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Die Anfänge der Judaica Sammlungen in Österreich gehen bis in die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zurück. Trotzdem wurden sie nur selten von einer breiten Öffentlichkeit wahrgenommen. Die Sammlungen in Österreich sind vielschichtig: Sie changieren zwischen Objekten jüdisch-religiöser Praxis und künstlerischen Erzeugnissen, zwischen jüdischer Eigenpräsentation und Fremdwahrnehmung. Als Eigenpräsentationen sind sie Ausdruck von Selbstbewusstsein und Selbstvergewisserung, als Fremdwahrnehmung Dokumentation einer von vielen Minoritäten. Ihre Schicksale nach 1938 beeinflussen die Rezeption der historischen Judaica Bestände und auch nach dem Holocaust aufgebaute Sammlungen lassen sich aus einem zeitgeschichtlichen Blickwinkel betrachten.

Die vorliegende Studie stellt einen Versuch dar, Diskurse und Gedächtnismodi herauszuarbeiten, die der neueren Diskussion zur Kolonisation zugrunde liegen. Die Studie beantwortet die Frage, wie Kolonialismus in zeitgenössischen Erzählungen zur Kolonialzeit erinnert wird, d.h. in welchen Begriffen Literatur Bezug auf den Kolonialismus nimmt und zu welchem Zweck. Aus dem komparatistischen Vergleich geht hervor, dass die meisten Narrative, ob afrikanische oder europäische, zwar einen postkolonialen Blick auf die koloniale Vergangenheit (ent)werfen, der diskursive Standpunkt der Erzählungen aber weitgehend von dem historisch-kulturellen Gefüge abhängt, aus dem die Texte und deren Autor:innen stammen, wobei einzelne Texte sich über dieses gedächtniskulturelle Paradigma hinwegsetzen.The study represents an attempt to work out the discourses and modes of remembrance that underlie the recent discussion on colonization. It deals with the question of how colonialism is remembered in contemporary narratives of the colonial era, i.e. in what terms literature refers to colonialism and for what purpose. The comparative analysis of selected african and european postcolonial narratives shows that while most of them design a postcolonial view of the colonial past, the discursive point of view of those narratives is largely dependent on the cultural-historical structure from which the texts emerged and that informed their authors, though single narratives, especially autobiographical texts by European contemporary witnesses, defy the postcolonial paradigm.

Da der österreichische Staat die Fürsorge von Holocaust-Überlebenden verweigerte, lag die Verantwortung bei der jüdischen Gemeinde selbst. Der Fokus des Werkes liegt auf der Stadt Wien im Zeitraum zwischen 1945 und 2012, einer Periode, die gekennzeichnet war von den sehr unterschiedlichen Bedürfnissen der Holocaust-Überlebenden, der Remigrierten und neu Zugewanderten. Beleuchtet werden Formen der klassischen Zedaka, der Armenfürsorge sowie der Wandel zur professionellen Sozialen Arbeit. Die jüdische Gemeinde verfügte zunächst nicht über adäquate Mittel, weshalb es erst spät zur Professionalisierung kam, die in der Gründung des psychosozialen Zentrums ESRA mündete. Die deskriptive Quellendarlegung belegt sowohl anhand von personenbezogenen archivalischen Akten als auch von medialen, dokumentarischen und mündlichen Materialien den Bedarf der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Wien an Fürsorge und Sozialer Arbeit.As the Austrian state refused to care for Holocaust survivors, the responsibility lay with the Jewish community itself. The focus of the Vienna-related work is on the time between 1945 and 2012, a period that was characterized by the very different needs of Holocaust survivors, remigrants and new immigrants. Forms of classical Zedaka, care for the poor and the transformation to professional social work throughout this period are examined. The descriptive depiction of sources illustrates the needs of the Jewish Community (IKG) Vienna for welfare and social work on the basis of personal archival files as well as media, documentary and oral materials.

Die Beiträge dieses Bandes behandeln das breite Spektrum historischer und aktueller Problemstellungen eines interessengerechten Urheberrechts. Sie reichen von Textübernahmen in den Werken des Humanisten Conrad Lagus über die Zensurpolitik gegen Gerhart Hauptmanns Sozialdrama »Die Weber« bis zu der Frage, ob ein Mäzen einen Künstler zur Werkschöpfung gerichtlich zwingen kann. Darüber hinaus werden Einblicke in die Frühgeschichte des EDV-Rechts gewährt sowie Aufschlüsse über die Lizenzierung von Plattform-Software und das Leistungsschutzrecht für Presseverleger gegeben. Der Band macht deutlich, dass der in allen Zeiten bestehende Interessenkonflikt zwischen Schöpfer, Verwerter und Nutzer mit vorgefertigten Schablonen nicht zu lösen ist.The contributions in this volume deal with the broad spectrum of historical and current problems of copyright law. They range from text adaptations in works by the humanist Conrad Lagus to the censorship policy in Gerhart Hauptmann's social drama "The Weavers" ("Die Weber") and to the question of whether a patron can force an artist to create a work. In addition, insights are provided into the early history of IT law as well as findings on the licensing of platform software and the copyright law for press publishers. The volume makes it clear that the conflict of interests between creator, exploiter and user, which has always existed, cannot be resolved with ready-made templates.

In Aristotle's Poetics, the well-constructed turning point, peripeteia, makes a story by unfolding its tragic - or, more broadly, literary - potential. But neither narrative nor historical turning points occur in empty spaces. Given the power of the peripety for plot-making, this volume inquires about its agency in the shaping of specific regions. Narration matters, for the constitution of events and regions alike; space matters, as a key element for the construction of plots and their dynamics. The Baltic Sea region, with its rich literary and cultural traditions and multiple overlapping layers of historical ruptures, is a particularly fruitful area for exploring transformation processes from a narratological point of view.

Anhand von zehn ausgewählten niedersächsisch-welfischen Städten stellt Gaby Kuper die Beziehung zwischen der Entwicklung der Städte und der Organisation der Pfarreien im Mittelalter dar. Waren Stadtkirchen immer auch Pfarrkirchen? Und lassen sich die Grenzen der städtischen Pfarreien nachvollziehen? Welchen Einfluss hatten die welfischen Stadtherren auf diese Entwicklung? Untersucht werden Großstädte wie Braunschweig, von Burgen dominierte Städte wie Lüneburg, Göttingen, Hannover, Winsen/L. und Harburg oder von kirchlichen Einrichtungen geprägte Städte wie Uelzen, Gandersheim, Einbeck und Duderstadt. Stadtpläne und Karten ergänzen die Analysen.Based on ten selected Guelph towns, the relationship between the development of towns and parish organisation in the Middle Ages is presented. Urban churches, did they always be parish churches? And can the boundaries of the urban parishes be traced? What influence did the Guelph town lords have on this development? Major cities such as Brunswick, towns dominated by castles such as Lüneburg, Göttingen, Hanover, Winsen/L. and Harburg, or towns characterised by ecclesiastical institutions such as Uelzen, Gandersheim, Einbeck and Duderstadt are examined. Town plans and maps complete the analyses.

Nach der Niederlage bei Tannenberg (1410) und dem Ersten Thorner Frieden (1411) begann, folgt man der älteren Forschung, der Niedergang des Deutschen Ordens. Dabei war der Konflikt mit Polen-Litauen nicht entschieden und die Zeit zwischen 1411 und 1422 geprägt von Schiedsverfahren, Waffenstillständen und erneuten kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen. Wie die Ordensbrüder in dieser Zeit der fortwährenden Unsicherheit die eigenen Handlungsspielräume wahrnahmen, untersucht Mats Homann, indem er einen akteursbezogenen Ansatz entwickelt und anwendet. Auf diese Weise wird deutlich, wer oder was aus der Perspektive des Ordens dazu geeignet war, die eigenen Geschicke zum Besten zu wenden.From the perspective of the Teutonic Order, the period under study (1411-1422) can be understood as a period of searching for a solution to an unresolved situation - especially in the conflict with Poland-Lithuania. The brothers of the Order did not assume that they were in an unchangeably bad position or in decline. Rather, they perceived the question of the long-term development of the Order's Prussia as undecided. However, due to its close observation of the political environment, the Order had to notice that no other actor was in a position to bring about this solution (e.g. by an arbitration award). As a consequence of this assessment, from 1420 onwards there are increasing considerations to shape one's own actions more actively and to show less consideration for other actors.

Forced Migration always takes place within specific cultural, social, political, and spatial environments. This volumes focuses on the interaction between those forced to migrate and their environments in the contexts of escape and exile from Nazi-occupied Europe. Forced emigration from Nazi Germany was a global phenomenon that took refugees primarily from Central Europe to continents and countries they often knew very little about. Not only did they have to adapt to foreign cultures but also to unfamiliar natural environments that often exposed them to severe temperature conditions, droughts, rainy seasons and diseases. While some refugees prepared for the natural conditions of their exile destination others acquired environmental knowledge at their host countries or were able to adapt prior knowledge-about cultivation methods, for example, or species, products, and sales markets-to the new environment. Consequently, specific knowledge about the environment had a large influence on the success of the migration experience. Moreover, just as the migrants shaped their new environments, they were shaped by them.

Bilderbücher aus der Romantik. Von Spinoza inspirierte Bühnenbilder. Durch K.I. imaginierte Szenen aus der Frühen Neuzeit. Was die Erzählperspektive nicht kann, überträgt Alexander Kluge zuletzt auf die eigentümliche Logik der Bilder. Band 9 des Alexander Kluge-Jahrbuchs beginnt mit einer Zusammenstellung seiner jüngsten Werke, deren Bilder das Staunen über öffentliche Krisen im 21. Jahrhundert zum Ausdruck bringen. Kluges Staunen - sei es in Form von in Kriegsgebieten fotografierten Tieren, dem Aufeinanderprallen physikalischer Gegensätze auf Leinwänden und Bühnen oder der maschinellen Erzeugung des Unsichtbaren auf Bildschirmen - stellt unser Unterscheidungsvermögen immer wieder auf die Probe. Neben Dialogen mit der Malerin Katharina Grosse und dem Dichter Ben Lerner enthält der Band einen Schwerpunkt zum Thema Dekolonialismus sowie weitere wissenschaftliche Beiträge zu verwandten Themen wie z.B. Technik, Ikonoklasmus, das Politische und Theoriearbeit.Romantic picture books. Stage designs inspired by Spinoza. A.I. imagined scenes from the early modern period. What the narrative perspective cannot achieve, Alexander Kluge has recently displaced on to the peculiar logic of the images. Volume 9 of the Alexander Kluge-Jahrbuch begins with a compilation of his most recent works, the images of which express astonishment at the public crises of the 21st century. Kluge's astonishment-whether in the form of animals photographed in war zones, the clash of physical opposites on screens and stages, or machine-generated invisibility on screens-is a constant challenge to our capacity for differentiation. In addition to dialogues with painter Katharina Grosse and poet Ben Lerner, the volume includes a cluster of essays on decolonialism as well as other scholarly contributions on related topics such as technology, iconoclasm, the political and the labor of theory.

Amateur film and amateur media practices have attracted increasing interest in recent decades in the context of the "visual turn". Questions of agency, participatory and political/militant film practices, and of representations of "self" and "other" are of interest as well as the institutions and networks of amateur productions. This special issue of "zeitgeschichte" contributes to this field of research by examining international and transnational developments of amateur films in the period after the Second World War. The collected contributions analyze national specifics and regional shapings of practices as well as cultural constructions in amateur film and video, they trace transnational entanglements of amateur media and tackle cross-border amateur filmmaking and internationally and globally shared discursive references and uses of metaphors in video activism. The authors elaborate parallels to organizational structures in amateur film practices in specific sociopolitical and cultural contexts and discuss aspects of memory and the appropriation of hegemonic visual cultures in individual film practices.

This volume brings together a group of most highly acclaimed Canadian writers and distinguished international experts on Canadian literature to discuss what potential Janice Kulyk Keefer's concept of "historiographic ethnofiction" has for ethnic writing in Canada. The collection builds upon Kulyk Keefer's idea but also moves beyond it by discussing such realms of the concept as its ethics and aesthetics, multiple and multilayered sites, generic intersections, and diasporic (con-)texts. Thus, focusing on Canadian historiographic ethnofiction, "Land Deep in Time" is the first study to define and explore a type of writing which maintains a marked presence in Canadian literature but has not yet been recognized as a separately identifiable genre.

"Between Freedom and Security" is an attempt at an interdisciplinary, humanistic-technical consideration of the problem of the need of the self-realizing human being to meet the requirements imposed on him by, among other things, technical norms and legal regulations, which in a certain sense form the framework for his functioning (in a sense the limitation of the individual) and his subjective reception of freedom. Recognizing that the need for freedom and the need for security are constitutive for the self-realizing subject, the contributors present the different aspects of security and the constraints associated with it, and make suggestions for bridging the existing dissonance between what is objectively necessary and what is subjectively and individually justified.

One of the characteristic features of the linguistic situation of contemporary Iran is the coexistence of two standards of Modern Persian: the written and the spoken. While literature is generally composed in the written variety, the typically "spoken" forms are also to be found in the literary text. Modern spoken Persian in Contemporary Iranian Novels is a study of these. A scrutinous analysis of five carefully selected novels with methods drawing mostly from the register analysis seeks answers to questions such as: what features are characteristic to the spoken variety of language, how are they woven into the literary language, does the relationship between spoken and written registers change over time and how can this process affect the future development of Persian language?

Despite its many benefits, religion can be a source of internal struggle. God seems to be distant or punishing. People feel anger toward God in the face of life events, particularly experiences connected with suffering, injustice, and personal disappointments. The study focuses on three types of religious struggle: guilt and fear of not being forgiven by God, negative emotions toward God, and negative social interactions related to religion. The study examines the predictors and consequences of struggle in the context of psychological well-being. The following issues are addressed: dependence of struggle from personality traits, parental attitudes, humility, and religiosity, relationships of struggles with the indicators of wellbeing in the general population, and people coping with stress.

The contributors of the twelve texts collected in this volume follow two paths: Firstly, there is a methodological path related to the discussion of the interdisciplinarity of discourse studies and the potential of qualitative research based on the study of a single case. Secondly, by taking as a case study the political interview by Tomasz Lis, a leading liberal journalist, with Jaroslaw Kaczynski, chairman of the right-wing Law and Justice party, they delineate possible avenues for an in-depth view of the mechanisms of Poland's highly polarised public debate.

This volume starts with an overview of the history of teaching Polish as a foreign language from the beginning of the 16th century to 1939. The authors then present the rapid development of teaching Polish as a foreign language from 1992 to 2015. This is supplemented by information on the methodology of teaching Polish. In the next part they describe the didactics of the Polish language abroad, followed by the introduction of the Polish language policy and the promotion of Polish outside Poland. Then they present the teaching of Polish as a second language and the problems of communication. At the end, information is given about the achievements of European didactics in the field of teaching Polish as a foreign and second language. The volume concludes with a proposal for the creation of a didactics of European languages (including Slavic languages as well).

The almost invisible images of a hitherto unknown painter called Eusebius, who worked in San Vitale Ravenna and in Vivarium, are a gallery of portraits of his famous contemporaries such as Theodoric, Vitiges, Amalasunta and a visual commentary of Justinian's tyrannical behaviour. Living between two ages, without belonging to either this solitary man, who was born an Arian but died a Catholic, at once both Goth and Roman Latin, represents the fullest embodiment of a type of cultural "hybridisation" that is well attested throughout history. Eusebius is a spiritual brother of those "hybrid" artists (Serge Gruzinski), who have left extraordinary examples of "grotesques" populated by fantastic beings - chimeras with multiple heads, sirens, monsters, living hieroglyphs of their own contradictory, exuberant, and vital identity. Having survived Cassiodorus, whose teachings he seems to have understood better than others at the time, Eusebius exerted a beneficial influence on the monks of the Vivarium, living to a ripe old age. After having embodied for so long the unbiased tolerance which motivated him in his collaborations with a very diverse range of men and which had been the core of his own life and those of his companions in Ravenna: that mixture of confidentiality, intelligence, pointed irony, fantasy, and - why not? - touch of madness which had helped him to navigate through the troubled waters of his age, always leaving at the margins the demons who haunted him.

The education process is inextricably linked to the context of socio-cultural needs, and the concept of the profession and the professional role of the teacher are subject to definitional changes. The complex issues of how the school and the teacher function are examined by the authors. Central themes include: How do the school and the teacher function? What social changes is 21st century society undergoing, both in terms of modernization and globalisation? What does the figure of the teacher look like in the 21st century with reference to the historical outline of the institution of school and the teaching profession? To what extent can teachers be subjective? This book is a reflection on the school institution and the person of the teacher, it has been created to highlight the essence of the pedagogical dimension of education, socio-cultural changes, and pedagogical innovations.

In this volume, Lucyna Harmon compares the episodes that constitute the British TV series Agatha Christie's Poirot with David Suchet with their precursor texts, with the aim of establishing most salient changes between both. These changes are grouped by underlying patterns into twenty-three categories. Their list includes activation, anticipation, amelioration, bohemisation, co-option, depopulation, entertainisation, glorification, human softening, importation, marital reduction, melodramatisation, multiplication, pejoration, political correction, political redirection, politicisation, reviving, romanticisation, social adjustment, social alerting, social correction, teaming and thrill intensification. These categories are postulated as adaptation strategies, suitable as a research tool in adaptation studies.

This book illustrates that the idea of a 'national' literature is profoundly problematic. Chapters on boundaries and crisscrossing show how a nation and its writers' works do not exist in isolation from their history. Stressing migration and (inter)cultural dialogue, authors explore how the characters in the texts establish a sense of belonging both within the context of migrations and within the context of Lithuania since its independence. The final series of essays in this book discuss Lithuanian literature abroad, that is, in translation.

The memory of the living and the dead was part of the functioning of monastic and secular communities, dynasties and aristocratic families. The relationship of debitores and fundatores is key to understanding the "mentality" of the era of the formation of Imperium Christianum. The donations made "pro remedio animae nostre et genitoris nostris" indicate the memorial function of transferring the prayer duties of the power elites (or whole groups and communities) to the clergy and illustrate the belief of medieval people in the importance of intercessory prayer. This volume is a memoir of the Piasts and Boleslaw the Brave on the 1000th anniversary of his coronation. It symbolically closes the study of the millennium of the baptism of Poland (966-1966) and opens the study of the early Middle Ages in Poland and Central Europe.

This is the third and final volume of essays issuing from the Leverhulme International Network 'Renaissance Conflict and Rivalries: Cultural Polemics in Europe, c. 1300-c. 1650'. The overall aim of the network was to examine the various ways in which conflict and rivalries made a positive contribution to cultural production and change during the Renaissance. The present volume, which contains papers delivered at the third colloquium, draws that examination to a close by considering a range of different strategies deployed in the period to manage conflict and rivalries and to bring them to a positive resolution. The papers explore these developments in the context of political, diplomatic, social, institutional, religious, and art history.

Für die kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der modernen Geschlechterordnung ist die Debatte über "Kultur" vs. "Natur" zentral. Hier wurde und wird weiterhin argumentiert, das vermeintlich Natürliche sei eigentlich ganz und gar kultürlich und die "natürliche" Geschlechterordnung (ja, die Geschlechtlichkeit selbst) infolgedessen sozial konstruiert. Jede Referenz auf "Natur" ist damit grundsätzlich dem Essenzialismusverdacht unterworfen worden, was auch zu harscher Kritik am Ökofeminismus oder am so genannten "Differenzfeminismus" führte. Für die historische Arbeit entpuppt sich dieses Denken zunehmend als unproduktives Hindernis bzw. als vorschnelle Begrenzung der Forschung - wenn nämlich nicht gefragt werden kann, wovon AkteurInnen eigentlich handeln, wenn sie von "Natur" reden, aber auch, wenn ein Naturbegriff absolut gesetzt wird, der selbst erheblichem historischem Wandel unterworfen war und ist. Im Heft werden solche Fragen an diversen historischen Szenarien (insbesondere der Vormoderne) diskutiert. Damit wird ein wichtiger Beitrag zur derzeitigen Debatte über "Natur", Kultur und Geschlechterordnungen geleistet."Nature" and its presumed opposite, "culture" are central categories when examining the modern order of the sexes. A central argument has long been that what is supposedly "natural" might actually be entirely "cultural" and that the "natural" gender order and even gender itself is, indeed, socially constructed. Any reference to "nature" has thus been fundamentally subjected to a suspicion of essentialism, leading to to harsh feminist critiques of intellectual currents such as "ecofeminism" or "feminism of difference". This binary way of thinking, however, seems to bear in it an unproductive limitation of research. It becomes impossible to ask what historical actors are doing when they use the term "nature" and it makes the concept of nature absolute, rather than showing it to be the subject to considerable historical change. This issue discusses questions of the contingency of nature and its relationship with gender along various historical settings, thus making an important contribution to our current debate on "nature", culture and the gendered order of society.

The analyses focus on succession and obligation law norms shaping the legal status of an heir and their comparison within Polish and German law systems. The book analyses the impact of the instruments of contract law on the status of an heir. The adopted methodology combining the internal-national and external-comparative perspective allows the authors to present "similarities in dissimilarities" within institutions of the German and Polish succession law. The broad analyses of legal doctrine and jurisprudence can serve as a source of knowledge and points of reference for legal practitioners, courts and legislators.

Inspired by Lynn Keller's notion of "the self-conscious Anthropocene," the book sets out to consider poetry as a privileged space for rethinking our basic epistemological assumptions. Poetry does not have the kind of agency a direct political intervention has; in fact, as W. H. Auden famously put it, "poetry makes nothing happen." On the other hand, poetry is crucial when it comes to awakening our individual and collective imagination. Considering the statement by Lawrence Buell that the current ecological crisis is, in the first place, a crisis of the imagination, this function of poetry comes through as particularly important.

International knowledge transfer in religious education (RE) is still a fairly new topic. Many scholars in the field consider this discussion of prime importance for the future of both the academic discipline of religious education and the related school subject RE. This book continues this discussion and specifies it in the direction of teacher education. Its focus is on the challenges that teacher students and their trainers are facing in the light of RE in a pluralized and detraditionalized society. The impact of these challenges on RE research is obvious. However, international exchange of research results for purposes of comparison and mutual enrichment is still rare. This book provides insights that can encourage and facilitate this exchange.

How have the arrangements in European countries regarding the functioning of justice changed in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic? Will the solutions implemented in various countries in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic last and find their place in the legal systems of these countries for a longer period of time? The contributors analyse this in four thematic blocks: The first refers to the impact of COVID-19 on the administration and technical functioning of the judiciary, including international courts. The second part focuses on the impact of COVID-19 on the model of civil procedure, including the effects on general and structural principles such as the principle of openness, writing and oral proceedings, the principle of consistency of panels of judges as well as digitalization. The third refers to the impact of COVID-19 on criminal proceedings. And the last one deals with the impact of COVID-19 on the administrative proceedings.

Childhood in neo-Victorian fiction for both child and adult readers is an extremely multifaceted and fascinating field. This book argues that neo-Victorian fiction projects multiple, competing visions of childhood and suggests that they can be analysed by means of a typology, the 'childhood scale', which provides different categories along the lines of power relations, and literary possible-worlds theory. The usefulness of both is exemplified by detailed discussions of Philippa Pearce's "Tom's Midnight Garden" (1958), Eva Ibbotson's "Journey to the River Sea" (2001), Sarah Waters' "Fingersmith" (2002) and Dianne Setterfield's "The Thirteenth Tale" (2006).