwait. He exhaustively analyzes events and issues that preceded the execution of the strategic air war -operationally, Instant Thunder- and the rationale behind the selection of core strategic target sets -enemy centers of gravity. The author, Dr. Richard G. Davis, joined the USAF history program in 1980, transferring to the Air Staff History Branch in 1985 and to the Histories Division in 1990. He has published several articles on World War II strategic bombing and a military biography on one of the USAF's leading practitioners of strategic bombing, General Carl A. Spaatz. Davis became familiar with modern service programs and doctrine by covering the Program Objective Memorandum and issues surrounding the interservice agreements known as the "31 Initiatives" from 1985 to 1990.

CONTENTSAcknowledgmentsChapter I. Living in SpaceBackgroundA Framework for Forecasting Guiding Assumptions Theoretical Orientation The Available DataSpace Environments The Physical Environment The Social Environment Basic Reactions to Space-like Environments Temporal FluctuationsSummary and ConclusionsChapter II. Behavioral and Selection Implications of Biomedical ChangesPhysiological Deconditioning Simulation Studies Resistance to Deconditioning CountermeasuresVestibular Alterations Manifestations and Theory Resistance to Vestibular Effects CountermeasuresVisual ChangesSummary and ConclusionsChapter III. HabitabilityBackgroundThe Physical Environment Interior Space Food Hygiene Temperature and Humidity Decor and Lighting Odor NoiseHealth and Leisure Recreation ExercisePrivacy Meaning and Functions Theory Bases of Needs Mechanisms Crowding Territoriality Privacy in SpaceComplex Effects Multiple Stressors AftereffectsSummary and ConclusionsChapter IV. PerformanceDescribing Performance Work Requirements in Space Human Performance AbilitiesAssessment of Human Performance Discrete-task Assessment Techniques Multiple-task Batteries Partial- and Full-scale Simulation In-flight Performance Assessment Future Focus of Research on Performance AssessmentIssues in Astronaut Work Regimes Factors Affecting Work Capacity Factors Affecting Work Schedules Factors Affecting Workload The Effects of Desynchronosis Sleep DisturbancesSummary and ConclusionsChapter V. Small GroupsIntroductionIndividual Characteristics and Crew Compatibility Gender Age Culture Personal Attractiveness Emotional Stability Competence Cooperativeness Social Versatility Similarities and Complementarities Group Homeostasis Crew Size and Social Compatibility Assembling GroupsInterpersonal Dynamics Leadership Cohesiveness Compliance, Conformity, and Independence Group Performance Temporal DynamicsSummary and ConclusionsChapter VI. CommunicationIntroductionDirect Interpersonal Communication Verbal Communication Nonverbal CommunicationMediated Communication Planning Considerations Systems Requirements Systems Effects Application to SpaceCommunication Networks Internal Communication External CommunicationSummary and ConclusionsChapter VII. CrisesIntroductionExternally Precipitated Crises Experience in Space Individual Response to Threat Group Processes Implications for SpaceInternally Precipitated Crises Psychological Episodes Transcendant Experiences Substance Abuse Grief Crisis Intervention Implications for SpaceSummary and ConclusionsChapter VIII. Organization and ManagementIntroductionSpacecrew Structure Power Structures Work Roles Normative StructuresMotivation Rewards SanctionsExternal Relations Boundary Roles Interorganizational Conflict Models of Conflict Management ReassimilationSummary and ConclusionsChapter IX. Summary and RecommendationsPurposeChapter SummariesDirections for Future Research General Research Issues Extended Spaceflight Variables Competing Perspectives Neglected Research AreasResearch Opportunities Situations and Environments Methods and ApproachesConclusionsReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index

The influence of space power pervades almost every sphere and level of human existence, from politics to military affairs to commercial activities to cultural mind-sets. Yet there is little to be found today in the way of coherent space power doctrine and strategy, particularly in national security circles. To what extent do our national interests rely on space? How shall we defend our interests in space and how shall we deny our adversaries the benefits of space power in time of conflict? How can we control and exploit the space environment? How can we effectively wield space power against the full spectrum of threats -- from the lone terrorist to global peer competitors? What should be our long-range strategy and objectives if our goal is to achieve and maintain long-term space superiority? The purpose of this paper is two fold: first, to illuminate the historical and ever-increasing importance of space in modern society; and second, to prescribe, in view of this importance, the foundations of a strategy for achieving lasting space superiority and ensuring national and world security.

This biography of Maj Gen Haywood S. Hansell Jr. provides an in-depth look at the life and career of one of airpower's pioneer thinkers. General Hansell's professional life was devoted to the theory and practice of strategic airpower -- the single most controversial military debate of the twentieth century. Hansell believed that wars could and should be won through precision bombing of military and industrial/commercial targets, a theory and practice that the United States Army Air Forces abandoned during World War II because of the dictates of existing technology, the demands of combat, and the fact that the passions of war swept away any moral concerns involving strategic bombing. Nevertheless, Hansell's main contribution to air doctrine was the concept that through selective targeting and an ability to place the bombs on those targets, airpower could win wars by crippling an enemy's ability to supply his forces and without causing wanton death and destruction. The author believes that the Persian Gulf War went a long way toward proving Hansell's theories to be correct.

CONTENTSIntroduction"Designing Around" I: The "War of Attrition," Success or Failure? Balance of Interests Competing Hypotheses Egypt's and Israel's Interests During the War of Attrition Egypt's and Israel's Strategies and Secondary Interests Egypt's Perception of Israel's Strategic and Reputational Interests The Balance of Capability Competing Hypotheses Stein's Critique of Egypt's Strategy The Balance of Capability in the War of Attrition Israel's Use of Its Air Force The Relationship Between Strategy and Objectives in Egypt's Strategy The Role of Opportunity in Egypt's Decisions to Challenge Reputations Why did Egypt Challenge Despite Israel's Reputation for Brinkmanship? Did Egypt Miscalculate Israel's Capacity for Endurance? Recreating Reputation-for-Capability in the War of Attrition The Competition of General Reputations with Other Interests Crisis Bargaining Behavior Competing Hypotheses Why Were Costly Signals Uninformative? The Failure of Reassurance to Produce Deterrence Stability Conclusion: "Designing Around," Success or Failure?"Designing Around" II: The Yom Kippur War, Success or Failure? Egypt's Goals and Strategy Stein's Critique The Balance of Capability Crisis Bargaining Behavior Success or FailureConclusionNotesAbout the Author

In light of the age-old belief of Confucius that no idea is new, Dr. Mets examines the role of Colonel Warden in the Gulf War to determine if a revolution in military affairs had occurred. He relies on several twentieth-century antecedents to Warden, including Giulio Douhet, Hugh Trenchard, and Billy Mitchell to distill a pattern. Mets also addresses whether "the argument that antedated the Gulf War to the effect that such conflicts between states using conventional weapons and methods are a pressing phenomenon." Chapter 6, the concluding chapter, provides an overview of Mets's discussion.

In November 1940, 44 young military cadets graduated from the first Army Air Corps Navigational Class at Miami University in Coral Gables, Florida. The cadets came from all parts of the United States-from the urban areas of the East Coast, westward to the Appalachian Mountains, to the Midwest and prairie states, to the Rocky Mountains, and the West Coast. These young men came from the inner cities, the farmlands, the mountains, and coastal regions, and they were all volunteers. Most were college-educated and in the prime of life. World War II was raging in Europe and it was becoming increasingly difficult for the United States to remain neutral. A few farsighted men in our small Army Air Corps saw the essential requirement for trained celestial navigators in our military aircraft. The instructor for this navigational class was a 34-year-old high school dropout by the name of Charles J. Lunn. Charlie Lunn had first learned the art of celestial navigation aboard freighter ships in the Caribbean and later as the navigator aboard Pan American Airline planes flying to Europe and Asia. This book was written by one of those young navigators, Edgar D. Whitcomb, from Hayden, Indiana. Ed Whitcomb tells about these young comrades-in-arms and draws vivid word portraits of them as we learn of their assignments to Air Corps units. We learn how they survived and how some died in World War II. We learn about Ed's own pre-Pearl Harbor assignment with the 19th Bombardment Group at Clark Field in the Philippines and the unfortunate, and perhaps inexcusable, decision not to deploy our B-17 Flying Fortress bombers immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor resulting in the loss of 40 percent of those aircraft as they sat parked at Clark Field when the Japanese destroyed that vital military air base on the afternoon of 8 December 1941. Charles J. Mott, Colonel, USAR, Retired

This guide provides step-by-step advice on how to create and maintain a comprehensive emergency management program. It can be used by manufacturers, corporate offices, retailers, utilities or any organization where a sizable number of people work or gather. Whether you operate from a high-rise building or an industrial complex; whether you own, rent or lease your property; whether you are a large or small company; the concepts in this guide will apply. To begin, you need not have in-depth knowledge of emergency management. What you need is the authority to create a plan and a commitment from the chief executive officer to make emergency management part of your corporate culture. If you already have a plan, use this guide as a resource to assess and update your plan.

Conflict Resolution Education: A Guide to Implementing Programs in Schools, Youth-Serving Organizations, and Community and Juvenile Justice Settings was developed for educators, juvenile justice practitioners, and others in youth-serving organizations to heighten awareness of conflict resolution education and its potential to help settle disputes peacefully in a variety of settings. A joint project of the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Department of Education, this Guide provides background information on conflict resolution education; an overview of four widely used, promising, and effective approaches; and guidance on how to initiate and implement conflict resolution education programs in various settings.As adults, we cannot solve young people's problems for them. We can, however, provide them with the knowledge, skills, and encouragement to resolve conflicts in a nonviolent manner, using words instead of fists or weapons. Conflict resolution education includes negotiation, mediation, and consensus decisionmaking, which allow all parties involved to explore peaceful solutions to a conflict. When these problem-solving processes to conflict and strife become a way of life, young people begin to value getting along instead of getting even or getting their way.

This field manual provides commanders and staffs with general information and technical data concerning chemical and biological agents and other compounds of military interest. It discusses the use; the classification; and the physical, chemical, and physiological properties of these agents and compounds. It also discusses protection and decontamination of these agents. In addition, it discusses their symptoms and the treatment of those symptoms.

On 16 December 1944, when the 51st Engineer Combat Battalion faced the Germans' last gasp effort to win the war, it had been operating 30 sawmills in support of the First United States Army. Within days the battalion was spread over the Belgian countryside, defending roads, bridges, and towns from the Nazi attempt to break through to the Meuse River and to split the British and American forces. The men set up roadblocks, using mines and abatis; mined bridges and culverts; and defended river crossings with machine guns, recoilless rifles, and bazookas. This narrative by Ken Hechler, a combat historian and Infantry captain at the time, was drawn from numerous oral history interviews of participants. Captain Hechler and Technician Fourth Class Harvey R. George did the interviews shortly after the battles.

Fuel cells are an important technology for a potentially wide variety of applications including micropower, auxiliary power, transportation power, stationary power for buildings and other distributed generation applications, and central power. These applications will be in a large number of industries worldwide.This edition of the Fuel Cell Handbook is more comprehensive than previous versions in that it includes several changes. First, calculation examples for fuel cells are included for the wide variety of possible applications. This includes transportation and auxiliary power applications for the first time. In addition, the handbook includes a separate section on alkaline fuel cells. The intermediate temperature solid-state fuel cell section is being developed. In this edition, hybrids are also included as a separate section for the first time. Hybrids are some of the most efficient power plants ever conceived and are actually being demonstrated. Finally, an updated list of fuel cell URLs is included in the Appendix and an updated index assists the reader in locating specific information quickly.

ntroduction to Highway Hydraulics provides an introduction to highway hydraulics. Hydrologic techniques presented concentrate on methods suitable to small areas, since many components of highway drainage (culverts, storm drains, ditches, etc) service primarily small areas. A brief review of fundamental hydraulic concepts is provided, including continuity, energy, momentum, hydrostatics, weir flow and orifice flow. The book then presents open channel flow principles and design applications, followed by a parallel discussion of closed conduit principles and design applications. Open channel applications include discussion of stable channel design and pavement drainage. Closed conduit applications include culvert and storm drain design. Examples are provided to help illustrate important concepts. An overview of energy dissipators is provided and the document concludes with a brief discussion of construction, maintenance and economic issues. As the title suggests, Introduction to Highway Hydraulics provides only an introduction to the design of highway drainage facilities and should be particularly useful for designers and engineers without extensive drainage training or experience.

This manual is intended as a basic training manual for men of the Navy and Naval Reserve whose duties require them to have a knowledge of servosystems and associated devices. It is assumed that the student studying this manual is familiar with basic electricity, basic electronics, the theory of electron tubes, semiconductor devices, power supplies, and amplifiers. Chapters 2 and 3 of this training manual discuss Navy synchro units. Chapter 2 describes the general construction of the units, explains how they are classified and marked, and discusses the basic principles upon which they operate. Chapter 3 presents information relating to multi-speed units, standard connections, and zeroing procedures. This chapter also includes material concerning other units similar to synchros, such as IC synchros, resolvers, and step-by-step units. Chapter 4 discusses the operation and applications of servosystems. The basic open and closed loop systems are described, and the various types of error detectors and servoamplifiers used with the systems are discussed. Gyroscopic principles, and the common types of gyro units used in the Navy are discussed in chapter 5. Also included in this chapter is a discussion on the basic types of accelerometers used in shipboard and aircraft systems. Chapter 6 presents a basic functional description of some of the shipboard and aircraft systems that utilize the various types of components discussed in this training manual.

From the earliest days of the Republic, the United States Army has not just maintained the national defense but has also performed a wide variety of peacetime missions. Army officers helped explore the West, Army engineers built early flood control systems, and Army pilots flew the first airmail routes. The Army Medical Department in particular has long aided the civilian community. Its members regularly contributed to the advancement of medical knowledge and in special situations provided health care for civilians. The Demands of Humanity examines one aspect of that direct assistance, medical aid rendered during natural disasters. Discussing help given both at home and abroad, this third volume in the Special Studies Series examines the origin of the relief mission in the nineteenth century and recounts its history to 1976. With their special expertise in public health and the treatment of mass casualties, Army medical personnel during these years compiled an impressive record of assistance. After the Spanish-American War, Army doctors made medical history in their campaigns against epidemic diseases in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. In times of twentieth century floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, famines, and epidemics, Army medical personnel aided individuals and furnished stricken communities valuable advice on sanitation and health care. The Demands of Humanity chronicles the humanitarian contribution made by Army doctors, nurses, and medical corpsmen during disaster situations. It also examines the problems their units encountered in relief operations and explains the development of the Army's assistance role. It thereby contributes not only to the often-neglected history of the peacetime role of the military but to the history of social welfare policy in the United States as well. James L. Collins, Jr. Brigadier General, USA Chief of Military History

For nearly fifty years, citizen airmen have served in the nation's defense as members of the Air Force Reserve. Citizen Airmen: A History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946-1994 begins with the fledgling air reserve program initiated in 1916, traces its progress through World War II, and then concentrates on the period 1946 through 1994. The study skillfully describes the process by which a loosely organized program evolved into today's impressive force. The Air Force Reserve story is told within the context of national political and military policy and stresses that over the decades, as national needs have increased, reservists have met the challenges. Initially, the Air Force treated its reserve units as supplemental forces and equipped them with surplus equipment. Shortly after the Air Force Reserve was established in 1948, its members mobilized for Korean War duty and they served throughout the conflict. The Reserve program subsequently fell into disarray and required patient rebuilding. The passage of a series of key federal laws related to personnel issues and the introduction of the air reserve technician program greatly assisted in this rejuvenation process. In the 1960s, the Air Force Reserve demonstrated its mettle as it participated in numerous mobilizations reflecting the Cold War tensions of the era. Reservists were involved in operations ranging from the Berlin Crisis of 1961-1962 to the Southeast Asia mobilizations in 1968. In the 1970s, the Air Force Reserve program assumed heightened importance when the Department of Defense adopted the Total Force Policy. This concept treated the active forces, the National Guard, and all reserve forces as an integrated force. Reservists were now expected to meet the same readiness standards as their active duty counterparts. Since then, the Air Force Reserve has demonstrated its ability to perform a wide variety of missions. Air Reservists participated in American military operations in Grenada and Panama. During DESERT SHIELD and STORM, some 23,500 reservists were mobilized for service. They performed in combat in the Persian Gulf and provided vital support services at overseas locations. Stateside, they served at home stations or other locations in place of deployed active duty personnel. Today, the Air Force Reserve performs major portions of the Air Force mission. Reservists are equipped with front-line weapons systems and have supported United Nations operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Rwanda, and Iraq. They have exclusive responsibility for aerial spray operations and weather reconnaissance and they contribute large portions of the airlift and rescue missions. Reservists may also be found performing humanitarian medical missions and varied nation-building projects.