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A pioneering work in literary history, this 1900 publication set up a typology for the study of the English novel, identifying the historical, romantic, novel of purpose, and the modern turn-of-the-century novel and showing how the idea of portraying the personality though fiction developed continually over some one hundred fifty years.

The history of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the events that lead to the Revolution, and the analysis and evaluation of the achievements of the Revolution have been the subject of numerous scholarly works. These studies are often quite different, depending on the viewpoint of the writers who come from every political walk of life. For this reason, even on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Revolution, one might be hard pressed to add new elements to the facts or analytical volumes already published. Ironically, however, very little has been written concerning the aftermath of the Hungarian Revolution. No systematic compilation of the legal history of the weeks and months following the Soviet intervention which started the liquidation of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 has been made. The present book will attempt to approach the question of the Hungarian Revolution strictly from the legal aspects and will describe, analyze, and interpret the legal measures introduced during the time between November 4, 1956, and September 27, 1958, when the election of the new Hungarian Parliament was set. Part I consists of a chronological documentation of the foreign and domestic events from February 14, 1956, to October 22, 1956, which lead to the Revolution and the Revolution itself which lasted from October 23, 1956, to November 3, 1956. The inclusion of these historic facts will allow the post-revolutionary events to stand alone without lengthy explanatory remarks. Part II contains an analytical review of measures which help illustrate the violation of international law principles. Part III describes and analyzes post-revolutionary developments of domestic law adopted between November 4, 1956, and the autumn of 1958 when the elections for the new parliament were set. These elections indicated that the measures required for the elimination of most of the achievements of the Revolution were completed.

Cancer is increasingly prevalent in the United States, and the pain associated with it is frequently undertreated. Cancer is diagnosed in over one million Americans annually, and one of five deaths in the United States---about 1,400 per day---results from cancer. Patients with cancer often have multiple pain problems, but in most patients, the pain can be effectively controlled. Nevertheless, undertreatment is common because of a lack of knowledge by clinicians about effective assessment and management, negative attitudes of patients and clinicians toward the use of drugs for pain relief, and a variety of problems related to drug regulations, and the cost of and reimbursement for effective pain management. This guideline was developed by an interdisciplinary panel of clinicians, patients, researchers, and experts in health policy. The guideline provides a synthesis of scientific research and expert judgment to make recommendations on pain assessment and management. Approximately 470 health care professionals and 70 patients were involved either as consultants and peer reviewers or as participants in pilot testing. The Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Cancer Pain was commissioned by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR). It follows and makes reference to an earlier guideline on acute pain management after surgery or trauma, also commissioned by AHCPR. The cancer pain guideline includes a section on the management of HIV positive/AIDS---related pain because of similarities in the sources of pain and the management approaches. This guideline is designed to help clinicians understand the assessment and treatment of cancer pain and associated symptoms. It reflects a multimodal approach to the management of pain, and it emphasizes the need for careful and continuous assessment to match interventions to the sources of pain in individual patients.

The airship should solve the problems of speed (it is significantly faster than a tractor and trailer combination); capacity (it could easily be designed to carry a high-density load equivalent to the capacity of several freight cars); economy (its fuel consumption is negligible as compared to that of conventional aircraft); and flexibility (it could allow cargo to be loaded and unloaded in undeveloped areas that are served by nothing more than the equivalent of a pack-trail or logging road). What we are talking about, of course, is the dirigible, or airship. This collection of relatively recent airship patents provides a great deal of inspiration to the designer and inventor. Patents are organized by issue date, which gives a quick chronological view of technical developments in airships.

The A Comprehensive Guide to International Trade Terms will be useful for experienced and novice exporters, bankers, students, and libraries. It provides an alphabetical arrangement of acronyms and their meanings and an alphabetical arrangement of definitions. The dictionary covers international trade and development; international finance; multinational, regional and international organizations; shipping terms; diplomatic language and international agreements; selected statistical and economic terminology; and standards information. The dictionary, which is a useful reference for anyone interested in an accurate understanding of the use of international trade terms, is written in English and includes small amounts of Spanish, French, German and Italian.

Truce Tent and Fighting Front covers the last two years in the Korean War and treats the seemingly interminable armistice negotiations and the violent but sporadic fighting at the front. The scene therefore frequently shifts from the dialectic, propaganda, and frustrations at the conference table to the battles on key hills and at key outposts. The author presents a solid and meaningful reconstruction of the truce negotiations; he develops the issues debated and captures the color of the arguments and the arguers. The planning and events that guided or influenced the proceedings on the United Nations side are thoroughly explained. The volume abounds in object lessons and case studies that illustrate problems American officers may encounter in negotiating with Communists. Problems encountered by the U.N. high command in handling recalcitrant Communist prisoners of war within the spirit and letter of the Geneva Convention are explained with clarity and sympathy. Truce Tent and Fighting Front is offered to all thoughtful citizens ---military and civilian--- as a contribution to the literature of limited war. Hal C. Pattison Brigadier General, USA Chief of Military History

This volume, the third in a series of historical case studies of important air power missions, addresses the most controversial (and arguably most significant) air power mission of all--strategic bombardment. The ability of aircraft and missiles to destroy or disrupt an enemy's war-making potential and to break or weaken his will to resist, independent of the actions of ground and naval forces, has served as the central theme of air power theory and as the rallying point of air advocates, who made it the raison d'Ltre for independent air forces. Written by well-known military historians, each chapter stands alone as a case study of an important stage in strategic air operations; combined, the chapters provide a comprehensive and insightful analysis of the theory and practice of strategic bombardment from its inception in World War I through the Gulf War of 1991. From "Boom" Trenchard and "Billy" Mitchell to John Warden and Charles Horner, the vision of air power prophets and airmen is tested against the reality of bureaucratic inertia, aircraft capability, technological advances, and bombing accuracy. Seldom in the twentieth century has technology fully met the demands of air power theory. Yet in each era a practitioner of the art appears, such as Harris, Spaatz, LeMay, or Horner, who in some measure modifies prevailing doctrine and stretches the paradigm of his time and circumstances to achieve extraordinary results. Technology, of course, is the prime determinant of doctrine and operations. This exceptional volume surveys the entire history of strategic bombardment and its technology, from the Zeppelin and Gotha of the Great War to the F-117 and the penetrating precision guided bomb of the Gulf War. The reader will find technological advances--such as radar bombing and range-extending air-to-air refueling--that answer one problem only to produce new requirements and expectations that demand more advanced technology. Guided munitions, while offering remarkable precision, have underscored the problems of strategic intelligence collection and dissemination, and of locating and attacking both fixed and mobile targets. This volume also examines the changes in the public's perception of strategic bombardment. The exaggerated fears of a "knockout blow" and near total destruction bruited about before World War II gradually were replaced by a general acceptance of area bombing and contemporary satisfaction at the casualties inflicted on the foe during the war itself. That public tolerance evaporated soon after the appearance of the atom bomb. The ever-present threat of a civilization-ending global nuclear war continued for another forty years and made the B-52 bomber and intercontinental ballistic missile both symbols of ultimate destruction and potent tools of nuclear stability. Indeed, public acceptance of combat casualties for both friend and foe has steadily declined in the latter half of the twentieth century. If the World War II bombing of Berlin and Tokyo resonated favorably with public opinion at the time, changing attitudes by the 1990s would never have condoned such an approach to the Gulf conflict. Finally, later chapters in this volume consider some of the most significant missions and accomplishments of the United States Air Force during the Cold War. They examine the actions and events associated with strategic air power that helped repel or deter communist aggression and protect the vital interests of Western democracies throughout the world. The U.S. Air Force's commitment to strategic air power has been consistent and seamless since the days of the B-17 to the era of the B-2. Through the development and elaboration of strategic air warfare capabilities and thought, it has created a modem world in which global air power will be the strategic instrument of choice for power projection and presence in the twenty-first century.Richard P. HallionThe Air Force Historian

Writing in 1978, General William W. Momyer, former Commander of the Tactical Air Command and a distinguished veteran fighter pilot, stated that:The contest for air superiority is the most important contest of all, for no other operations can be sustained if this battle is lost. To win it, we must have the best equipment, the best tactics, the freedom to use them, and the best pilots.Certainly, the wide-ranging case studies examined in this book confirm this message, as do more contemporary experiences from the Falklands War, the Bekaa Valley, and, most recently, the Gulf War of 1991. The historical roots of air superiority date to the First World War, which marked the emergence of the fighter airplane, offensive and defensive fighter doctrine, and the trained fighter pilot. By the end of the war, the Imperial German Air Service had been decisively outfought, and though occasional bitter air combat still occurred, the Allied air arms were free to harass and attack German ground forces wherever and whenever they chose. After the war, there were defense commentators who injudiciously predicted--not for the last time--that the era of dogfighting was over; higher aircraft speeds would make maneuvering air combat a thing of the past. Instead, the lesson of the importance of air superiority was rediscovered in the skies over Spain, and confirmed again throughout the Second World War. Having tenaciously wrested air superiority from the Luftwaffe, the Allies in 1941 went on to achieve genuine air supremacy, a situation acknowledged by General Dwight Eisenhower, who, riding through Normandy after D-Day, remarked to his son: "If I didn't have air supremacy, I wouldn't be here." Sadly, many of these lessons were lost in the post-Second World War era, when technology advances-supersonic design theory, nuclear weapons, and "robot" aircraft--seemed to signal an end to the traditional air-to-air fighter--even though the experience of the Korean War demonstrated that transonic jet combat was not merely possible, but the new normative form of air warfare. Indeed, the fighter airplane underwent a dramatic transformation into a nuclear-armed strike aircraft, now that popular wisdom held that surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles foreshadowed the end of the era of "classic" air combat. That prediction collapsed in the face of the Vietnam war and the experiences of the Middle East. The 1970s witnessed both a revolution in fighter aircraft design (spawned by the technology advances of the 1960s and 1970s) and a return to basics in both design fundamentals and the training of fighter pilots. Operations in the Falklands war, over the Bekaa Valley, and most recently, during DESERT STORM confirmed not only the benefits of this revolution and rediscovery, but also the enduring importance of air superiority. During DESERT STORM (which occurred while this book was in press) the airmen of the United States Air Force established air superiority over Iraq and occupied Kuwait from the outset of the war, defeating the Iraqi air force both in the air and on the ground. By so doing, they created the conditions essential for decisive air war. Strike and support aircraft and helicopters could go about their duties without fear of molestation from enemy aircraft. Iraq's forces, pinned in place, were denied any respite from punishing air attack. Because of coalition air supremacy, coalition land operations could be undertaken with an assurance, speed, and rapidity of pace never before seen in warfare. Bluntly stated, the Gulf war demonstrated that with air superiority, General Norman Schwarzkopf could undertake his famed "Hail Mary" play. Lacking air superiority, Iraq paid dearly. Its III Corps became vulnerable to air attack--stuck in a traffic jam out of Kuwait City on the "Highway of Death." Air superiority, like democracy itself, must be constantly secured and renewed.

This manual provides technical background and guidance for computing basin snowmelt runoff as is necessary in the design and operation of water control projects. This manual discusses the basic theoretical principles of snow hydrology and the practical applications of this theory in forecasting and design. It summarizes several important snowmelt runoff models and offers guidelines for model selection.

As terrestrial weapons systems are reduced, space systems increase in numbers and applications. Maj Steven R. Petersen's study represents the first effort to tie together in one document US doctrine, policy, and implementation planning for the use of offensive weapons in space. Structured around the concept of space control, he creates a picture of offensive space operations that are quite similar to traditional air superiority operations. Major Petersen's study provides a timely guide to the evolution of space as another theater of warfare. It identities key doctrinal and operational challenges that lie ahead.

Central Asia is a key theater in the war on terrorism where fragile new states are attempting to consolidate political power, build legitimacy, and stoke economic development at the same time that they face a range of threats with security forces badly in need of reform. While the United States has recognized the pivotal role of Central Asia and greatly expanded its activities there, this is a new venue for America. U.S. policymakers are learning in stride as they seek ways to both strengthen the Central Asian states and to encourage them to undertake badly needed political reforms.In this monograph, Elizabeth Wishnick builds on the analysis in her important 2002 SSI study, Growing U.S. Security Interests in Central Asia. She contends that by highlighting antiterrorism, the United States addresses a symptom rather than the causes of instability in Central Asia; thus it is contributing to the radicalization of political opposition movements and discrediting both democratization and the U.S. commitment to it. Instead, she argues, the United States should do more to address the underlying human security problems in Central Asia, which increase its vulnerability to terrorist movements.

A Book on Books, has been prepared to provide a guide for the United States Marine Corps Professional Reading Program.Read to Lead in Today's Corps. This publication is directed to all Marines, as we are all bound by a common pursuit of professional knowledge. Our profession is warfighting, and, therefore, the emphasis of the professional reading program is on books that will make the individual Marine a better warfighter. This is not homework; this is not drudgery. The selected books have been chosen for their intrinsic excitement as well as their content. Many of the books will be hard to put down. This publication is your roadmap to the professional reading program and serves as a handy reference on how the program works and what the books are about. Let it guide your efforts in developing your own reading program.

Yellowstone National Park has been an important part of our natural heritage for more than a century; even so, some of the men who preserved this great work of nature for the enjoyment of mankind have yet to receive full recognition. Members of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were among the first to explore the park area and to urge that it be set aside and protected. Engineers were also responsible for designing, building, and maintaining the system of scenic roads which opened the wonders of Yellowstone to the public.In Enchanted Enclosure, Dr. Baldwin has brought together for the first time original reports which tell the story ---often a dramatic one--- of the dedicated service of the Engineers to the cause of conservation. His book should appeal to the general reader as well as to the specialist.William C. Gribble, Jr.Lieutenant General, USAChief of Engineers

The Corps of Engineers played an important part in winning World War II. Its work included building and repairing roads, bridges, and airfields; laying and clearing minefields; establishing and destroying obstacles; constructing training camps and other support facilities; building the Pentagon; and providing facilities for the development of the atomic bomb. In addition to their construction work, engineers engaged in combat with the enemy in the Battle of the Bulge, on the Ledo Road in Burma, in the mountains of Italy, and at numerous other locations. Certainly one of the highlights of Corps activity during World War II was the construction of the 1,685-mile Alaska Highway, carved out of the Canadian and Alaskan wilderness. Builders and Fighters is a series of essays on some of the hectic engineer activity during World War II. Veterans of that war should read this book and point with pride to their accomplishments. In it, today's engineers will find further reasons to be proud of their heritage.H. J. HatchLieutenant General, USAChief of Engineers

A comprehensive history of French literature from the Middle Ages through to the naturalism of the late 19th century, as represented by the works of Flaubert, Baudelaire and Dumas fils. The essential reference work on French literature, its periodization, chief writers, and themes.This title is cited and recommended by the Catalogue of the Lamont Library, Harvard College.

Prout's still indispensable work is profusely illustrated with musical examples woven directly into the text. Strict Counterpoint is the preliminary technical work for actual musical composition.At the time of original publication, Ebenezer Prout was Professor of Harmony and Composition at the Royal Academy of Music.

Highly publicized accounts of abuse in military weapons procurement have raised both citizen awareness of and citizen concern with the properly monitored spending of US defense dollars. Not long ago, media reports of spare parts overpricing and related problems ignited harsh public criticism of the handling of the multibillion dollar defense contracts for the F100 jet engine. According to Colonel Robert Drewes, US Air Force, though, the outcome of the subsequent "Great Engine War" calls not for criticism, but for praise for the Department of Defense. Long before the public became aware of the controversy, the Air Force was grappling with the problems of the F100 high performance engine and the contract for its procurement and maintenance. As difficulties mounted in negotiations with the sole-source supplier, the Air Force, Navy, and Congress held their ground and eventually prevailed. The account of their combined efforts is an encouraging story about the Department of Defense and the US Government "setting things right," a story that has not been fully told before. The case is not closed on jet engine contracting, or any other kind of defense contracting, but the Great Engine War is welcome reassurance that US defense dollars --closely monitored-- will be spent wisely.Bradley C. HosmerLieutenant General, US Air ForcePresident, National Defense University

Learning to Live is the sequel to The Road to Life. "In The Road to Life I dealt with the question of how best to describe man in a community, how to describe man's struggle with himself, and the struggle of the community for its worth and its personality, which are struggles that can be more or less tense. In Learning to Live I had quite another object in view. I wanted to describe that wonderful community in which I had the pleasure of working, to describe its inner movements, its life and its surroundings."Anton Makarenko was to Soviet education what John Dewey was to education in America. Ukrainian Makarenko taught orphans after World War II, and his methods became the model for Stalin-era education."Your enormously important and amazingly successful educational experiment is of world-wide significance." -- Maxim Gorky

A thorough study of the heritage of Frederick and how he built upon it throughout his life as he extended Prussia's power and role in European politics.This title is cited and recommended by Books for College Libraries; the Catalogue of the Lamont Library, Harvard College; and The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature.At the time of original publication in 1904, W. F. Reddaway was Fellow and Lecturer of King's College, Cambridge.

This manual describes the guidelines to be followed in selecting a process capable of producing potable water supplies from brackish and sea water sources. Prepared by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers for military water needs, the technical information is equally applicable to many civilian needs.

On November 13, 2001, President Bush signed a Military Order pertaining to the detention, treatment, and trial of certain non-citizens as part of the war against terrorism. The order makes clear that the President views the crisis that began on the morning of September 11 as an attack "on a scale that has created a state of armed conflict that requires the use of the United States Armed Forces." The order finds that the effective conduct of military operations and prevention of military attacks make it necessary to detain certain non-citizens and if necessary, to try them "for violations of the laws of war and other applicable laws by military tribunals." The unprecedented nature of the September attacks and the magnitude of damage and loss of life they caused have led a number of officials and commentators to assert that the acts are not just criminal acts, they are "acts of war." The President's Military Order makes it apparent that he plans to treat the attacks as acts of war rather than criminal acts. The distinction may have more than rhetorical significance. Treating the attacks as violations of the international law of war could allow the United States to prosecute those responsible as war criminals, trying them by special military commission rather than in federal court. The purpose of this report is to identify some of the legal and practical implications of treating the terrorist acts as war crimes and of applying the law of war rather than criminal statutes to prosecute the alleged perpetrators. The report will first present an outline of the sources and principles of the law of war, including a discussion of whether and how it might apply to the current terrorist crisis. A brief explanation of the background issues and arguments surrounding the use of military commissions will follow. The report will then explore the legal bases and implications of applying the law of war under United States law, summarize precedent for its application by military commissions, and provide an analysis of the President's Military Order of November 13, 2001. Finally, the report discusses considerations for establishing rules of procedure and evidence that comport with international standards.

This book traces the history of the U.S. Army Signal Corps from its beginnings on the eve of the American Civil War through its participation in the Persian Gulf conflict during the early 1990s. Over the course of its 135 years of existence, the Signal Corps has often been at the forefront of the revolutionary changes that have taken place in communications technology. It contributed significantly, for example, to the development of radar and the transistor. In today's information age, the Signal Corps continues its tradition of leadership and innovation on the digitized battlefields of the twenty-first century. While accounts of the branch's service during the Civil War, World War II, and Vietnam have been published, little has been written about the rest of the Signal Corps' accomplishments. This book fills out the picture. It shows today's signal soldiers where their branch has been and points the way to where it is going. The reader, whether military or civilian, can follow the growth and development of one of the Army's most sophisticated technical branches. By telling the Signal Corps' story in a comprehensive manner, this volume makes a significant contribution to the history of the Army.Douglas D. Buchholz John W. MountcastleMajor General, USA Brigadier General, USAChief of Signal Chief of Military History

Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Lewis F. Powell, Jr., was one of a small group of people specially selected to accept and integrate ULTRA, the most secret signals intelligence from intercepted and decoded German military radio transmissions, with intelligence from all other sources. From May 1944 to the end of the war in Europe, he served as the ULTRA officer on General Carl Spaatz's United States Strategic Air Forces staff. Earlier, Colonel Powell had served as an intelligence officer with the 319th Bomb Group, the Twelfth Air Force, and the Northwest African Air Forces. He finished the war as Spaatz's Chief of Operational Intelligence in addition to carrying out his ULTRA duties. The Air Force is grateful to Justice Powell for his generosity in giving his time and recollections so that his experiences can be of benefit, through the medium of history, to the Service today and in the future.

Water is a major limiting factor in most areas where Western arid and semiarid agriculture is currently practiced. Increasing water demands from nonagricultural users plus growing problems of ground water depletion, salt buildup in agricultural soils, and water-quality deterioration are causing heightened concern about the sustainability of Western agriculture. A major part of this concern is focused on whether the Federal agricultural system is prepared to meet the changing needs of Western agriculture and whether technology can assist in providing the Nation with Western agricultural production that is sustainable and profitable over the long term. This report assesses existing and emerging water-related technologies for their ability to support long-term productivity of arid/semiarid agricultural plants and animals in the context of institutional factors, water supply/use relationships, and the characteristics of the renewable natural resource base on which agriculture depends. The study was requested by the House Committee on Agriculture and endorsed by the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Subcommittee on Water Resources. The technologies examined by the study are generally directed toward: 1) improving efficiency of water use, whether for rain-fed (dryland and rangeland) systems or irrigation; 2) improving water management, storage, and distribution for agriculture; and 3) augmenting existing supplies with additional water not previously available. The report also identifies a number of options for congressional action. A background paper containing examples of application of arid/semiarid agricultural technologies in foreign countries has been published separately as part of this assessment. The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) greatly appreciates the contributions of the advisory panel, working groups and workshop participants assembled for this study, the authors of the technical papers, and the many other advisors and reviewers who assisted us, including farmers, ranchers, agricultural scientists in government and universities, and experts in the private sector. Their guidance and comments helped develop a comprehensive report. As with all OTA studies, however, the content of the report is the sole responsibility of OTA. John H. Gibbons Director

CONTENTS Foreword Preface About the Author Chapter 1. The First Chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff, Walther Wever Wever's Military Background Chief of the Air Command Office Chapter 2. Field Marshal Erhard Milch, State Secretary of Aviation Milch's Early Career Milch as State Secretary of Aviation Chapter 3. Ernst Udet, Chief of Luftwaffe Supply and Procurement Udet's Early Life and Character Chief of the Technical Office The Deterioration of German Air Armament under Udet Reorganization of Udet's Organization Udet's Death Chapter 4. Reichsmarschall Hermann W. Goering The Impact of Goering's Personality upon the Luftwaffe Goering and Hitler Goering's Waning Interest in Work Commander in Chief During Wartime Goering as Chief Legal Authority of the Luftwaffe Wrong Decisions and the Beginning of the End Goering Advises Against the Russian Campaign The Paladin Loses Hitler's Confidence The Decline of the Luftwaffe The Attempts to Overthrow Goering Goering's Overthrow Chapter 5. Hans Jeschonnek, Chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff Jeschonnek's Early Life and Career A Youthful Chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff Beau-Ideal of a Soldier, but a Mere Soldier Jeschonnek and Germany's Unready Air Arm Did Jeschonnek Inform Hitler about the Luftwaffe's Strength? Jeschonnek's Planning Staff Baptism of Fire War and Brilliant Successes Signs of Weakness Begin to Appear in the Luftwaffe A Farewell to Blitzes Did the General Staff Demand an Effective Strengthening of the Luftwaffe in 1940? A War of Attrition Sets in for the Luftwaffe The Last Chance for Recovery: A Reorganization of the Luftwaffe Germany's Last Great Hopes and Changes in the Fortunes of War Stalingrad Was Jeschonnek a Party to the Decision to Supply Stalingrad by Air? The Chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff and the War in the East The Growing Threat to the Home Front Jeschonnek, Milch, and Goering Jeschonnek Between Hitler and Goering Jeschonnek's Suicide Jeschonnek's Memorandum A Child of His Times Footnotes Appendix List of Charts Charts Dr. Richard Suchenwirth, a well-known and somewhat controversial German and Austrian historian, author, teacher and lecturer, was born in Vienna in 1896. A lieutenant in World War I, he served as an aide to an Austrian general and learned much at firsthand concerning the problems of leadership.