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Vulgar Latin is called the speech of the middle classes, as it grew out of Classic Latin. It is not an independent offshoot of Old Latin; it continues the Classic, not the primitive, vowel system. The Vulgar Latin period lasted from about 200 BC to about 600 AD and it is most sharply differentiated from Classic Latin in the last few centuries of this epoch. At the time of original publication in 1907, C. H. Grandgent was Professor of Romance Languages at Harvard University.

The "True Tales" are neither figments of the fancy nor embellished exaggerations of ordinary occurrences. They are exact accounts of unusual episodes of arctic service, drawn from official relations and other absolutely accurate sources. Born in 1844, in Massachusetts, Adolphus Washington Greely served throughout the Civil War. Later, Lieutenant Greely, Regular Army, saw frontier service in places like Wyoming and Utah. In his spare time, he studied telegraph and electricity. The training served him well when he was detailed to the Signal Corps in 1867. In that post, he was responsible over the next 20 years for construction of tens of thousands of miles of telegraph lines and submarine cables in Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines, Alaska and elsewhere, and for the Army's earliest adoption of wireless telegraphy. He was also head of the Weather Service until it was transferred to the Department of Agriculture in 1891. After serving as a "trouble-shooter" in the construction of frontier telegraph lines, Greely volunteered in 1881, to lead an Arctic weather expedition. On a three year stint to Ellesmere Island near the north pole, Greely's party amassed a great deal of data on Arctic Weather and tidal conditions, but was almost wiped out when relief ships failed to reach them for two successive summers. In 1887 President Grover Cleveland advanced Greely from rank of Captain to Brigadier General. In the following years, Greely's innovation led to the military use of wireless telegraphy, the airplane, the automobile and other modern devices. Greely retired for age in 1908. After a trip around the world, he helped found the National Geographic Society and the first free public library in Washington, D.C.

Foreign students of Russian are bound to find it difficult to convey emotive-expressive nuances in colloquial speech. However, this aspect of language has so far been insufficiently studied in linguistics and has been inadequately systematized in available textbooks and manuals of Russian. This book is an attempt to shed light on one of the "musteries" of colloquial Russian, that represented by the particles - short, sometimes inconspicuous words with quite specific meanings, often, however, most difficult to define - which fulfil a wide variety of functions. The wide use of numerous particles is a typical feature of colloquial Russian. Many of the particles add specific coloring to the individual's speech and lend it a wealth of emotive-expressive shades, vividness, richness, spontaneity and sometimes sly merriment, meaningful connotations, etc.

For two centuries the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau have been read and reread and perpetually annotated. Rousseau's ideas on education were so original when first published in 1762 that they still have claims to novelty. In the cause of education he has been a great incitor of ideas in others, the initiator of the modern movement, the "leader" of most of the educators who came after him. Gabriel Compayré is the author of History of Pedagogy, Montaigne and the Education of the Judgment, Peter Abelard and the Rise of the Modern Universities and Jean Frederich Herbart and Education by Instruction.

Isabella D'Este, the Marchioness of Mantua (1474-1539) was one of the dazzling figures of the Italian Renaissance, playing the Renaissance game with an expertise that outflanked Popes and Emperors, using her brains, her charm, and her unswerving purpose to psych her opponents. This is the first biography of an important Renaissance figure. It is above all as a patron of art and letters that Isabella D'Este will be remembered. In this respect she deserves a place with the most enlightened princes of the Renaissance, with Lorenzo de Medici and Lodovico Sforza. This book provides a thorough examination of D'Este's life, and a detailed account of an intriguing woman of the Italian Renaissance, with illustrations and family trees. Illustrations include a portrait by Leonardo Da Vinci, and another by Titian of Isabella dressed in full regalia.

Isabella D'Este, the Marchioness of Mantua (1474-1539) was one of the dazzling figures of the Italian Renaissance, playing the Renaissance game with an expertise that outflanked Popes and Emperors, using her brains, her charm, and her unswerving purpose to psych her opponents. This is the first biography of an important Renaissance figure. It is above all as a patron of art and letters that Isabella D'Este will be remembered. In this respect she deserves a place with the most enlightened princes of the Renaissance, with Lorenzo de Medici and Lodovico Sforza. This book provides a thorough examination of D'Este's life, and a detailed account of an intriguing woman of the Italian Renaissance, with illustrations and family trees. Illustrations include a portrait by Leonardo Da Vinci, and another by Titian of Isabella dressed in full regalia.

The personal writings of a 18th-19th century French Noble woman taken from her personal writings. Her papers (published in several volumes) throw many side-lights upon a long period extending from the reign of Louis XIV to the Revolution of 1848, and this rather by means of the special details which are narrated than by any generalizations from a wider outlook. This period was in every respect one of the most troubled and extraordinary in French history, and is fertile in events and changes, important though not always fortunate. Mme. De Boigne held an important social position and for nearly sixty years we see almost every person of importance visiting her or joining the special circle over which she presided with so much tact and graceful foresight. Mme. De Boigne was not content to be an accomplished hostess and to dominate by her charm and intelligence all who were admitted to her salon; she was also a remarkable musician, gifted with a beautiful voice, and an author.

The "father of Russian Marxism", George Plekhanov (1857-1918) directed most of his writings against the Russian "populist" movement to which he once belonged. He insisted that although, in principle, in semi-feudal societies such as the Russian, the first revolution would of necessity have to be a "capitalist" one. However, he noted that bourgeoisie was too weak to bring it about and thus it fell upon the proletariat to conduct "both" revolutions. However, he condemned the methods of Lenin and the Bolsheviks soon after 1917. In books such as Socialism and the Political Struggle (1883), Our Differences (1884) and On the Development of the Monist View of History (1895), Plekhanov argued that a successful Marxist revolution could only take place after the development of capitalism. According to Plekhanov, it was the industrial proletariat who would bring about a socialist revolution. Plekhanov was strongly opposed to the political views of people who argued that it would be possible for a small group of dedicated revolutionaries to seize power from the Tsar. Plekhanov warned that if this happened, you would replace one authoritarian regime with another and that a "socialist caste" would take control who impose a system of "patriarchal authoritarian communism."

From the author's preface when the book was originally published in 1897: "In explanation of some features of the following tales and of the Russo-Judean genius for story-telling in general, it should be remembered that the tellers of the tales current in Russian Jewry are students of the Talmud, accustomed to the hyperbole, characteristic of much of the unique literature to which they devote their lives. It is not too hazardous to say that in point of inventiveness they can vie with the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, and in ideality and moral elevation they far surpass them. "These tales of fact, folklore, and fiction may serve to open a window of the great dungeon wherein at least half of scattered Israel suffers, worships, and dreams. Living in a gloomy present, and ever picturing a golden future; languishing in wretchedness here, while never losing hope in a blessed hereafter, it is a race that has learned to weep and laugh at the same time. Now and then the scene is tinged with the melodramatic, but it never fails to convey profound faith, deep reverence, lofty morality, proud self-consciousness, and sublime spirituality. "That the Russian Jew is in possession of enough material for tales of woe, needed no demonstration. What the world does not yet appreciate is his optimism, his readiness to laugh at the humorous sides of life, and his ability to make others laugh at them."

Information warfare, as any casual observer of the Pentagon can attest, remains a hot-button topic in the military community. Thus does war follow commerce into cyberspace, pitting foes against one another for control of this clearly critical high ground. But does this facile comparison have a basis in reality? In this iconoclastic spirit, the six essays in this book are characterized by a continuing search for the meaning of information warfare.

Georgiana Kingscote, an English woman living in Southern India, sent her servants out into bazaars to collect tales from elderly women. She was assisted in this venture by Pandit Sastri, who corrected the text and added others from his own collections. A heavily moralistic tone pervades many of the tales, as indicated by such titles as "Charity Alone Conquers, Pride Goeth Before a Fall," and "Mr. Won't Give and Mr. Won't Leave." Other tales possess magical motifs, evident in "The Wonderful Mango-fruit The Monkey with the Tom-Tom," and "The Brahmin Girl That Married a Tiger." Kingscote provides explanatory notes within the texts and she retains the comparative notes written by Cowper Temple and William Clouston for chapter XIII: "The Lost Camel and Other Tales." These comparative notes, which list variants of the tales in oral tradition, literature, and newspapers, enhance the value of the collection for folklorists. Mrs. Adeline Georgiana Isabella Kingscote (1860-1908) was the daughter of Sir Henry Drummond Charles Wolff (1830-1908). After marrying Colonel Howard Kingscote, she spent a period in India, where she wrote two books: Tales of the Sun or Folklore of Southern India (1890) and The English Baby in India and How to Rear It (1893).

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher, best known for his scientific writings. Together with Charles Darwin and Thomas Huxley he was responsible for the acceptance of the theory of evolution. His well-known essay on Education, Intellectual, Moral and Physical was considered one of the most useful and profound books written on education. "During the years spent in writing various systematic works, there have from time to time arisen ideas not fitted for incorporation in them. Many of these have found places in articles published in reviews, and are now collected together in the three volumes of my Essays. But there remain a number which have not yet found expression; some of them relatively trivial, some of more interest, and some which I think are important. "I have felt reluctant to let these pass unrecorded, and hence during the last two years, at intervals now long and now short, have set them down in the following pages. Possibly to a second edition I shall make some small additions, but, be this as it may, the volume herewith issued I can say with certainty will be my last." Herbert Spencer, March 1902

This is the story of Tecumseh, Chief of the Shawnees, who organized a Confederacy of Western Indian Tribes in order to resist further land cessions to the white man. Knowing of the growing tension between England and the United States, he looked to Britain for aid which she was willing to supply. The author has added to the main work a brief historical narrative of the Shawnee nation, with biographical sketches of several of its most distinguished chiefs. Written in 1841, less than 35 years after Tecumseh's death, the author uses many original sources to bring him and the Shawnee back to life. Benjamin Drake was born in Mason County, Kentucky in 1794. He moved to Cincinnati about 1815, was admitted to the bar about 1825, and practiced law during the remainder of his life. In 1830 he established and became editor of The Western Agriculturist, and subsequently edited the Cincinnati Chronicle. His published works include: Cincinnati in 1826 (with E. D. Mansfield, 1827); The Western Agriculturist and Practical Farmer's Guide (1830); The Life and Adventures of Black Hawk, with Sketches of Keokuk, the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Late Black Hawk War (1838); Life of Gen. William Henry Harrison (with Col. Charles S. Todd, 1840); and Life of Tecumseh, and his Brother the Prophet, with a Historical Sketch of the Shawanee Indians (1841). He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1, 1841.

Lew Wallace was the former governor of New Mexico who had been in office during the Lincoln County Wars, and who had talked Billy-the-Kid into surrendering. After leaving New Mexico, he wrote the classic Christian novel Ben Hur. Here he has written a glowing Presidential campaign biography of Benjamin Harrison. It includes Harrison's Civil War service. Wallace's work is followed by a biography of his Vice Presidential running mate: "Life of Hon. Levi P. Morton" provided by George Alfred Townsend. Then follows a section of biographies of past presidents and a "Citizen's Handbook," concluding with the Republican Party's stances on the major questions of the day (the 1888 election campaign) including Civil Service reform, tariffs, restoration of the armed forces, public lands, prohibition, Ireland, The Chinese Question and labor.

The book is a description of the life of the Spanish Gypsies - an interesting late 18th century English look at the gypsies - with an original collection of their songs and poetry. A large section is devoted to the language of the Gitanos, "Robber" language, and specimens of Gypsy dialects, and the English dialect of the Rommany. The final part is entitled " Miscellenies in the Gitano Language." Borrow was the author of a number of classic works on the Gypsies, both in Europe and England.

"Never before had such a voice sounded in Europe ... It is little to say that we were thrown into raptures by the creative genius of Tolstoy. It became part of our life, became our very own," wrote Romain Rolland, one of Tolstoy's greatest contemporaries. This book is neither a biography nor a literary portrait. It is the voice of the times in which Tolstoy lived. These reminiscences, contributed by people from widely different circles - by Tolstoy's wife and children whose contributions give us a true picture of the great writer's private life; by writers, artists and actors who were his friends; by comrades who accompanied him on the military campaigns in which he took part; by the doctors who tended him; by people who served as prototypes of characters from his novels; by teachers in his school at Yasnaya Polyana; by peasants of Yasnaya Polyana, representing that "human ocean" whose flux and flow Tolstoy followed with such rapt attention - all of them taken together present the total impression that Tolstoi made upon his generation. In a word, the pages of this book reveal to the reader the wisdom and inner conflict of the man whom Gorky has called "a one-man orchestra," "the most complicated of all great men of the 19th century."

William Thackeray (1811-63) began as a journalist and produced his first critique in 1837, and his first novel in 1841. His association with Punch began in 1842 and articles continued until 1854. In 1851 he gave a series of lectures on 'The English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century' in cities around England and later the USA. This collection of potted biographies comprises Jonathan Swift; Congreve and Addison; Richard Steele; Prior, Gay and Pope; Hogarth, Smollet and Fielding; Sterne and Goldsmith. These seven lectures were delivered on Thackeray's American tour of 1852, but only the six lectures pertaining to English authors were published in England; the seventh - "Charity and Humour" - appeared here for the first time. These lectures were a great success with the Victorian public, and remain a witty, enjoyable and affectionate comment on the period by one of England's greatest writers.

Mary Eastman was the daughter of an army officer and the wife of another, the artist Seth Eastman. She traveled with her husband from the Seminoles of Florida to the Sioux of Fort Snelling, and it was during her seven years at the post in Minnesota Territory that the material for this book was gathered. The lore and legend of the Sioux Indians are dimmed by the curtain of reservation life, and the passing of more than one hundred years has modernized the primitive flavor of many of their tales. In this volume, Sioux customs and manners are presented in authentic detail by a writer who had the advantage of studying their culture before it became too mingled with the ways of the white man. First published in 1849, this lovely book recounts many of her experiences and observations, and is beautifully illustrated by her husband. This book offers a wealth of information on the Sioux Indian in western Minnesota, and of special interest are the author's descriptions of Sioux rituals, dances, and child raising practices. Although Mrs. Eastman dwells on Sioux superstitions, she includes much invaluable linguistic information in her account.

SETTING THE SCENEThe Simple and the Complex (Murray Gell-Mann)America in the World Today (Zbigniew Brzezinski)COMPLEXITY THEORY and NATIONAL SECURITY POLICYComplex Systems: The Role of Interactions (Robert Jervis)Many Damn Things Simultaneously: Complexity Theory and World Affairs (James N. Rosenau)Complexity, Chaos, and National Security Policy: Metaphors or Tools? (Alvin M. Saperstein)The Reaction to Chaos (Steven R. Mann)COMPLEXITY THEORY, STRATEGY, and OPERATIONSClausewitz, Nonlinearity, and the Importance of Imagery (Alan D. Beyerchen)Complexity and Organization Management. (Robert R. Maxfield)Command and (Out of) Control: The Military Implications of Complexity Theory (John F. Schmitt)Complexity Theory and Air Power (Steven M. Rinaldi)Chaos Theory and U. S. Military Strategy: A "Leapfrog" Strategy for U.S. Defense Policy (Michael J. Mazarr)

Originally published in 1908, this handbook was intended to furnish the reader with practical help for the everyday handling of shafting, pulleys, and belting. They are allied in operation of plants and it is a pretty generally conceded fact that all three are much neglected by many operators. Amongst the topics included are shafting hints, truing up line shafting, practical kinks, practical methods of loosening pulleys, splicing leather belts, belt creep, rope drives, splicing rope, and wire rope transmission.

Hawthorne scattered his early writings among various periodicals. When he began to gather his fugitive pieces into volumes, he exercised much discretion, and passed by many slight productions. Later he went back and recovered pieces which he had either wittingly or unwittingly overlooked. After his death his representatives and editors drew more from this store of neglected material. Some of it, like the Life of Franklin Pierce, was properly regarded by Hawthorne as fulfilling its purpose in its first publication, yet has a renewed interest from the personal relation suggested by it. Other pieces, intrinsically of little value, help toward an intelligent appreciation of a master who acquired technical skill, not by sudden leap, but by long continued and unwearying patience. The present collection contains miscellaneous pieces not reprinted by the author, into which the element of fiction has not deliberately entered.