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In modern military literature, there is no more pernicious theme than that the day of the infantryman has passed us by, overwhelmed by increasingly lethal technology. Japan's Battle of Okinawa takes us into the world of the modern infantryman and illustrates in vivid detail Clausewitz' dictum that combat is to war as cash payment is to commerce. Dr. Thomas M. Huber's work is unique: for the first time in English, the Battle of Okinawa is analyzed from the vantage point of the Japanese defenders. Basing his work on extensive research in Japanese military archives, Dr. Huber affords the reader a view of the Okinawa battles literally from "the other side of the hill." Okinawa was the most sanguinary of the Pacific island battles of World War II. Its occurrence came at a point in the war when both combatants had accumulated years of experience in planning and executing complex operations on island terrain and had developed an array of fearsomely lethal weapons whose doctrines of employment were in full bloom. This meant that the ground at Okinawa would be contested in ways that were reminiscent of the Western Front of World War I. In this respect, this book may provide its most valuable service by depicting a part of World War II far removed from the plains of Europe that are so familiar to us today. For, although the tools of war employed in Europe were present on Okinawa, the shape, the tempo, and indeed the character of the operations on Okinawa were entirely different from those in Europe. Still, the Okinawa operations were every bit as testing of men and materiel as those in any venue of battle in the whole war. Professional soldiers and students of modern war will be rewarded by reading this informative and insightful study, which is so suggestive of contemporary problems bearing upon the employment of infantry and other arms in high-intensity combined arms operations in inhospitable terrain against, it must be said, an implacable and skillful enemy.Leonard P. Wishart IIILieutenant General, USACommandant

Search and rescue has always been important to the United States Air Force, whose aircrews deserve nothing less than the fullest possible commitment to save them and return them home. The motto of Air Force search and rescue, "So Others May Live," is one of the most compelling of all military mottoes. It embodies this spirit of altruism and, as events have proven, also indicates the service's intention to furnish life-saving SAR for civilian as well as military purposes. Search and rescue flourished during World War II as lifeguard ships and submarines joined patrolling aircraft in saving lives and sustaining morale, especially in the Pacific Ocean Areas. The rotary-wing, turbojet, and avionics revolutions made modern SAR a reality. Foreshadowed by the Korean War, the helicopter became the principal form of air rescue vehicle in Vietnam. In three major conflicts, SAR forces gained a reputation for bravery, dedication, and self-sacrifice, as they ventured repeatedly into hostile territory to pluck fallen aircrews to safety. The USAF rightly continues to place a top priority on search and rescue, seeking better ways to perform this function through the use of advanced equipment and aircraft (such as the multipurpose MH-53J Pave Low helicopter) and improved training of personnel. This reprint of a classic work offers the reader an exciting and exacting history of the evolution of combat search and rescue in America's longest and most grueling war: the conflict in Southeast Asia.Richard P. HallionAir Force Historian

This edition of Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 12 incorporates new design charts and procedures developed from laboratory tests of interception capacities and efficiencies of highway pavement drainage in- lets. A chart for the solution of the kinematic wave equation for overland flow and a new chart for the solution of Manning's equation for triangular channels are provided. Charts and procedures for using the charts are provided for 7 grate types, slotted drain inlets, curb- opening inlets, and combination inlets on grade and in sump locations. Charts, tables, and example problem solutions are included in the text where introduced and discussed. The text includes discussion of the effects of roadway geometry on pavement drainage; the philosophy of design frequency and design spread selection; storm runoff estimating methods; flow in gutters; pavement drainage inlets, factors affecting capacity and efficiency, and comparisons of interception capacity; median inlets; embankment inlets; and bridge deck inlets. Five appendixes are included with discussion of the development of rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curves and equations, mean velocity in a reach of triangular channel with unsteady flow, the development of gutter capacity curves for compound and parabolic roadway sections, and the development of design charts for grates of specific size and bar configuration.

This slender volume has value for both the general reader and the aviation specialist. For the latter there are lessons regarding command and control and combined-unit operations that need to be learned to achieve battlefield success. For the former there is a straightforward narrative about American aviators of all four services struggling in the most difficult of conditions to try to rescue more than 1,500 American and Vietnamese military and civilians. Not all the Americans moving through the events recounted in this monograph acted heroically, but most did, and it was their heroism that gave the evacuation the success it had. Airpower and the Airlift Evacuation of Kham Duc is fully documented so that readers wishing to look deeper into this incident may do so. Those who study the battle will see that it was something of a microcosm of the entire Vietnam War in the relationship of airpower to tactical ground efforts. Kham Duc sat at the bottom of a small green mountain bowl, and during most of 12 May 1968 the sky was full of helicopters, forward air controller aircraft, transports, and fighters, all striving to succeed and to avoid running into each other in what were most trying circumstances. In the end they carried the day, though by the narrowest of margins and with heavy losses.Raymond B. FurlongLieutenant General, USAFCommander, Air University

The 1968 fight for Khe Sanh pitted some 6,000 U.S. Marines and South Vietnamese Rangers against an enemy force roughly three times as large. For more than 70 days North Vietnamese troops maintained pressure on Khe Sanh's defenders, who had dug in around the base's airstrip. The original purpose for deploying the Marines and South Vietnamese into the northwest corner of South Vietnam was to block Communist troop movements along Highway 9 toward Quang Tri City and the heavily populated coastal areas. When U.S. intelligence detected large enemy forces assembling near Khe Sanh, the senior American commander in Vietnam, Gen. William C. Westmoreland, ordered the Marines to hold the base. General Westmoreland suspected that North Vietnam's Defense Minister, Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, might be tempted to mount a major attack against the base in hopes of achieving "a climactic victory, such as he had done in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu." If Giap did order such an attack, General Westmoreland believed it would provide U.S. air power "a singular opportunity" to destroy a massed enemy force in a relatively uninhabited, isolated region of South Vietnam. In late January 1968 General Westmoreland advised the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington, D.C., of his decision to defend Khe Sanh. The Chiefs backed him unanimously. During the siege that followed, U.S. strike aircraft rained nearly 100,000 tons of munitions down upon the North Vietnamese while other planes---primarily U.S. Air Force transports---flew in essential supplies of food, ammunition, and other necessities to Khe Sanh's defenders. The Leathernecks also used their own aircraft to provision Marine outposts which denied the enemy the high ground overlooking the base. Other military elements participating in the battle included U.S. Army artillerymen dug in east of Khe Sanh, who fired deadly concentrations against the besieging forces. Marine howitzers and mortars added to the heavy U.S. fire, while Army engineers joined Navy Seabees in helping prepare airstrips which supported the allied defense effort. Finally, the relief of Khe Sanh---though spearheaded by Army troops---also involved American Marines and soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. In preparing this history, the author has attempted to describe the essential contributions of the Army, Navy, and Marines as well as the Air Force. But primarily, he has concentrated upon the operations, activities, and accomplishments of the U.S. Air Force. He also has included in this narrative a discussion of several controversies and problem areas which arose during the battle---such as General Westmoreland's appointment of Gen. William W. Momyer, his deputy for air, as single manager for air operations.

When this volume was conceived, no official definition of roles and missions existed. As the volume progressed, however, intense scrutiny of the subject emanating from the Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act of 1986 and the winding down of the Cold War stimulated an active interest in formal terminology. The search for formal definition added to the roles and missions lore, but it did not affect this work. The popular military usage and meaning of roles and missions long ago became commonplace in official documents and military literature. Accepted usage dating from the post-World War II period established the synonymity of the phrase roles and missions with the legally framed functions of the armed forces, as set forth by executive order pursuant to the National Security Act of 1947. Approved by President Harry S. Truman on July 28, 1947, that landmark legislation created the United States Air Force and unified the armed forces under the National Military Establishment and later the Department of Defense (DOD). The Act failed, however, to end bitter interservice feuding over roles and missions which began with the birth of military aviation in 1907 and intensified over the intervening years. The phrase roles and missions actually predates the National Security Act of 1947---appearing often in unification debates which preceded the law's enactment. Documents from this period show military officers using the phrase frequently when expressing their views on the functions of the armed forces. While defending the Army Air Forces before congressional hearings in March 1947, Gen. Carl A. Spaatz challenged a Navy proposal to delineate the services' functions in pending legislation---arguing persuasively that the President "prescribes the roles and missions of the Army, Navy, and Air Forces." When Dwight D. Eisenhower and other top Army generals agreed, Spaatz's argument prevailed.

This book is the first text and reference that specifically addresses the issues and problems of wilderness management. The material is organized into six sections, each intended to present a comprehensive summary and synthesis of pertinent information The book's 16 chapters bring together both previously published as well as new information and viewpoints pertaining to wilderness management-writing which includes philosophy and concepts research data, and management experience in Federal agencies. Specifically, our objectives include the following:1. To sensitize readers to pressing wilderness management issues and the implications of alternative methods of dealing with them.2. To distinguish issues of wilderness management from issues of wilderness allocation and management of related lands, and to describe their important interrelationships.3. To introduce readers to pertinent literature and ongoing research on wilderness, focusing particularly on the management implications of such work4. To describe the evolution of the National Wilderness Preservation System from its philosophical and historical origins to its current size in number of areas and acres, with a speculative look at the future.5. To propose principles and concepts from which management policy and actions to preserve wilderness might be derived, and to describe current management policies, procedures, and techniques that are available. We recognize that among our readers there will be many diverse views about wilderness management, and we do not expect universal agreement with our treatment of a topic as emotion-laden as wilderness. Hopefully, we have avoided some of the polarity of opinion that commonly surrounds discussion of wilderness by attempting to maintain a broad, conceptual perspective on management problems. We have tried to identify alternative wilderness management perspectives and their implications. Where we do advocate a particular management direction, we try to state our position clearly and identify our line of reasoning. Both within individual agencies and among the public, there are varying orientations toward wilderness and its management, but we are gratified by what we think is some convergence of views in the past decade. We hope this book will stimulate the discussions and foster the consensus necessary to meet the challenge of wilderness management that faces government agencies and the interested public.July 1977 John C. Hendee George H. Stankey Robert C. Lucas

These pages provide a selection of pictorial material that shows the evolution which hunting, shooting, falconry, and fishing underwent from the fifteenth century (just previous to the invention of printing) to the French Revolution, thus taking in the four centuries that are as vital to the history of venery as they are to that of art. Some old pictures of horsemanship, and the first pictorial descriptions of mountain climbing have been included in the last chapters.

Antarctica commonly viewed as a barren, inaccessible, frozen land, but, in fact--as this study shows--the southernmost continent is a productive laboratory for scientific research, one rich in natural resources like oil, natural gas, and high-grade gold ore, and one of the few places on the globe where nations of conflicting ideologies and different levels of development are working in harmony and sharing scientific knowledge. In Antarctica: Chile's Claim, Brigadier Luis S. Mericq, Army of Chile, a former National Defense University International Fellow, recounts the relatively short history of Antarctic explorations and discoveries, and describes the diverse physical characteristics of the region. He analyzes the pressures--environmental and political--that threaten the future development of Antarctica. This groundwork leads to a critical examination of the remarkably successful Antarctic Treaty of 1959, an agreement which has promoted the peaceful sharing of scientific research and the resolution of political issues. The author concludes by making a case for the Antarctic claims of Chile, which, by reasons of geography and history, has a long and abiding interest in the continent. The Antarctic Treaty is due for review and possible revision in 1991. The United States and other signatory nations preparing for this event need to know more about this still largely unexplored land, and to understand better one another's perspectives on Antarctic issues. This study is a step toward responding to those needs.Bradley C. HosmerLieutenant General, US Air ForcePresident, National Defense University

During the 1872 the expedition party travelled by train, steamer, canoe, wagon, and horseback, from Halifax to Victoria. The expedition leader, Sir Sanford Fleming, was the Father of Standard Time, founder of the Royal Canadian Institute, designer of Canada's first postage stamp, author, artist, and town planner.George Monro Grant (1835-1902) was secretary of the expedition (and minister of the church Fleming attended). He later became principal of Queen's University, and moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Canada.

Avalanches seldom touch man or his works, but when they do they can be disastrous. This illustrated handbook sets forth procedures for avoiding such disasters in ski areas, near roads and settlements, and in the back country.New snowfall and old snow redeposited by winds are the major causes of avalanches. Melting and freezing or the presents or absents of a temperature gradient in the snow are difficult to observe directly but can make the snowpack either more or less susceptible to avalanching. Such variations often can be identified by digging pits in the snow.When a snow slop fails, the impact of the avalanche depends on such variables as the length, shape, and roughness of the avalanche path. If disaster strikes buried victims must be rescued quickly, since the chance of survival decreases sharply with time. Methods of avalanche control include artificial release by explosives, defense structures, public warnings, and land-use legislation.

Undoubtedly the thing we love and cherish most about the little wild-wood singer is his song. But the songs, what of them! Why is the singer recorded in all the books, but never - or hardly ever - his song? Well, the question is a difficult one to answer without finding fault with some one, so it would be best to make this little volume furnish the response. The volume is literally a field-book filled with the musical sayings of American birds.