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James Young Simpson (1811-1870) attended the University of Edinburgh from the age of only 14, graduating in 1832. He was appointed to a Chair of Midwifery at the same institution in 1840, quickly establishing the position of this subject as a popular and essential part of medical education. He was a pioneer in the use of anaesthetics, particularly chloroform, developing its use in surgery and midwifery. He introduced ether (which had been developed as an anaesthetic in the USA) to United Kingdom obstetric practice on January 19, 1847, but in a search for something better, Simpson tried different anaesthetic agents with his colleagues by inhaling their vapors around the dinner table at his home. He subsequently introduced chloroform on November 8 1847. He championed the use of chloroform against medical, moral and religious opposition. It was not until Queen Victoria used this anaesthetic during the birth of her eighth child, Prince Leopold, in1853 that its use became generally accepted. In 1866 Simpson became the first person to be knighted for services to medicine.

Originally published in 1885, the December 1888 financial failure of the French efforts to build the Panama Canal of December 1888 was predicted in the author's articles for the New York World in 1883. In the preface the author says: "In studying the way in which that enterprise was launched I was led into a most mortifying disappointment, for the whole project of the great promoter seemed to me to have been undertaken without any serious studies, and indeed without the common precautions taken by any responsible contractor in works of much less magnitude."

From the translator's note when this book was originally published in 1921: "The contents of this volume have not previously been translated into English. The first section consists of Tchekhov's Note-books, in which, from 1892 to 1904, he jotted down thoughts, quotations, etc., which were the raw materials of his writings. The second section - Themes, Thoughts, Notes, and Fragments - was found among his papers, written on sheets in a special cover with that title. It contains material somewhat more elaborated than that in the Note-books. It was his habit, if he used any of this material, to strike it out in the Note-books. Both the Note-books and the Themes were first published in Russia in a volume of Tchekhov's literary remains in 1914. We have added some reminiscences of Tchekhov by Gorky, which appeared in Russia in 1906, but which have not been translated into English."

President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative has kindled a national debate over the roles of strategic nuclear weapons, ballistic missile defenses, and arms control in U.S. national security policy. It has also underscored the important ramifications of U.S. military space policy. At the requests of the House Armed Services Committee and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress undertook an assessment of the opportunities and risks involved in an accelerated program of research on new ballistic missile defense technologies, including those that might lead to deployment of weapons in space. Debate over the relevant political, military, and technical issues has been hotly contested by participants with widely varying assumptions and points of view. OTA has not attempted to resolve the debate, but rather to try to clarify the issues and enhance the level of discourse. This report examines both the "why" and the "what" of ballistic missile defenses. Why would we want ballistic missile defense weapons if we could have them? Would the advantages of deploying them outweigh the disadvantages? What technologies are under investigation for BMD applications? How might those applications serve our strategic goals? These policy and technology questions interact with one another in complex ways: what seems technologically possible conditions perceptions of policy options, while policy choices shape technological pursuits.

This book was originally published in 1829, shortly after Sir Walter Scott had completed his series called Tales of a Grandfather, on the history of Scotland for young readers. Yet the object and tenor of these two works are extremely different. In the Tales taken from Scottish history the author was limiting himself to material that would be suitable for and interest a young reader. In the present history he addresses a reader of more advanced age, not merely as relating to one small kingdom, but as forming a chapter in the general history of man. Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), began his career writing narrative poetry, and later re-launched his career as a novelist. Deriving most of his material from his native Scotland, its history and its legends, Scott invented and mastered what we know today as the historical novel.

Here are 77 story-telling ballads and narrative poems, that will make the heart beat faster and the pulse-bound. They offer a feast of good things - romances, hero-tales, fairy legends, and adventures of knights and lovely damsels. They sing of proud and wicked folk, of gentle and loyal ones, of laidley worms, witches, mermaids with golden combs, and maidens, glad ones and fearless lovers, moss-troopers, border-rievers, and kings in disguise. All their doings are related in the stirring, leaping, joyous - or tat times martial and mournful-ballad measure. The ancient ballads are here presented exactly as when in days of old they were sung by minstrels and recited by gaffers and gummers.

This English language edition of The Command and Staff of the Soviet Army Air Force in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 was originally translated and published under the auspices of the United States Air Force. This book is devoted to the activities of the Soviet Army Air Force command and staff and representatives of the Supreme High Command General Headquarters at the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. The activities of the Soviet Army Air Force command and staff, of many generals and officers of the central administration, of Long-Range Aviation, of the air armies, of Frontal Aviation, and of many formations and units are described against the backdrop of the past war's greatest operations. All actions of the VVS command and staff are examined in close association with the activities of the General Staff.

This book was originally published in 1829, shortly after Sir Walter Scott had completed his series called Tales of a Grandfather, on the history of Scotland for young readers. Yet the object and tenor of these two works are extremely different. In the Tales taken from Scottish history the author was limiting himself to material that would be suitable for and interest a young reader. In the present history he addresses a reader of more advanced age, not merely as relating to one small kingdom, but as forming a chapter in the general history of man.Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832), began his career writing narrative poetry, and later re-launched his career as a novelist. Deriving most of his material from his native Scotland, its history and its legends, Scott invented and mastered what we know today as the historical novel.

CONTENTSApplied Mechanics Force Force of Gravity Laws of Motion Work Efficiency Pulleys Levers Gears FrictionHeat General Definition of Heat Measurement of Heat Units of Heat Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Heat Conductivity Transfer of Heat Conditions of Heat Transfer Changes of StateElements of Fluids General Liquids Pressure Production and Transmission in Liquids Gases Pressure Production and Transmission in Gases Changes of State AtmosphereElementary Aerodynamics General Airfoils and Airfoil Sections Aerodynamic Principle of Airfoil Wings Control Surfaces Propeller Parasite Resistance StabilityPrinciples of Electricity General Electrical Circuit Hydraulic Analogy Effects of Electric Current Electrical Symbols and Circuit Conventions Ohm's Law Electrical Power Sources of Current for Aircraft Purposes Series and Parallel Battery Circuits Conductors and Insulators CondensersElements of Magnetism and Magnetic Induction Nature of Magnetism Permanent Magnets Magnetic Circuit Electromagnets Relation between Current and Field Intensity Electromagnetic InductionThis book was originally published by the War Department in 1943.

The present volume describes the activities of the U.S. Army in Vietnam during World War II, military advice and assistance to the French government during the immediate postwar years, and the advisory program that developed after the Geneva Agreements of 1954. Its scope ranges from high-level policy decisions to low-echelon advisory operations in the field, presented against a background of relevant military and political developments. The author enjoyed access to the official records of the period and examined personal papers, interviews, other documentary sources, and miscellaneous published materials. Useful not only as a study of military assistance but as a view of the Army as an agent of national policy, this volume is a fitting introduction to the overall study of the conflict in Vietnam.

Chronicles the role of the Combat Cargo Command during the Korean War under the command of Major General William H. Tunner. The lessons of the Korean War reinforced what Tunner had learned during World War II and the Berlin airlift.

Prepared by the Federal Bureau of Prisons as a guide for prison chaplains, this detailed summary of various religious practices and requirements provides a useful consistent reference work for many other purposes. The information for each religion is divided into two sections, The practical issues of each religion are placed in the first section; the history, theology and recommended resources are placed in the second section. If necessary, glossary and appendices are attached to the chapters. The format for each religion is as follows: 1. Religious Practices a. Required Daily Observances b. Required Weekly Observances c. Required Occasional Observances d. Religious Holy Days 2. Religious Items a. Personal Religious Items b. Congregate Religious Items 3. Requirements for Membership a. Requirements b. Total Membership 4. Medical Prohibitions 5. Dietary Standards 6. Burial Rituals 7. Sacred Writings 8. Organizational Structure a. Location of Headquarters b. Contact Office/Person 9. History and Theology a. Basic History b. Theology 10. Resources a. Periodicals b. Bibliography c. Resources/Supplies 11. Glossary (if warranted) 12. Appendices (if warranted)

This book sets forth doctrine, tactics, and techniques for operations and training conducted by Marine rifle companies and platoons. The manual provides information on the employment of the rifle company and platoon in the following operations: amphibious operations, helicopter-borne operations, offensive combat, defensive combat, patrolling, auxiliary operations, and counterinsurgency operations.

All hydraulic projects subjected to freezing temperatures have ice problems, such as: ice buildup on lock walls, hydropower intakes, and lock approaches; ice accumulation in navigation channels; ice passage over spillways that scours the downstream channels; and ice damage to shore structures and shorelines, etc. Therefore, ice control measures should be considered for both new and existing projects to improve operations and safety in cold regions. In Part I, this manual contains a discussion of ice formation processes, physical properties, and potential solutions to associated problems. Part II considers the problem of ice jams and ice jam flooding, and discusses a broad range of mitigation measures. Part III of this manual addresses the considerations that arise from winter navigation on inland waterways, including the conduct of river ice management studies and the preparation of river ice management plans.

A biography of Christina Rossetti, full of interesting detail on the literary life of the period and on the entire Rossetti clan, one of the most remarkable families in British literary history and prime movers in the pre-Raphaelite movement of 19th century England. This basic study of Rossetti was written with the cooperation of Rossetti's literary executor as well as many others, such as William Morris, Theodore Watts-Dunton, Holman Hunt, and Richard Garnett who provided material.This title is cited and recommended by the Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature.

Despite American success in preventing the conquest of South Korea by communist North Korea, the Korean War of 1950-1953 did not satisfy Americans who expected the kind of total victory they had experienced in World War II. In that earlier, larger war, victory over Japan came after two atomic bombs destroyed the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But in Korea five years later, the United States limited itself to conventional weapons. Even after communist China entered the war, Americans put China off-limits to conventional bombing as well as nuclear bombing. Operating within these limits, the U.S. Air Force helped to repel two invasions of South Korea while securing control of the skies so decisively that other United Nations forces could fight without fear of air attack.

CONTENTSIntroduction. Sketch of the Economic Systems of the North American Indians.Economic Antecedents of Iroquois CultureThe Environment of the IroquoisThe Productive Activities of the IroquoisThe Organization of ProducersThe Wealth of the IroquoisThe Distribution of WealthExchangeSociological ConsequencesThe FamilyState and GovernmentReligionMoralsGeneral Culture

As World War II unfolded in Europe during the late 1930s and early 1940s, U.S. military planners realized the nation's airlift and airborne combat capability was underdeveloped and out of date. The U.S. Army Air Forces relied largely on civil airline equipment and personnel to launch the Air Transport Command's intercontinental routes to overseas combat zones. A separate Troop Carrier Command and newly formed airborne divisions hammered out doctrinal concepts and tactical requirements for paratroop engagements. Despite operational shortcomings, subsequent airborne assaults in North Africa and Italy generated a base of knowledge from which to plan such massive aerial formations and paratroop drops as those for the Normandy invasion and Operation MARKET-GARDEN, and strategic efforts in the China-Burma-India theater. Airlift routes over the Himalayas demonstrated one of the war's most effective uses of air transport. The Air Transport Command emerged as a remarkably successful organization with thousands of aircraft and a global network of communications centers, weather forecasting offices, airfields, and maintenance depots, and air-age realities influenced a postwar generation of dedicated military air transports operating around the world.

U.S. agencies having responsibility in foreign assistance programs long have recognized the need for a handbook on horticultural crops in the Tropics. Information on the subject may be found in various scientific textbooks, treatises and papers. It is to fill the need for consolidated information in ready reference form that this Handbook on Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture is issued by the Agency for International Development in consultation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Based upon an extensive survey of available literature, this manual is designed for the use of US. A.I.D. technicians and contract personnel, and for Peace Corps volunteers engaged in rural development. It is written in layman's language so that it may be understood by the non-specialist who yet is called upon to work with farm families in solving their agricultural problems. Nevertheless, research workers and students also will find it of value because of its up to date and extensive bibliography. It also serves as reference and guide for teaching courses. In addition to U.S. A.I.D. and Peace Corps personnel, there are two other groups to whom this Handbook can be of great help. The one group is composed of missionaries living with rural people and concerned with agricultural education in the Tropics. Often lacking an agricultural background, they must search for practical information on tropical crops to help local farmers increase agricultural productivity. In the other group are employees of large agricultural companies. Some of these are foreign, others are local technicians. Perhaps their first aim is to promote the use of a specific agricultural chemical, for example, but since they have close contact with farmers, they are called upon often to answer questions pertaining to other phases of agriculture. There has been a dearth of agricultural research people in the Tropics and a shortage of funds for basic and applied research. In general the quality of research work has been good, but quantity and coverage are limited. The Handbook indicates in the first chapter those fields of endeavor where work is needed immediately. Major fruit, nut and tree crops are discussed in the second chapter with emphasis on such important points as spacing, pruning, fertilizing, budding, and disease and insect control. A few Temperate Zone fruits are included to stress that they can be grown only at higher elevations in the Tropics, due to chilling requirements. Crops are listed alphabetically and scientific names are given for reference purposes. The Handbook continues with a description of all major vegetable crops. Information is presented on seed storage, vegetable varieties, fertilizer recommendations, plant spacings, temperature requirements, soil and cultivation. Major diseases with their control are presented in a table for easy reference. Herbicides are being used extensively in temperate regions for weed control. They will come into more use in the Tropics in the future, especially if labor costs continue to increase. Accordingly, a table lists recommended herbicides for each crop. Likewise, a table is presented to indicate major insects and how they can be controlled. Pictures are included for identification purposes.

The moving or transplanting of trees and shrubs is an activity probably as old as mankind. Basically, the process of moving growing plants from one place to another is little changed from early times, but our increased understanding of the processes of nature through recent research and investigations in the broad fields of horticulture, arboriculture, and forestry, and the development of better machinery and equipment have brought about many improvements in the technique of moving trees and shrubs. Today, the moving of trees 12 to 18 inches in diameter is a matter of routine, and trees several times as large frequently are transplanted with success. The cost of such operations is relatively high and seldom in national park work is it justifiable, except under special conditions.The transplanting of small- to medium-sized trees and shrubs, however, is a constantly recurring activity in areas under Service jurisdiction, and it is to aid the planners and supervisors of such work that this bulletin is issued. Because of the varying conditions of climate, soil, temperature, species, etc., encountered in national park areas, it is impossible to lay down rigid rules for transplanting. The principles involved, however, are the same in Maine as they are in Texas, and it is hoped that a codification and explanation of some of these principles and descriptions of certain techniques will prove to be adaptable and of value under many of the various conditions encountered.

The purpose of this book is to provide guidance on ground improvement for civil works and military programs projects. It contains an up-to-date overview of ground improvement techniques and related considerations. It addresses general evaluation of site and soil conditions, selection of improvement methods, preliminary cost estimating, design, construction, and performance evaluation for ground improvement. This book should be used as a resource during planning, design, and construction for new projects as well as a reference to guide more detailed design efforts for modification of existing projects.Ground improvement is the modification of existing site foundation soils or project earth structures to provide better performance under design and/or operational loading conditions. Ground improvement techniques are used increasingly for new projects to allow utilization of sites with poor subsurface conditions and to allow design and construction of needed projects despite poor subsurface conditions which formerly would have rendered the project economically unjustifiable or technically not feasible. More importantly, such techniques are used to permit continued safe and efficient operation of existing projects when major deficiencies become evident or where existing projects are likely to be subjected to loads greater than original design or as-built capabilities.

This manual provides (a) guidance on the design and construction of conduits, culverts, and pipes, and (b) design procedures for trench/embankment earth loadings, highway loadings, railroad loadings, surface concentrated loadings, and internal/external fluid pressures.Reinforced concrete conduits and pipes are used for dams, urban levees, and other levees where public safety is at risk or substantial property damage could occur. Corrugated metal pipes are acceptable through agricultural levees where conduits are 900-mm (36-in.) diameter and where levee embankments are not higher than 4 m (12 ft) above the conduit invert. Inlet structures, intake towers, gate wells, and outlet structures should be concrete, or corrugated metal structures may be used in agricultural and rural levees. Life cycle cost studies are required where corrugated metal pipes are used.

Transcripts from Congressional hearings on the future of hydrogen fuel cells, vehicles powered by hydrogen, and the hydrogen fueling infrastructure necessary to make it work, with the purpose of doing everything Congress can do to give hydrogen powered vehicles a chance to succeed.It is amazing to contemplate the potential of millions of vehicles no longer needing conventional gasoline with emissions consistently near zero.The hearings presented witnesses from many of the different sectors that will play a role in the future of hydrogen fuel cells and energy infrastructure.

This reference provides a framework for assessing the weather's impact on world crop production by providing benchmark climate and crop data for key producing regions and countries. For each area, maps define the zones of concentration for major crops, and, temperature and precipitation by month at representative locations. Tables report historical averages of crop area, yield, and production. Coverage includes major agricultural regions and crops of coarse grains, winter and spring wheat, rice, major oilseeds, sugar, and cotton. World maps show the normal developmental stage of regional crops by month.

This book tries to describe what an intelligent person would have witnessed in ancient Athens if by some legerdemain he were translated to the fourth century B.C. and conducted about the city under competent guidance. The year 360 B.C. has been selected as the hypothetical time of this visit, not because of any special virtue in that date, but because Athens was then architecturally almost perfect, her civic and her social life seemed at their best, the democratic constitution held its vigor, and there were few outward signs of the general decadence which was to set in after the triumph of Macedon. At the time of original publication in 1925, William Stearns Davis was Professor of Ancient History, University of Minnesota.

This book tries to describe what an intelligent person would have witnessed in Ancient Rome if by some legerdemain he had been translated to the Second Christian Century, and conducted about the imperial city under competent guidance. The year 134 after Christ has been chosen as the hypothetical time of this visit, not from any special virtue in that date, but because Rome was then architecturally nearly completed, the Empire seemed in its most prosperous state, although many of the old usages and traditions of the Republic still survived, and the evil days of decadence were as yet hardly visible in the background. The time of the absence of Hadrian from his capital was selected particularly, in order that interest could be concentrated upon the life and doings of the great city itself, and upon its vast populace of slaves, plebeians, and nobles, not upon the splendid despot and his court, matters too often the center for attention by students of the Roman past. At the time of original publication in 1925, William Stearns Davis was Professor of Ancient History, University of Minnesota.