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CONTENTSForeword: Twenty-First Century TerrorismTerrorism Threat and Response: A Policy PerspectiveThe Terrorist ThreatThe Terrorist Threat in Strategic ContextThe Changing Nature of TerrorismWMD Terrorism: Hype or RealityThe Cyber ThreatPrevention, Preemption, Deterrence, and DenialDomestic PreemptionCombating International TerrorismAntiterrorism Via CounterproliferationIntelligenceResponding to and Organizing for TerrorismThe Military's Response to Domestic WMDTerrorismInternational Incident ResponseOrganizing to Combat 21st Century TerrorismEpilogue: A Terrorism Agenda for the United StatesAbout the Contributors

CONTENTS Preface Executive Summary: Mindsets of Mass Destruction New Types of Post-Cold War Terrorists -- New Forms of Terrorist-Threat Scenarios Introduction Terms of Analysis Defining Terrorism and Terrorists -- Terrorist Group Typologies Approaches to Terrorism Analysis The Multicausal Approach -- The Political Approach -- The Organizational Approach -- The Physiological Approach -- The Psychological Approach General Hypotheses of Terrorism Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis -- Negative Identity Hypothesis -- Narcissistic Rage Hypothesis The Psychology of the Terrorist Terrorist Motivation -- The Process of Joining a Terrorist Group -- The Terrorist as Mentally Ill --The Terrorist as Suicidal Fanatic -- Fanatics -- Suicide Terrorists -- Terrorist Group Dynamics -- Pressures to Conform -- Pressures to Commit Acts of Violence -- Terrorist Rationalization of Violence -- The Terrorist's Ideological or Religious Perception Terrorist Profiling Hazards of Terrorist Profiling -- Sociological Characteristics of Terrorists in the Cold War Period -- Characteristics of Female Terrorists -- Female Motivation for Terrorism Conclusion Terrorist Profiling -- Terrorist Group Mindset Profiling -- Promoting Terrorist Group Schisms -- How Guerrilla and Terrorist Groups End Appendix -- Sociopsychological Profiles: Case Studies Exemplars of International Terrorism in the Early 1970s -- Exemplars of International Terrorism in the Early 1990s -- Ethnic Separatist Groups -- Social Revolutionary Groups -- Religious Fundamentalist Groups Tables Educational Level and Occupational Background of Right-Wing Terrorists in West Germany, 1980 -- Ideological Profile of Italian Female Terrorists, January 1970-June 1984 -- Prior Occupational Profile of Italian Female Terrorists, January 1970-June 1984 -- Geographical Profile of Italian Female Terrorists, January 1970-June 1984 -- Age and Relationships Profile of Italian Female Terrorists, January 1970-June 1984 -- Patterns of Weapons Use by the Revolutionary Organization 17 November, 1975-97 Glossary Bibliography

CONTENTS: IntroductionCommittee on Assessment of Safety of OCS ActivitiesExploratory Drilling SystemsDeepwater Drilling and Production Platforms in Non-Arctic AreasArctic PlatformsOffshore Discharge of Drill Muds and CuttingsSubsea Production SystemsDeep Water PipelinesOffshore Storage, Tanker Loading, Floating FacilitiesSupporting Systems for Installation, Inspection, and RepairOil Spill Cleanup and ContainmentDiscussionSummaryParticipants

CONTENTS: AcknowledgmentsConclusions: An Outline for a New Transatlantic BargainPremises: NATO in the Post-Cold War WorldPerspectives: Which NATO?Parameters: The Context for ChangeProposals: Beyond Collective DefenseAPPENDIX A: NATO's Day-to-Day Operation: From Deterrence to Peace Support OperationsAPPENDIX B: The North Atlantic TreatyAPPENDIX C: The Alliance's Strategic ConceptAbout the Author

CONTENTS: ForewordTransformation and Professional Military Education: Past as Prologue to the FutureBalancing Tyche: Nonlinearity and Joint OperationsThe Best Offense Is a Good Defense: Preemption, Its Ramifications for the Department of DefenseU.S. Army Europe 2010: Harnessing the Potential of NATO EnlargementCreating Strategic Agility in Northeast AsiaThe War in Afghanistan: A Strategic AnalysisAdaptability: A New Principle of WarDirect and Indirect Fires in the 21st CenturyMaritime Prepositioning: Yesterday, Today, and TomorrowHomeland Security: The Department of Defense, The Department of Homeland Security, and Critical VulnerabilitiesIntegrated Emergency Management: The Roles of Federal, State, and Local Government with Implications for Homeland SecurityIs There Space for the Objective Force?Expanding Nuclear Arms Control: DoD Imperatives in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001About the Authors

CONTENTS: PrologueThe American Strategic ChallengeThe American Approach to the RMA: A BaselineThe RMA and Regional Allies: The Asian CaseEurope and the RMAGeneral Considerations --- The Europeanization ChallengeFrance and the RMAThe General Political Dynamic --- Domestic Preoccupation and the Shift from Neo-Gaullism --- The French State Crisis and Technology Policy --- Strategic Rethinking and Processes of Change --- Critical Issues for a French RMA --- Alternative OutcomesGermany and the RMAThe Context of Change --- The Tasks of the Armed Forces --- Critical Issues for a German RMA --- SummaryConclusionsEpilogue: Reflections on the U.S -European Military Technology "Gap"About the Authors

CONTENTS:IntroductionForging the Paradigms The Army Paradigm The Navy Paradigm The Air Power Paradigm Paradigms Triumphant: World War IIFrom Triumph to Crisis: World War II to Vietnam Service Roles and Missions Testing the Paradigms: The Korean War Limited War: A New Paradigm? To the Brink of CrisisLimits of American Power The Years in the Wilderness The Armed Forces The Air Force The Navy The Marine Corps The ArmyResurgence Years of Plenty and the Emergence of the Joint Paradigm The Joint Paradigm Triumphant: Panama and the Gulf War A Challenge to the Paradigm: SomaliaConclusionAbout the Author

CONTENTSIntroductionMilitary Implications of United Nations Peacekeeping OperationsCommand, Control and Coalition Operations An Historical Perspective The Relationship Between Peacekeeping, and Peace Enforcement Command and the Commander The Essence of Decision-Making in Coalition Operations A Politico-Military Interface for the Future Conclusion NotesDefining a Role Beyond Peacekeeping Limitations of Peacekeeping Prototype Post Cold War Developments Problems for the Peacekeeper Second Generation Operations Obstacles to ReformCommand and Control Issues for the Military Planner

CONTENTSIntroductionA New SituationThe National Defense Program Outline ReviewKey Issues Host Nation Support Theater Missile Defense Technology, Procurement, and Arms ExportsRecommendationsAppendix A: The Modality of the Security and Defense Capability of Japan: The Outlook for the 21st CenturyForewordThe World and the Asia-Pacific after the Cold War The End of the Cold War and Qualitative Changes in the Security Environment Multilateral Cooperation Centering on the United States Roles of the United Nations and Other Regimes for Cooperative Security Four Types of Likely Danger Characteristics of the Security Environment in the Asia-Pacific RegionBasic Thinking on Japan's Security Policy and Defense Capability Active and Constructive Security Policy Multilateral Security Cooperation Enhancing the Functions of the Japan-U.S. Security Cooperation Relationship Maintenance and Operation of Highly Reliable and Efficient Defense CapabilityThe Modality of Defense Capability in the New Age From the Cold War Defense Strategy to the Multilateral Security Strategy The Role of Defense Capability for Multilateral Security Cooperation The Enhancement of the Japan-U.S. Security Cooperation Relationship Maintenance and Qualitative Improvement of Self-Defense Capability Other Items Pertaining to Defense ConclusionAppendix B: Acronyms

In November 1997, the United States Army War College joined with the U.S. Southern Command, the Inter-American Defense Board, the National Guard Bureau, and the Latin American Consortium of the University of New Mexico and New Mexico State University to cosponsor a conference entitled The Role of the Armed Forces in the Americas: Civil-Military Relations for the 21st Century. The meeting was held from 3 to 6 November in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and was hosted by the New Mexico National Guard. The conference brought together over 150 prominent civilian governmental and military leaders and some of the most noted scholars from throughout the Americas. It was designed to support the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Southern Command's objectives of strengthening democratic institutions, assisting nations in eliminating threats to their security, supporting economic and social progress, and enhancing military professionalism. In addition, the meeting sought to promote the Army Chief of Staff's goals of conflict prevention through peacetime engagement, strategic outreach to organizations and institutions outside the Department of Defense, and the enhancement of Active and Reserve component integration. Included in this publication are the papers and speeches delivered at the conference, rapporteurs' synopses of the working group discussions and an analysis, with recommendations, of the implications for civil-military relations and U.S. policy. These presentations, the level and scope of participation, the candor of the dialogue, the outstanding support provided by our cosponsors, and the charming atmosphere of Santa Fe all contributed to making the meeting a success.

Early in June 1984 some thirty-five of the retired four-star generals of the United States Air Force gathered in Washington, D.C., for the annual Senior Statesmen Conference. Each year since the early 1960s the Air Force has invited its retired four-star generals to Washington. From that group in 1984, the Office of Air Force History invited four general officers -Generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton- to participate in a group oral interview on the history of strategic air warfare. They accepted and on June 15, 1984, at Bolling Air Force Base, the four discussed for nearly three hours the development and evolution of strategic air warfare. Because the session ended without time for a discussion of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War, the four conferred again, this time by telephone, to discuss these and other issues not considered earlier. This interview was the third in a series begun by the Office of Air Force History with the "senior statesmen," the first in 1982 covering air superiority in World War II and Korea, the second in 1983 discussing the type of aerial interdiction used in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. The purpose of the interview was to have the air commanders meet in an informal setting and discuss the development of strategic air employment as a form of warfare. The hope was that in the course of the discussion these men, who had served together for many years and undergone common experiences, might stimulate each other to remember facts and events that have otherwise gone unrecorded, and to flesh out the record with fuller explanations of motives and the reasoning behind great occurrences. The result was beyond our expectations, for almost immediately the four generals began interviewing each other, reminiscing at times, exchanging ideas, questioning circumstances, and recalling motives and objectives clear at the time of decision but clouded over by the passage of time. Often a single question led to four or five others generated from within the group. At one point when they were discussing atomic warfare and the creation of the Strategic Air Command, General LeMay leaned forward and said quietly to General Johnson, "Let me tell you what I was trying to do...." The Strategic Air Command was but one of many issues discussed. Beginning with preparations for World War I1 and the concepts underlying planning, training, and equipping American air forces for the strategic bombing of Germany and Japan, the participants explained their roles: in the war in flying and commanding bombing missions and campaigns; in creating the atomic air forces in the immediate postwar years; in building and molding the Strategic Air Command in the 1950s; in advising and making decisions during the Cuban Missile Crisis; and in leading and observing the Air Force during the limited war in Southeast Asia.

The present analysis of the origin and evolution of the solar system represents a fusion of two initially independent approaches to the problem. One of us (Alfven) started from a study of the physical processes (1942, 1943a, 1946; summarized in a monograph in 1954), and the other (Arrhenius) from experimental studies of plasma-solid reactions and from chemical and mineralogical analyses of meteorites and lunar and terrestrial samples. Joined by the common belief that the complicated events leading to the present structure of the solar system can be understood only by an integrated chemical-physical approach, we have established a collaboration at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), in La Jolla, during the last seven years. Our work, together with that of many colleagues in La Jolla, Stockholm, and elsewhere, has resulted in a series of papers describing the general principles of our joint approach, experimental results, and model approximations for some of the most important processes. The present volume is a summary of our results, which we have tried to present in such a form as to make the physics understandable to chemists and the chemistry understandable to physicists. Our primary concern has been to establish general constraints on applicable models. Hence we have avoided complex mathematical treatment in cases where approximations are sufficient to clarify the general character of the processes.

The struggle for Okinawa was the last battle of World War II and the bloodiest campaign in the Pacific against Imperial Japan. Long before the battle ended, U.S. Army civil affairs officers began the task of providing essential services for the island's war-torn population. This volume is an authoritative account of the Army's military government efforts on Okinawa from the first stages of planning until the transition toward a civil administration began in December 1950. It is a fascinating history of how a small group of idealistic men with a limited, temporary mission saw their numbers and their role expand into a long-term commitment as American strategic considerations changed. The story ranges from the strategic planning of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the National Security Council in Washington to the civil affairs planning of the Tenth Army and beyond to the military government teams in the field. Although this is a success story, there are certainly lessons to be learned from the complex and often difficult interplay of the tactical occupation forces, the civil affairs officers, and the Okinawan population. With this volume, the Center of Military History continues its history of American military government during World War II. That effort began with the annotated documentary volume Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors in the U.S. Army in World War II series, and continued with Earl Ziemke's The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944-1946 in the Army Historical Series. This volume differs in format from both earlier books: it is a concise case history of a unique military government experience, augmented by selected documents that provide for more detailed study of current civil affairs concerns. For the uniformed student of military government, as for the general reader, this book should offer an interesting and instructive account of an often overlooked period of American-Okinawan history. WILLIAM A. STOFFT Brigadier General, U.S. Army Chief of Military History

The Navy of the United States, like the nation itself, was born in the midst of the bloody conflict for independence known as the American Revolution. The Continental Navy, as it was called then, shaped and was shaped by this difficult struggle for freedom that lasted from 1775 to 1783. During the war, the sailors of the young navy, seamen and officers alike, established the proud traditions of honor, courage, and commitment shared by today's servicemen in the United States Navy. It is important for the American people, especially those who wear the uniform, to understand the significant role that the Continental Navy played in the nation's beginnings.This book is about three captains of the Continental Navy: Lambert Wickes, Gustavus Conyngham, and John Paul Jones. In recounting the stories of their lives and examining the roles they played in the Navy's early years, it highlights the difficult circumstances that each man faced operating in seas dominated by the British Navy and emphasizes that the outcome of the American War for Independence was far from certain. The book also illustrates the humanity of these Revolutionary War heroes, revealing their weaknesses as well as their strengths. They exhibited frustration, pettiness, and egotism as well as courage, initiative, and sound judgment. Like naval leaders today, these Continental Navy officers faced tough choices and were forced to live with the consequences, for good or ill. Their lives and choices had an important influence on the course of the war and on the character of the naval service.

Archaeological remains and historic structures and landscapes are important tangible reminders of this Nation's rich and diverse cultural heritage. They provide a sense of our past and contribute in other ways to our quality of life. Yet, in recent years, as the result primarily of population shifts, urban growth, and energy development, the stresses on these unique, nonrenewable cultural resources have increased dramatically. As this assessment makes clear, the appropriate use of a wide variety of preservation technologies, many of which were originally developed for applications in natural science and engineering, could reduce many of these stresses. This report presents the primary findings of an assessment requested by the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. The Subcommittee on Public Lands is carrying out a major review of how Federal agencies implement Federal preservation policy. This assessment directly supports the Committee's review by showing how the uses of certain methods, techniques, as well as tools and equipment can assist Federal, State, and local preservation efforts. The assessment takes the unusual step of focusing on the applications of preservation technologies rather than preservation disciplines. It examines the current use of preservation technologies and identifies research and development needs. It also explores how improvements in Federal policy and implementation can facilitate the more effective use of technologies appropriate for managing this country's prehistoric and historic cultural resources. In undertaking this assessment, OTA sought the contributions of a wide spectrum of knowledgeable and interested individuals. Some provided information and guidance, others reviewed drafts of the report. OTA gratefully acknowledges their contributions of time and intellectual effort. OTA also appreciates the timely help rendered by a number of individuals from the National Park Service. JOHN H. GIBBONS Director

This study offers over 600 selected quotations from the writings of over 200 Chinese authors published from 1994 to 1999. Analysis and interpretation are kept to a minimum so that the Chinese may speak for themselves. Many Chinese scholars assisted with this study by providing hard-to-get books and articles unfamiliar to most Westerners. Half the authors were interviewed in China. They explained some of the viewpoints in recent debates about the future security environment. Debates in China are generally concealed, and frequently authors pretend they do not exist. However muted they may be, China's debates about the future nevertheless exist and merit attention if we are to understand the premises of China's national strategy and set a baseline from which to measure any future change in these premises.

The general purpose of this handbook is to prepare scientists, engineers, and technicians of the U.S. Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command (DARCOM) for increasing use of the International Systems of Units (SI) or, as it is frequently referred to, the "metric system." The specific objectives are to give DARCOM personnel (1) the tools required to convert the units of physical quantities and equations to SI units, (2) the information needed to correctly interpret specifications and documentation using the SI, and (3) the information needed to generate specifications and prepared documentation in SI units.Chapter 1 presents a paragraph outline of the handbook to facilitate its use, and a brief history of the introduction of and increasing use of the SI in the US. Definitions, rules, and conventions fundamental to the SI and its use are to be found in Chapters 2 and 3.Methods for converting non-SI units to SI units are given in Chapter 4. The methods make use of "unit equalities" and, if applied rigorously, will minimize or eliminate errors in unit conversions. A relatively simple method is presented for modifying equations such that equations derived for use with non-SI units can be used with SI units.Tables of unit equalities, experimentally determined constants expressed in SI units, and dimensionless quantities are given in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 is concerned with the use of SI in military engineering drawings, and covers dual dimensioning and conversion of the units of dimensions. Sample calculations illustrating methods of converting units and modifying equations are given in Chapter 7.

A classic work on the history of Sanskrit. Invaluable for the student of linguistics and philology. The work represents a complete history of Sanskrit literature in a condensed and succinct form. It embodies a general study of the Vedic, Epic, Puranic, classical and philosophical literature. It sheds light on the life and thought of Ancient and Medieval India as reflected in the literary productions of those periods. It provides information both interesting and instructive. Even with the lapse of time, the utility of this small work has not diminished. This title is cited and recommended by: Books for College Libraries; The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature; and the Catalogue of the Lamont Library, Harvard College. At the time of original publication in 1900, Arthur A. MacDonell, M.A., Ph.D., of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, was Boden Professor of Sanskrit and Fellow of Balliol.

CONTENTSEarly LifeRichard Lovell EdgeworthFather and DaughterArrival in Ireland - First BooksDisturbed DaysNinety-Eight"Castle Rackrent" - Irish Letters"Belinda" - Visit to ParisMiddle Life"Ennui" - "The Absentee" - "Ormond"Memoir of R. L. Edgeworth - The "Quarterly" - Paris - GenevaFriendship with ScottLater LifeConclusionIndexMaria Edgeworth was born in England but lived most of her life in Ireland and in her stories, she wrote about the Irish, and portrayed them as they really were. While she never became very well known, she had a substantial influence on Scott, Turgenev, and Thackeray.

This comprehensive contribution to the large part Irish and Irish-Americans played in the American Revolution covers genealogy, battles, fraternal organizations, and Irish friendship with George Washington. It is a refutation of Bancroft and Lodge by the historiographer of the American Irish Historical Society, with analysis of early Irish emigration to the colonies, the sympathies of the Irish with the Revolution, and the role played by the Irish in the Revolution. The appendix lists first officers, then non-commissioned officers of the American Army and Navy of the Revolution of Irish birth and descent.

Globalization and Maritime Power focuses on the direct impact of globalization on naval forces and the maritime aspects of commerce and international relations. It seeks to translate what we have learned about the phenomenon of globalization into the language of strategy and defense policy. This book uses a general knowledge of globalization to deduce its impact on the maritime world, and applies inductive reasoning to the maritime impacts of defense planning. Its intent is to provide national security leaders with analyses applicable to the future security environment.

CONTENTSOn the Sufferings of the WorldOn the Vanity of ExistenceOn SuicideImmortality: A DialoguePsychological ObservationsOn EducationOf WomenOn NoiseA Few Parables

An important, early work of criticism on Poe written by his fiancee.

CONTENTSEarly Christian Doctrine, by Rev. Joseph Henry AllenChristianity from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Century, by Rev. Andrew P. PeabodyUnitarianism and the Reformation, by Rev. Seth C. BeachUnitarianism in England, by Rev. Brooke HerfordThe Contact of American Unitarianism and German Thought, by Rev. Joseph Henry AllenThe Church and the Parish in Massachusetts, by Rev. George E. EllisEarly New England Unitarians, by Rev. Andrew P. PeabodyChanning, by Rev. George W. BriggsTranscendentalism: The New England Renaissance, by Rev. Francis TiffanyTheodore Parker, by Rev. Samuel Barrett StewartUnitarianism and Modern Literature, by Rev. Francis HornbrookeUnitarianism and Modern Biblical Criticism, by Rev. James De NormandieUnitarianism and Modern Scientific Thought, by Rev. Thomas R. SlicerThe Law of Righteousness, by Rev. George BatchelorThe Relation of Unitarianism to Philosophy, by Rev. Charles Carroll EverettEcclesiastical and Denominational Tendencies, by Rev. Grindall Reynolds

This 1967 U. S. Army Training Circular is a guide for commanders and staff in the orientation and training of personnel for operations in the Republic of Vietnam. It encompasses Viet Cong mine and boobytrap materiel, techniques of employment, and defensive measures to be taken against Viet Cong mine and boobytrap activities.Contents:IntroductionMines and DemolitionsFuzes and Firing DevicesBoobytrapsMine Warfare TechniquesDefense Against Viet Cong Mines and Boobytraps

"Progress will march if we hold an abiding faith in the intelligence, the initiative, the character, the courage, and the divine touch in the individual. We can safeguard these ends if we give to each individual that opportunity for which the spirit of America stands. We can make a social system as perfect as our generation merits and one that will be received in gratitude by our children." - Woodrow Wilson

This major study of the Soviet-German conflict in World War II has enjoyed an outstanding reputation among those interested in military history and in such areas as the development of Soviet command skills and the exigencies of total land war across a huge front. Save for the introduction of nuclear weapons, the Soviet victory over Germany was the most fateful development of World War II. Both wrought changes and raised problems that have constantly preoccupied the world in the more than twenty years since the war ended. The purpose of this volume is to investigate one aspect of the Soviet victory - how the war was won on the battlefield. The author sought, in following the march of the Soviet and German armies from Stalingrad to Berlin, to depict the war as it was and to describe the manner in which the Soviet Union emerged as the predominant military power in Europe. Earl F. Ziemke is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, where he received a Ph.D. degree in history. In World War II he served with the U.S. Marine Corps in the Pacific theater. In 1951 he joined the staff of the Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University, and in 1955 he moved to the Office of the Chief of Military History. Since 1967 he has been a member of the history faculty at the University of Georgia. He is the author of a number of books on military history.

This 1911 biography reveals the extraordinary influence of the wealthy botanist Banks on eighteenth-century science, exploration and society.