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The purpose of this study is to describe the climatic conditions encountered by the German armed forces during four years of struggle in European Russia. To this end the climate of the various regions is described together with its effects on men and equipment, combat and supply. Parts Two, Three, and Four are concerned with European Russia south of the Arctic Circle; Part Five treats of European Russia north of the Arctic Circle. The study emphasizes the lessons learned and improvisations employed to surmount difficult situations. A Western European army fighting in Russia is faced with conditions entirely different from those to which it is accustomed, conditions rooted in the peculiarities of Russia and its people. The most unusual characteristic of the country is the climate, which affects terrain and vegetation and determines living conditions in general. The climate leaves its mark upon the Russian and his land, and he who steps for the first time on Russian soil is immediately conscious of the new, the strange, the primitive. The German soldier who crossed into Russian territory felt that he entered a different world, where he was opposed not only by the forces of the enemy but also by the forces of nature. Nature is the ally of the Russian Army, and the struggle against this alliance was a severe test for the Wehrmacht, exacting great sacrifices. To conquer the raging elements of nature was the more difficult because their fury and effect were not fully recognized by the Germans, who were neither trained nor equipped to withstand them. The German command had been under the impression that the Red Army could be destroyed west of the Dnieper, and that there would be no need for conducting operations in cold, snow, and mud. This study was prepared by a committee of former German generals and general staff officers under the supervision of the Historical Division, EUCOM. The material, based on the personal experiences of the principal author and his associates, was written largely from memory, with some assistance from diaries, earlier studies, and documents. All the German officers involved had extensive experience on the Eastern Front during the period 1941-45. The principal author, for example, commanded in succession a panzer division, a panzer army, and an army group.

CONTENTSI. Overview and Background A. Overview : Covert Action in Chile B. Issues C. Historical Background in Recent United States-Chilean RelationsII. The Range of Covert Action in Chile A. Covert Action and Other Clandestine Activities B. Covert Action in Chile: Techniques C. Covert Action and Multinational CorporationsIII. Major Covert Action Programs and Their Effects A. The 1964 Presidential Election B. Covert Action: 1964-1969 C. The 1970 Election: A "Spoiling" Campaign D. Covert Action Between September 4 and October 24, 1970 E. Covert Action During the Allende Years, 1970-1973 F. Post-1973IV. Chile: Authorization, Assessment, and Oversight A. 40 Committee Authorization and Control: Chile 1969-1973 B. Intelligence Estimates and Covert Action C. Congressional OversightV. Preliminary Conclusions A. Covert Action and U.S. Foreign Policy B. Executive Command and Control of Major Covert Action C. The Role of Congress D. Intelligence Judgments and Covert Operations E. Major Covert Action ProgramsAppendix. Chronology: Chile 1962-1975

The growth of operations research during the past several years has been phenomenal. Throughout its evolution, military problems have continually nourished the subject matter and provided interesting sources of research for its further development. As a consequence, military research organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have historically furnished the major support for work on the basic foundations of mathematics and management science necessary to the continued growth of operations research. Beginning with one or two basic textbooks in the early 1950's, most of the tools and techniques of this field have been found in specialized textbooks and the open literature. Recently several new and comprehensive textbooks became available for the classroom training of operations researchers at all levels. This is not surprising, since separate departments of operations research have been formed at various colleges and universities and now provide an opportunity for major study in this field at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. By and large the textbooks now available are not particularly oriented toward military applications, and a need for such a book appears to exist. This book has been written with a view toward filling that need. Its main purpose is to provide orientation for the practitioner who is interested in problem areas that have direct bearing on military applications. It is not a basic textbook designed to train an operations researcher in a comprehensive fashion, although certainly some of the material is amenable to classroom use. On the other hand, it is not a collection of isolated research papers. Rather, as the title indicates, it is an illustration of the basic tools and techniques used in solving certain problems of a military nature and application. Several areas have been explored in some detail, although certainly not every conceivable application or area is covered. Also, some applications are presented in terms that are broader than a specific military use. The coordinating theme of the book is the exploitation of mathematical models in the investigation of problems. For this reason the book begins with an extensive discussion of the various aspects of a mathematical model and its role in operations research. A case is made for the place of abstraction in the study of models and is illustrated with the simpler aspects of a Boolean algebra. Following this a rather comprehensive survey of probability and statistics is provided, emphasizing those points that are particularly significant for studying models. The book then proceeds through a variety of models from very specialized problems through search theory, simulation, and finally, inventory and reliability models. It then closes with a broad discussion of systems analysis.

The United States Army has met an unusually complex challenge in Southeast Asia. In conjunction with the other services, the Army has fought in support of a national policy of assisting an emerging nation to develop governmental processes of its own choosing, free of outside coercion. In addition to the usual problems of waging armed conflict, the assignment in Southeast Asia has required superimposing the immensely sophisticated tasks of a modern army upon an underdeveloped environment and adapting them to demands covering a wide spectrum. These involved helping to fulfill the basic needs of an agrarian population, dealing with the frustrations of antiguerrilla operations, and conducting conventional campaigns against well-trained and determined regular units. As this assignment nears an end, the U.S. Army must prepare for other challenges that may lie ahead. While cognizant that history never repeats itself exactly and that no army ever profited from trying to meet a new challenge in terms of the old one, the Army nevertheless stands to benefit immensely from a study of its experience, its shortcomings no less than its achievements. Aware that some years must elapse before the official histories will provide a detailed and objective analysis of the experience in Southeast Asia, we have sought a forum whereby some of the more salient aspects of that experience can be made available now. At the request of the Chief of Staff, a representative group of senior officers who served in important posts in Vietnam and who still carry a heavy burden of day-to-day responsibilities has prepared a series of monographs. These studies should be of great value in helping the Army develop future operational concepts while at the same time contributing to the historical record and providing the American public with an interim report on the performance of men and officers who have responded, as others have through our history, to exacting and trying demands. The reader: should be reminded that most of the writing was accomplished while the war in Vietnam was at its peak, and the monographs frequently refer to events of the past as if they were taking place in the present.

In this volume, John Collins speaks with the authority of one who was literally present at the birth of the "low intensity conflict" era. His long-term, intimate, and direct contact with the esoteric world of special operations has few parallels. Their roots go back in time and history considerably farther, but today's Special Operations Forces are largely products of the past three decades. Their development has been in response to the pressures of world-wide situations perceived to bear upon or which actually do affect American strategic interests. The use of raw military power may not provide solutions to the complex problems involved and may even be counter-productive. Special Operations Forces, uniquely suited to fill the quasi-military gap, require the highest degree of professional competence in the application of the classical principles of war. This is a big order. It is difficult in a few words to pay John Collins the tribute he deserves for continuing efforts to educate both the Congress and the U.S. Armed Forces concerning the capabilities and limitations of special operations and the forces they involve. This latest addition to his carefully researched studies combines history, philosophy, factual data, and reference materials in a single document that should be on the desks of civilian and military leaders whose responsibilities relate in any way to special operations.William P. YarboroughLieutenant General, USA (Ret)

Substance abuse and addiction are complex phenomena that defy simple explanation or description. A tangled interaction of factors contributes to an individual's experimentation with, use, and perhaps subsequent abuse of drugs. Regardless of the mix of contributing factors, the actions and effects exerted by drugs of abuse underlie all substance abuse and addiction. In order to understand substance abuse and addiction it is first necessary to understand how drugs work in the brain, why certain drugs have the potential for being abused, and what, if any, biological differences exist between individuals in their susceptibility to abuse drugs.This background paper describes biological contributing factors to substance abuse and addiction.

The astonishing specter of September 11, 2001, jarred America and, indeed, all free nations, into accepting the previously unthinkable- the world's only remaining superpower is vulnerable to catastrophic attack and asymmetric warfare, even within its own borders. In a few short hours Americans came to realize that, for a fanatical, resourceful, and patient enemy, there are neither ethical bounds nor societal mores to delineate the nature of the target, the weapon of choice, or the scale of the violence. To put it another way, for these enemies there are no rules of engagement and there is no honor. Since September 11, our national sense of vulnerability has steadily risen. We have been in a near-constant state of high alert because of credible threats to our Nation's nuclear installations, power plants, transportation nodes, and other critical national infrastructures. We know that at least nine countries support offensive terrorism programs, and that Al Qaeda -Osama bin Laden's international terrorist organization- has been committed to developing and deploying weapons of mass destruction against U.S. targets. And the possibility that the recent anthrax attacks were perpetrated by a domestic terrorist with access to a Federal Government, academic, or private laboratory that possessed anthrax for legitimate scientific reasons has brought fear to the doorsteps of virtually every home, business, and public institution in the country. We are now also facing up to a less publicized, but potentially devastating threat-terrorism directed against the Nation's food and agricultural infrastructure. As this paper elucidates, American farms, food, and agriculture systems are exceedingly vulnerable to deliberate disruption by hostile interests intent on undermining confidence in food supplies or wreaking havoc on the agricultural sector of the American economy, which accounts for one-sixth of our gross domestic product. Because of its breadth, diversity, and unparalleled success, U.S. agriculture is an inviting target for terrorists. Not only are food supplies vital for feeding our own population and others around the world, and important for the Nation's economic health, but American agriculture is a vivid example of the capabilities of modern scientific farming. Intelligence reports indicate that a number of countries have active research programs that could produce biological agents to threaten crops and livestock. Naturally occurring outbreaks of diseases signal the devastation that could result from a carefully choreographed intentional release. Thus the recent Foot and mouth disease epidemics in Taiwan and Great Britain, or hog cholera in the Netherlands, or the infection of Florida citrus trees with citrus canker, aptly demonstrate the vulnerability of living targets to biological pathogens and the economic chaos that can result from an outbreak-intentional or otherwise. Floyd P. Horn Director for Food, Agriculture, and Water Security Office of Homeland Security Executive Office of the President

Originally published in 1918, journalist William Le Queux bases the book on the revelations of Feodor Rajevski - Rasputin's secretary and body servant - alleging plots of poison, murder and the real power behind the throne of Russia.

This study examines the Luftwaffe's defeat and indicates its major causes, the so-called "turning points." The turning point of a war is that certain point at which a decisive change occurs. This change may be for the better; or it may be for the worse, pointing the way to defeat.Dr. Richard Suchenwirth, a well-known and somewhat controversial German and Austrian historian, author, teacher and lecturer, was born in Vienna in 1896. A lieutenant in World War I, he served as an aide to an Austrian general and learned much at firsthand concerning the problems of leadership.In the ten years preceding the original publication of this study in 1959, Dr. Suchenwirth probably interviewed more of the highest ranking officers of World War II than any other historian. In his own words, Dr. Suchenwirth's interest in military history "... lies not in any affection for militarism, but rather in the realization of the extent to which freedom and the greatness and fate of a people are dependent on military decisions; of how many human lives, how many brave soldiers and people behind the front are affected by good or bad leadership in time of war."

CONTENTS: Charters and Chartered Corporations -- The Hanseatic League -- Regulated and Joint Stock CompaniesThe Merchants of the StapleThe Fraternity (Brotherhood) of St. Thomas B Becket, Later Called the Company of the Merchant Adventurers of EnglandThe Russia CompanyThe Eastland CompanyThe Turkey (Levant) CompanyThe East India Company (1600-1858)The Hudson Bay CompanyThe Virginia and New England Companies and Provincial ChartersSummary Account of the Guinea (Royal African) and Minor Chartered Companies

This is a reprint of the enlarged third edition (1870) of this indispensable guide to every idiomatic usage that readers find in Shakespeare, with additional references to Jonson, Bacon, and other Elizabethan writers. It includes sections on grammar, prosody, metaphor, and simile. This title is cited and recommended by the Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature.

With his usual thoroughness, Prof. Prout discusses the musical capabilities of the various instruments in the symphony orchestra and the problems involved in composing music for them. This classic 1877 treatise from the high-Romantic era examines the capabilities and techniques for each instrument of the orchestra and the ways in which composition for them can be accomplished.This title is cited and recommended by Books for College Libraries.At the time of original publication, Ebenezer Prout, Mus.D., was Professor of Music at the University of Dublin.

CONTENTS: The Breaking of the PeaceThe Opening of the WarThe Battle of MonsThe Battle of Le CateauThe Battle of the MarneThe Battle of the AisneThe La Bassée-ArmentiPres OperationsThe First Battle of YpresA Retrospect and General SummaryThe Winter Lull of 1914

CONTENTS: Introduction and Chronological Summary, Northwestern Colorado Prior to Exploitation, The Fur Trade, Exploration in Northwestern Colorado, Mining and Transportation in Early Western Colorado, Confrontations: Settlement Versus the Ute Indians, Settlement in Middle Park and the Yampa Valley, Development of the Cattle and Sheep Industry, Mining and Transportation 1890-1920, The "Moffat Road" and Northwestern Colorado 1903-1948, Modern Development of Northwestern Colorado 1890-1980,Bibliography

This handbook is intended to facilitate the collection of archeomagnetic samples, so that individual archeologists will have greater access to this important dating method. It is hoped that increased use of archeomagnetism will result, and that this will improve the cost-effective development of archeological chronologies.The handbook is designed to be both an introduction to archeomagnetism and a practical guide to collection procedures, understanding laboratory analysis, and interpreting results.The book was originally prepared for the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior.

An exceptional account of the struggle between Free-State and Slave-State parties, recounted here by one of the most conspicuous and influential leaders of the Free-State party, Charles Robinson, who was the first Governor of the State of Kansas. This book includes the following topics: Slavery and Anti-Slavery, Colonization Society, American Anti-Slavery Society, Liberty and Free-Soil Parties, Weapons and Machinery, Characteristics of Contestants, Eastern and Western Settlers, The Overland Route to California in 1849, The Sacramento Riot, Situation in the East, Eli Thayer and his Associates, Settlement of Lawrence, Claim Controversies, Settlements, Elections, The First Kansas Celebration of the Fourth of July, The Territorial Legislature, The Topeka Constitution, The Murder of Dow, The Wakarusa War, Murder and Burial of Barber, A Congressional Investigation, The Marshal's Invasion of Lawrence, May 21, 1856, Shooting of Jones, An Official Riot, Arrest of Robinson, Protest to the President, Reeder's Escape, The Potawatomie Massacre, Dispersion of the State Legislature, The Parts Played by Brown and Lane, Free-State and Pro-Slavery Forces, Arrival of Governor Geary, End of the War, The Presidential Election, Governor Geary's Failure, State and Territorial Elections in 1857, Lecompton Constitution, Leavenworth Constitution, Ultra Radicals, Montgomery and Brown, Marais des Cygnes Massacre, Brown's Parallels, Arts of Peace, The Killing of Jenkins, Admission of Kansas to the Union, Secession, The Governor's First Message, Troops Called, Lane's Brigade and Jay-Hawking, Lane's Influence at Washington. A full name index and an appendix section, detailing correspondence about John Brown, complete this work. Robinson is an important man in Kansas history - the first governor, a doctor, pioneer explorer, gun toter at times, wounded in a skirmish in California and given up for dead; restauranteur in Sacramento, and more than once in jail for various causes including murder!

Originally a University of Chicago doctoral dissertation, the first work of its kind, and the most thorough history of slavery in any state, of particular interest for its coverage of the work of Elijah P. Lovejoy, the Alton Riots, the evolution of the Free Soil Party, the Lincoln-Douglas debates, and subsequent post-Civil war developments. This study of the pro - and anti-slavery agitation in the state from 1719 to 1864 is cited and recommended in: Bibliography of Comparative Literature - Baldensperger. At the time of book publication in 1904, N. Dwight Harris, Ph.D., was Professor of History in Lawrence University.

The present volume, translated from the monumental Russian biography by the composer's brother, is the result of a careful selection of material. The leading idea which the editor has kept in view has been to preserve as far as possible the autobiographical character of the book, preferring to let Tchaikovsky himself tell the story of his life. This title is cited and recommended by Books for College Libraries. The editor and translator, Rosa Newmarch, was a well-known of English music writer and annotator, and a President of the Royal College of Music. She is also the author of Tchaikovksy: His Life and Works.

A pioneering study, first published in 1909 and written by an archaeologist who initiated studies at the sites discussed, this work explores the beginnings of Hellenic civilization and especially the brilliant society in Ionia, its surroundings, its place in the trade and commerce of the time, and its place in its world.At the time of original publication, David George Hogarth was Fellow of Magdalen College and Fellow of The British Academy.

CONTENTS: Author's Preface Transcription and Pronunciation Introduction Wars of Gods and Demons Myths of Creation The Primeval Heroes Legends of Yima Traditions of the Kings and Zoroaster The Life to Come Conclusion Notes Bibliography

CONTENTS:Author's PrefaceTranscription and PronunciationIntroductionThe Rgveda - Gods of Sky and AirThe Rgveda - Gods of Earth, Demons and DeadThe Mythology of the BrahmanasThe Great Gods of the EpicMinor Epic Deities and the DeadThe Mythology of the PuranasBuddhist Mythology in India and TibetThe Mythology of the JainsThe Mythology of Modern HinduismNotesBibliography

This study represents a new and promising approach to the fire question - an approach in which the issue of fire safety is taken as an opportunity for the designer. The members of the Architecture Life Safety Group (of the University of California) have taken the position that the protection of life and property from the devastation of fire is a significant and exciting architectural problem, the solution of which is an important element in the achievement of a humane, useful and attractive environment.

Many policymakers and scholars contend that nuclear weapons remain inaccessible to terrorists, and that nuclear means are inconsistent with or disproportionate to their goals. Nevertheless, the historical pattern of nuclear proliferation suggests a trend toward nonstate actor acquisition, a notion supported by recent developments in the black market. Additional evidence suggests that some specific groups have expressed an interest in nuclear weapons. This thesis proposes that there is a terrorist demand for nuclear weapons. Further, its findings suggest that the possibility of terrorist acquisition has grown; and that these nonstate adversaries will enjoy significant advantage over states during nuclear crisis.Terrorists, like states, pursue political objectives and have similar concerns regarding power and security. Lacking state resources, terrorists employ instrumental targeting in pursuit of those objectives, while remaining relatively invulnerable to retaliation. This dynamic will encourage terrorists to acquire and exploit nuclear potential, thereby overturning traditional theories of deterrence.Wishful thinking about nuclear terrorism has discouraged thoughtful analysis of this dilemma. The prospect is sufficiently dire, that a preventive campaign must be launched to stop terrorist acquisition of nuclear capabilities. Policymakers must also prepare for the possible failure of preventive efforts, and search for options that may mitigate nuclear terrorism.